Bøger udgivet af AMER PHILOSOPHICAL SOC PR

Armengaud Blaise or Blaise (d. 1312), a nephew of the celebrated medieval medical & theological figure Arnau de Vilanova (d.1311), is becoming better known, thanks in large part to the documentation preserved in the Archivo de la Corona de Aragon. Armengaud became a practicing physician and went to Barcelona at the end of 1303 to serve the king & queen, & later became physician to Pope Clement V at Avignon. He helped turn Latin into at least five works from the earlier tradition of Greco-Arabic scientific learning & also wrote at least two original medical compositions. The second of these, called the "Tabula Antidotarii," is a summary list of a number of common compound medicines together with their properties, arranged in tabular form. This book provides a study of Armengaud & the Latin "Tabula Antidotarii"; Estori ha-Parhi & the Hebrew translation of the "Tabula"; & The Latin & Hebrew texts. It also includes the English, Latin & Hebrew texts of the "Tabula"; facsimile pages; the translator's intro.; Table 1: The sequence of drugs in the manuscripts; Documentation in the Crown of Aragon concerning Armengaud Blaise; Bibliography; Index of Proper Names; Hebrew-Latin Index; & Latin-Hebrew Index.

This is a print on demand publication. A study of medieval ag., of the rural world of southern France, & of the early corporate farms of the new religious order of Citeaux, founded in Burgundy in 1098 & imported into southern France in the mid-12th cent. It is a study of the agriculture & pastoralism practiced by the white monks, as the Cistercians were called, in a region which is both vast & varied in topography, climate, & custom. Assesses that order's contributions to southern-French economic development in the 12th & 13th cent. The Cistercians did not acquire lands for their newly consolidated farms -- the granges -- through clearance & reclamation of unoccupied lands, but rather through the careful purchase & reorg. of holdings which had often had a long history of cultivation. Maps & tables.

There are no surviving documents that explain Michelangelo's complex sculptural program for the Medici Chapel. The work as we have it is no more than an unfinished, fragmentary realization of the artist's original conception. Here, Balas contends that the artist deliberately veiled his meaning in obscurity, making his images, like the language of Neoplatonic philosophers, intelligible only to an intellectual elite. Assuming the role of the Magus, Michelangelo conceived a cryptic, magical world of potent allegorical images designed not simply or primarily to commemorate the departed Medici but to help achieve elevation for their souls. Illustrations.

Jean Fernel (1497-1558) was one of the foremost medical writers of his day, ranked by his contemporaries alongside Andreas Vesalius, reformer of anatomical studies, and Paracelsus, radical reformer of theories of disease and treatment. He is arguably the leading expositor of the Galenic system of medicine. He exemplifies in his Physiologia the method and approach of a typical Aristotelian philosopher in the period immediately before the downfall of Renaissance Scholasticism. John Forrester offers the Physiologia here in its entirety and provides, for the first time, a complete English translation of the work.

Collinson's life is a microcosm of 18th-cent. natural history. A gardener and naturalist by avocation, he was what we would now call a facilitator in natural science, disseminating botanical and horticultural knowledge during the Enlightenment. He influenced the Comte de Buffon and Linnaeus. He found clients for the Phila. naturalist John Bartram. American plants populated great estates like those of the Dukes of Richmond, Norfolk, and Bedford, as well as the Chelsea Physic Garden, and the nurseries of James Gordon and Robert Furber. Botanic painters such as Mark Catesby and Georg Dionysius Ehret painted American plants in Collinson's garden. He had an unprecedented effect on the exchange of scientific info. on both sides of the Atlantic. Illus.

These texts are probably from Babylon, although their exact provenance is unknown. All concern luni-solar phenomena with the exception of a text on the last visibility of Mercury, which is found on one side of a tablet whose other side deals with lunar eclipse magnitudes & longitudes. The texts fall into 2 groups. One comprises "Saros Cycle Texts," which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223 mo. (or 18 years). Three of the 4 texts in this group concern lunar eclipse possibilities; the other treats solar eclipse possibilities. Included in this group is B.M. 34597, known as the "Saros Canon," which is repub. to correct errors in previous pub., & to clarify its structure. The 2nd group contains astronomical functions. Illustrations.

