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In the 19th century, those controlling the steel industry amassed considerable fortunes. Subsequently, the 20th century witnessed oil as the principal resource for accumulating wealth. Presently, data, often referred to as the new oil, are among the most valuable assets. Seven of the world¿s leading corporations, as measured by market value, were involved in data and artificial intelligence (AI) towards the end of 2019. This growth in Big Data and AI has spurred the fourth industrial revolution.Within this thesis, AI refers to the capacity of machines to execute tasks autonomously, based on algorithms, whilst adaptively responding to unfamiliar circumstances. As such, the thesis examines methods that empower computers to tackle problems that necessitate intelligence when resolved by humans. AI encompasses the study of intelligent problem-solving behaviour and the development of intelligent computer systems. Additionally, the emphasis here is placed on data-driven AI instead of rule-based AI.The central issue addressed in this thesis pertains to the discrimination faced by People of Colour (PoC), exacerbated by healthcare AI and algorithms. As detailed in the subsequent chapter, research has demonstrated that PoC are treated differently by medical technology; discrimination based on the algorithmic use of ethnic factors is a pervasive problem in hospitals.

Between 2005 and 2008, the share of Latin American presidents from a right-wing party fell to 33%, compared to 64% in the early 1990s. By 2009, more than two-thirds of the countries in the region had a president from a left- or center-left party. Despite common sociopolitical and economic developments with its neighboring countries, Colombia elected a leftist president ¿ for the first time in its modern history ¿ only this year. The present paper examines the factors that might explain Colombiäs comparatively late political Left Turn.To this end, it explores the historic conditions that hindered the consolidation of a leftist political party or coalition with broad electoral support until the foundation of the Historic Pact for Colombia. Moreover, it draws attention to the recent social, political and economic developments that have fostered the expansion of this left-wing coalition yet considering that the efforts tocement a leftist political alternative date back to the last century.

Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: Is Great Britain really a desperate European? This was the question in mind whilst writing this essay. Would Britain go to war against Iraq with the United States of America, or would it search for a peaceful solution together with ?old? Europe within the United Nations. The answer to this question is well known today. The UK decided to wage war on Iraq together with America. Once again Britain gave its continental European partners the feeling to be more the fifty-first state of America than a member of the European Union, trying to find a common European position in foreign and security policy. Why does the UK behave the way it does? Is it really taking a reluctant position against an ever increasing importance of the EU in foreign and security affairs? What is it about its relationship to the US, and which role does the Commonwealth play in this area traditionally the domain of sovereign national politics? The essay examining these questions will come to an ?astonishing? conclusion. At the moment Britain is celebrating its 30th anniversary of EU membership. This should be an occasion to find out more about its foreign and defence policy. At the time of writing, Britain was the only European power coupled with the US in preparing for a war against Iraq. The question has to be asked as to why Britain has adopted such a pro-American stance? Since Blair's election to power in 1997, time and time again he has emphasized that Britain's future is in Europe. However, certainly with regard to foreign and defence policy, such a statement appears hollow. What happened with those honourable aims of European integration like a Common Foreign and Security Policy, which was established as a 'pillar' of the EU by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. Finding an agreed European Common and Foreign Policy certainly has not been obtained and could even be said to be in its worst state ever. Nothing illustrated this better than the diversity of opinion within the EU concerning the possible war with Iraq. Italy and Spain tended towards the position of the US and Britain. France wanted to formulate a new UN resolution before deciding the course of action they wish to take. Germany stood against the use of any force. At present, it would seem that the CFSP remains an objective to be realised at a later date. Past and present, none of the other EU members act as closely with the US as Britain. Is Britain's policy influenced by American interests [¿]

In the face of today¿s business challenges, the demand for a more genuine leadership style is arising. Authentic Leadership as a way to authentically relate to oneself and others is meant to create meaning, trust and confidence amongst followers. At the same time, the Buddhist concept of Self-Compassion is becoming popular in the Western academic world. This study offers first insights into the relationship between Authentic Leadership and Self-Compassion. Theoretical similarities and connections between the two constructs are being presented. An online study (N=50) got conducted, asking young professionals from the international student organization ¿AIESEC¿ about Authentic Leadership attributes and self-compassionate behaviours. Data analysis showed a weak positive correlation between Authentic Leadership and Self-Compassion. Methodical limitations of the study are being demonstrated. Implications for Authentic Leadership research and practice are being discussed, concluding that Self-Compassion could enhance the theoretical operationalization of authenticity as well as the intense process of Authentic Leadership Development.

Inhaltsangabe:Abstract:With the coming into force of Directive 97/55/EC, one of the issues that arose was as to how EU Member States will choose to implement the provisions concerning admissibility of comparative advertising. This dissertation will focus on the Directive?s transposition into English and German law with special regard to price comparisons, each model of implementation being situated at the extreme end of the scale. English law, having traditionally supported comparative advertising now has had to face a much stricter approach put forward by the Directive. We shall enquire into the extent to which, in absence of an English law of unfair competition, s.10(6) of the 1994 Trade Marks Act, the torts of passing off and injurious falsehood, and the British Code of Advertising provide for compliance in that sphere.German law, on the other hand, having long opposed comparative advertising, has readily incorporated Directive 97/55 into §§2 and 3 of its 1909 Act Against Unfair Competition (UWG). German literature on the Act?s compliance with the Directive has been widespread and the respective analysis will thus be limited to assessing opinions of academics, lawyers, judges, and members of the German government.I then compared those two models of implementation from the wider angle of the civil law/common law divide and general principles underlying Community law, before finally making proposals for amendments and assessing the impact the Directive had on each national law system. Effectively, German law has thus, in my view, provided for implementation to a fuller extent, as well as being the Member State which has felt the Directive?s impact much more strongly than England.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents:Introduction1Chapter 1.The Law of Comparative Advertising in England71.1Rejection of a Law of Unfair Competition91.2The Law of Comparative Advertising111.3Implementation of Directive 97/55/EC14Chapter 2.The Law of Comparative Advertising in Germany222.1The Law of Unfair Competition under the 1909 Act Against Unfair Competition222.2Implementation of Directive 97/55/EC26Chapter 3.Analysis: Implementation of Directive 97/55/EC in England and Germany compared33Conclusion43Annex47Bibliography47Table of cases52Statutory material53