When Ben Franklin adopted John Bartram's 1739 idea of bringing together the "virtuosi" of the colonies to promote inquiries into "natural secrets, arts and syances," the result was, in 1743, the founding of the Amer. Philosophical Soc. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. records the early years of the Society through sketches of its first members, those elected between 1743 and 1769. This is the third of 3 vols. of sketches that represent, "the first systematic attempt to collect and preserve data on the lives of [the Society's first] members" and add much to our knowledge of the history and culture of 18th-cent. America. Contents: History of the Society; Sketches of Members inducted from Nov. 1767-1768; Reflections and Observations; Consolidated Index to volumes 1, 2, and 3.

For pious Christians of every age, the question of ultimate concern has been salvation: What is necessary to ensure the soul's eternal bliss? During the Middle Ages, within the Church itself, the guidelines were clear: baptism, reception of the sacraments, an attempt to put into practice the teachings of Christ. But a theological debate arose on the possibility of salvation for those outside the Church, who fell into two basic categories: those who had been offered the Christian faith but had refused it, & those who, for reasons of chronology or geography, lacked the opportunity to join the Church but lived as virtuously as possible. Two categories of these "virtuous pagans" who received special attention were the classical poets & philosophers of Greece & Rome, & the Old Testament patriarchs. From the standpoint of human reason, it seemed especially unfortunate that these two groups should be damned eternally. This study discusses the theological background of this issue; the Virtuous Pagan in legend & in Dante; St. Erkenwald's Harrowing of Hell; & "Piers Plowman" Issues in Salvation & the Harrowing as Thematic Climax.

The Assyrians have usually been charcterized as the strongmen of the ancient Near East, controlling their empire largely through military force, terror, and intimidatin. The new interpretation of Esarhaddon's reign offered here, hwever, suggests that his success in dealing with conquered Babylonia lay in his masterful use of non-violent tools of government: public works programs, royal public appearnces, and especially the use of documents which presented different images of the king and his policies to different national audiences. Traces of these techniques in the policies of earlier Assyrian kings suggest that the Assyrians had long used such techniques, as well as terror, to control their empire. This study also prposes some new approaches to reading Assyrian royal inscriptions. It suggests, for example, that Assyrian building documents, although often buried in foundaitons, wer first read to contemporary audiences and were primarily designed for them. An analysis of subtle differences in Esarhaddon's Babylon inscriptions suggests that variants may be clues to the identificaiton of different intended audiences for texts which were once thought of as duplicates. This book combines documentary and archeological evidence to propose a new interpretation of Esarhaddon's reign based onc lose reading of texts. it also proposes a new, more complex model of the techniques by which Assyria succeeded in governing her empire.

A study of the educational opportunities offered after WW1 to Amer. soldiers of the Amer. Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Some stayed in Europe and studied art, attended classes at the Sorbonne, took medical courses at London's Fellowship of Med., read law at the Inns of Court, enrolled in veterinary classes at the Univ. of Edinburgh, and studied French culture and language at numerous French univ. and inst. About 10,000 men were involved in these programs. In addition, 10,000 soldier-students attended the AEF's own univ. at Beaune. For a few months in the spring of 1919, this univ. was the largest in the English-speaking world. Other educational opportunities of various sorts were made available to virtually every soldier in the AEF. Illustrations.

Following the death of St. Louis, a new court fashion of ostentatious display was introduced into French stained glass with the advent of Queen Marie de Brabant, who in 1274 became the second wife of St. Louis's heir Philippe le hardi. Little stained glass in this new style survives, since the very motifs that made it different -- large donor 'portraits,' elaborate heraldry, lavish name-inscriptions -- were targets of vandalism. This study reconstructs two ensembles in the new style, at Mussy-sur-Seine in southern Champagne & at the medieval hospital of Tonnerre in Burgundy. Both can be connected with the extraordinary figure of Marguerite de Bourgogne. Titled the Queen of Sicily, she was a revered agent of Christian charity of the Gothic era. 50+ illustrations.

Born in Spain and long-time resident of Bruges, Juan Luis Vives is one of the keenest, and most neglected, minds of the northern Renaissance. A many-sided intellect and critical observer of the contemporary scene, Vives' contribution includes treatises on metaphysics, psychology, education, rhetoric, logic, religion, and social reform. And it is precisely the central premise of this monograph that what links these diverse works together and turns Vives literary production into a whole larger than the sum of its parts is the author's single-minded commitment to the Socratic dictum that an unexamined life is not worth living. But because man's Fall caused him to lose his pristine ability to accomplish that task as an individual, he must now do it in the context of a God-mandated, man-created institution: society, whose origins and evolution Vives explains in Stoic terms. Building on a foundation of Socratic/ Aristotelian optimism and Augustinian pessimism, he concludes that social man can indeed reach the bonitas which alone makes beatitude possible. But at a price, for Vives the Skeptic insists that man must forego the use of that ratio speculativa which seduces him into thinking that he can probe into nature's being and understand his own divine nature.

The life & career of Ismael Boulliau virtually spanned the century of genius. An accomplished astronomer, mathematician, & classical scholar, Boulliau was an activist in the cause of Scientific Revolution. His voluminous correspondence placed him at the heart of one of the largest intelligence networks of the century. This work is designed as a guide to a correspondence network that helped to unite the learned world of his time. Accordingly, this vol. includes a short sketch of Boulliau's life & career, followed by an Inventory (& Name Index of the 41 vols. of the Collection Boulliau (BN, FF. 13019-13059). Consisting of over 22,000 pages of manuscript materials. The Collection ranks as one of the largest sources of its kind in the 17th century.

Josiah Franklin, a tallow chandler and soapmaker, remains a marginal figure in most biographies of his well-known son, Benjamin Franklin, due largely to a lack of written documentation. Biographers of Franklin included him mainly from a genealogical viewpoint, and few of them gave him further attention. Here, Huang has reconstructed Josiah Franklin's life based on fragmented yet valuable manuscripts in several archival sites in the Boston area, such as his bills, letters, subscriptions, participation in petitions, and court warrants for his legal disputes. She has also drawn info. from newspapers, diaries, business accounts, inventories, deeds, and probate records which were useful to assess his trade and financial circumstances. Illus.

During his explanation of both the painting made by Hugh for the school of Saint Victor & the text that describes it, Conrad Rudolph addresses "The Mystic Ark" in the two senses of the word "Ark." First, he speaks of the iconographical component of the Ark proper in the image of "The Mystic Ark," & "The Ark," a shortened title he sometimes uses when referring to either the image or the text of "The Mystic Ark." Created between 1125 & 1130, "The Mystic Ark" is a work that was conceived at a moment of previously unrivaled controversy over art & of perceived threat by science to theology. Rudolph recognizes, in his own text, the significance of the painting & text in understanding medieval visual culture & its polemical context. Color & black & white illus.

"Documents concerning the examination and supervision of medical practitioners" (Catalan with English translation)--P. 59-123.

This catalogue of the astronomical manuscripts preserved at the Maharaja Man Singh Museum provides a substantial part of the foundation for an extensive & penetrating analysis of the astronomical activities of Saw Jayasimha Maharaja from 1700 to 1743. Jayasimha collected Sanskrit manuscripts of traditional Indian astronomy, acquired Arabic & Persian manuscripts representative of the Muslim interpretation of Ptolemaic astronomy, built five observatories at which he employed both Hindu & Muslim observers, & produced a set of astronomical tables in Persian based on the Latin tables of Philippe de La Hire.