Konstruktion und Dimensionierung von Druckbehältern werden in verschiedenen Regelwerken beschrieben. Die Druckgeräterichtlinie lässt die Wahl des anzuwendenden Regelwerkes offen, in Deutschland kommt jedoch meist das AD 2000-Regelwerk zum Einsatz.Das Regelwerk AD-2000 konkretisiert alle grundlegenden Sicherheitsanforderungen, die es gemäß Druckgeräterichtlinie zu beachten gilt. Die Konformitätsanforderungen der Druckgeräterichtlinie werden von AD-2000 erfüllt. Aufgrund seiner klaren, verständlichen und anwenderfreundlichen Form ist dieses deutsche Regelwerk in der Industrie sehr beliebt, gerade im Hinblick auf andere Regelwerke und die EN 13445 (Druckgeräte) und EN 13480 (Rohrleitungen), die die Beschaffenheit von Druckgeräten regeln. Die Wurzeln von AD-2000 liegen im Regelwerk der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Druckgeräte (AD-Regelwerk). Dieses wurde umfangreich überarbeitet, das Ergebnis war AD-2000. Als Pendant wurde die DIN EN 13445 Norm geschaffen. Auch DIN EN 13445 stellt die Einhaltung der in Anhang 1 der Druckgeräterichtlinie formulierten Sicherheitsanforderungen sicher.

Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: Interest in ?emotions? within organisation increased in the last years. However, research in this field is scarce. In the discussion about emotions in organisation the increasing number of multicultural teams is adding an additional variable: ?culture?, making research even more complicate. Practitioners report that where culture meets conflicts accompanied by negative emotions such as ?anger? occur. However, also positive emotions like ?happiness? may occur, having a positive influence on motivation and enhance cohesion, what may be considered as benefit in multicultural teams. Although anger as well happiness are considered as universally experienced emotion, there is some evidence that the causes, expression, and the behaviour which follows anger and happiness are culturally influenced. In multicultural teams the knowledge about the ?antecedents? of these two emotions and the following ?behaviour? seems to be especially important as on one hand misunderstandings and conflict connected with anger, may have serious social consequences reducing performance or even resulting in contra productive behaviour threatening the organisation, and on the other hand experience of success and good communication, enhancing team collaboration, seems to be connected with happiness. This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding with regards the culturally-influenced antecedents of the two emotions anger and happiness as well as about the resulting behavioural consequences in multicultural team settings. The two research questions guiding this work are: 1. In which multicultural team situations do the emotions anger and happiness arise? 2. Which are the antecedents, in team settings, of the two emotions and which is the resulting behaviour respectively consequences that follows? Ahead, the Theoretical Part should provide the reader a basic introduction about emotions and the connected relevant factors like cognition, sociality and culture with regard to the research questions. Offering a working definition of culture and emotion, the attempt to illustrate the role of emotion in multicultural team settings as well the discussion about the discrepancy of expectation and of expression regarding emotions throughout cultures, should make the reader more sensible about a) the possible detected differences in antecedents and behavioural consequences and b) their impact in multicultural teams. In Chapter One a discussion about [¿]

Inhaltsangabe:Summary: Over the last decade, media and politicians have been praising the great economic and democratic progress of the former state socialist countries in East Central Europe. At the same time, however, there have been occasional news about a growing income gap, high female unemployment rates, highly restrictive abortion legislation etc. in those countries. This contradiction caught my attention. In my thesis, I wanted to get to the bottom of it. Thus, the main questions at the beginning of my work were the following: What changed after the implosion of state socialism in the countries of East Central Europe? And how? What were the gendered implications of these changes? What role have the European Union and the possibility of gaining EU membership been playing in the transformation processes ? especially regarding the power relations between men and women? I decided to restrict my research to seven former state socialist countries in East Central Europe that are currently candidates for membership in the European Union: Poland, Czechoslovakia, respectively the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Bulgaria, and Romania. To approach the questions standing at the beginning of my work, I went way back to early socialist theorists, protagonists, and movements and their ideas and goals. I was particularly interested in women and gender issues in these theories and ideas. The next step was trying to grasp the state socialist reality. From this vantage point, I could finally analyse the changes and transformation processes that have been taking place since the implosion of state socialism. I decided to use a feminist approach with gender as a central category of analysis. This is a very fruitful way to discover and reveal social interconnections, causes and outcomes of economic, political, and social processes, as well as crucial patterns that have been influencing and/or directing the processes in the East Central European countries under consideration over the last decades. Since the topic of my thesis is in the realm of international politics, I am taking a look at the encounters of feminist approaches and international relations at the beginning of my work. After that I am giving an overview of the main approaches to researching and theorizing the transformation processes in the former state socialist countries of East Central Europe, followed by an explanation of the approach I am taking. Then I am [¿]