The Precolumbian Maya were closely attuned to the movements of the Sun and the Moon, the stars and the planets. Their rituals and daily tasks were performed according to a timetable established by these celestial bodies, a timetable based on a highly complex calendar system. Agriculture provided the foundation for their civilization, and the skies served as a kind of farmer's almanac for when to plant and when to harvest. In this remarkable volume, noted Maya scholars Harvey Bricker and Victoria Bricker offer invaluable insight into the complex world of the Precolumbian Maya, and in particular the amazing achievements of Maya astronomy, as revealed in the Maya codices the indigenous hieroglyphic books written before the Spanish Conquest. This far-reaching study confirms that, independent of the Old World traditions that gave rise to modern Western astronomy, the Precolumbian Maya achieved a sophisticated knowledge of astronomy based on observations recorded over centuries. Illus.

Lectures presented at the Basically Bach Festival of Philadelphia in 1985.

Abraham Zacut (1452-1515) of Salamanca was an outstanding intellectual figure in the Spanish Jewish community on the eve of the expulsion in 1492. His scientific work began in the 1470s, & continued in exile, in Portugal, N. Africa, & ultimately in Jerusalem. This monograph focuses on some of his important contributions to astronomy, namely, those that appear in the book published in Leiria, Portugal, in 1496, generally known as the "Almanach Perpetuum"; this publication is to be distinguished from "ha-Hibbur ha-gadol" ("The Great Composition") that Zacut composed in Hebrew in 1478. Indeed, one of the findings in the course of research for this vol. is that these are distinct works. Bibliography. Charts & tables.

This is the story of how Phila. got safe drinking water -- or safe so far as the medical standards of the time were concerned, the major culprit in the 19th cent. being typhoid. Typhoid frightened the urbanizing world of the late 19th cent. A virulent micro-organism that attacks the intestinal tract, in most cases it spreads when the excreta of an ill person get into the water supply. Phila. was suffering from a typhoid epidemic when a terrible snowstorm hit in Feb. 1899. The disease struck every ward in the city -- wealthy & poor alike suffered since infected river water made its way through the entire system. Phila. public health officials, the major & common council recognized that the city's pumping stations required new filtration systems, but the select council killed the bill. Thanks to episodes like this in other civic affairs, Phila. suffered from a poor reputation for being, in Lincoln Steffens' words, "corrupt & contented." This negative view of the city's performance around the turn of the century is still prevalent. This study takes another look at the people who were trying to solve the public health crisis. It also explores the problem of typhoid from the viewpoint of professionals in the emerging field of public health, beginning with the early years of the Phila. water works. Illus.

Seeking to enlarge an understanding of the nature of chemical science & explain how the concepts being taught in the classroom came to be, Siegfried presents a simple, readable account of how in the 18th cent. chemical composition slowly abandoned the centuries- long tradition of metaphysical elements of earth, air, fire, & water. Through the work of such scientist as Lavoisier, Dalton, & Davy, chemical theory moved from metaphysical elements to operationally functional atoms. The book is based on chemical writings of 17th- & 18th-cent. chemists; references to recently published secondary works are intended for the benefit of readers who wish to enlarge their perspectives on the development of early chemical thinking.

These tables cover the period from the mid-17th to the 19th cent. when astronomical ephemerides were evolving most rapidly. These tables resemble those previously pub. by the APS: Tuckerman's "Planetary, Lunar, and Solar Positions, 601 B.C. to A.D. 1" and "A.D. 2 to A.D. 1649" and Goldstine's "New and Full Moon, 1001 B.C. to A.D. 1651." The tables contain features consistent with the almanacs and ephemerides pub. in this period: planetary positions are computed for 12 hours U.T. (noon); and the Julian day number is given for new and full moons. An analytical essay examines the theoretical and computational developments in almanac-making in the period that bridges between Kepler and Laplace.

An excellent biography of John Haygarth, an important 18th-century physician who is most well known for his visionary plan to eliminate smallpox from Great Britain through the careful practice of inoculation & isolation. Haygarth made many more innovative & far-reaching contributions to medicine & to philanthropy. He became a physician in Chester in 1767. There he introduced separate wards in the Chester Infirmary where patients with fever could be isolated & cared for. It was the stimulus for the development of the fever hospitals of 19th cent. England. He also played a major role in the foundation of the Bath Provident Institution for savings, a model for the savings-bank movement in England. Black & white illustrations.

This is a print on demand publication. Contents: Poetry, Knowledge, & Scientific Poetry; Epistemology vs. Poetics in Bacon; Bacon & the Presocratic Poet-philosophers; Bacon & Lucretius; Bacon's Science & Virgil's Poetry; & Conclusion: Poetic Language & Scientific Discourse.

In 1794, approx. 10,000 persons emigrated from Europe, esp. England, to the U.S. Many of them played an active role in the English radical movement that developed in the French revolutionary era, and were a vital component in the emergence of the philosophy that came to be known as Jeffersonian Republicanism. This study examines the career of one who was arguably the most prominent of all the political exiles from England at this time, the radical scientist, theologian, and political philosopher, Joseph Priestley. Contents: Priestley's Decision to Emigrate to Amer., July 1791-April 1794; The Amer. Political Scene in 1794, and the Arrival of Priestley; Priestley in Northumberland, 1795-1797; Priestley's Breach with the Federalists and Cobbett's Attack, 1797-1799; Priestley's "Letters to the Inhabitants of Northumberland" and the Election of Jefferson to the Presidency, 1799-1800; Priestley's Final Years in Amer. under Jefferson, 1801-1804. Illus.

The Massawomeck are but one of several hinterland Indian groups which having made a brief, frequently violent, appearance during the 17th century, disappear. Eyewitness & contemporary accounts of the Massawomeck, which are confined to the period 1607-1634, are closely associated with the founding of the English Jamestown & Maryland colonies in tidewater Virginia. Unfortunately, references to the Massawomeck are brief & frequently apart from the mainstream of events. Yet a sizable body of antiquarian & scholarly literature regarding the Massawomeck was generated, largely in the 19th century, which often classified them as one or another of the Iroquois tribes. This vol. attempts to expand upon what is known of the Massawomeck in the hope that it will be possible to enhance our understanding of trade between the mid-Atlantic Indians in the Chesapeake Bay latitudes & the Ontario Iroquois in the 16th century & the first three decades of the 17th century.

Up to & including the Age of Discoveries, the wealth of the East was thought in Europe to consist primarily of spices & aromatics. Cloves, nutmeg, mace, & sandalwood all were thought to come from a few small islands in easternmost Indonesia, which no European reached before 1500. Yet supplies of these luxury products were reaching China, India, western Asia, & the Mediterranean lands more than a thousand years earlier. This study of Moluccan spices opens with their natural history & nomenclature, & the discovery of the Islands by Europeans near the opposing (& controversial) limits of Spanish & Portuguese jurisdiction. Donkin traces the expanding interest & long-distance trade in cloves, nutmeg, & sandalwood, first to India & then to the adjacent Arabo-Persian world. The medieval West & China lay on the margins of diffusion, the former in touch with the Levant, the latter with the trading world of South East Asia.

German born Jacques Loeb was both a biologist (nominated for the Nobel Prize in Med. in 1901) & political activist. The authors highlight Loeb's organizational actions & political opinions during the years of 1906 to 1924, the year he died. As a social activist & scientist, Loeb influenced the scientific community, the politically sensitive public, & ultimately the population against conservative & reactionary attitudes toward race, ethnicity, poverty, criminality, war & religion." He took positions on WW 1, social activism, his influence on the economist Thorstein Veblen & finally philosophy & politics. Loeb was hailed early in his career for his work on spontaneous generation of marine embryos & recognized later for his active challenge to social intolerance.