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Veterinary microbiology is a field of microbiology that is concerned with bacterial and viral diseases of vertebrate animals, which are domesticated for providing food supply, companionship, or other useful products. These diseases have significance in veterinary medicine, as they have the capability for inducing illnesses in livestock and domesticated animals and causing economic loss. Furthermore, they are a significant threat towards animal welfare and health. Veterinary microbiology is involved in the study of the underlying mechanisms of virulence in pathogens, antimicrobial resistance and epidemiology of pathogens. Infectious diseases within this field are detected primarily through two methods, by confirming the traces of microorganisms or by detecting the presence of antibodies generated against the organism. Some of the different techniques used for the detection of diseases in animals are nucleic acid amplification, cytology, antigen assays, bacteriological culture, microarrays and fecal examination. This book explores all the important aspects of veterinary microbiology and disease. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of veterinary science.

Sport refers to an athletic activity that involves some level of competition such as basketball or netball. It can also be a significant source of entertainment for the spectators. Such spectator sports attract huge crowds to sport events and reach a wider audience through broadcasting. Organizing a sporting event necessitates logistical planning, extensive preparation, and a detailed knowledge of the sport. A lot of preparation goes into organizing a successful event. It usually involves finding a suitable location, recruiting a sufficient number of volunteers, and setting up all-weather preparations. Sport event management also involves ensuring the safety of the participants as well as the spectators. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the management of sport events. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Livestock animals may be affected by infectious diseases caused by parasites such as tsetse flies, ticks, mosquitoes, and Culicoides midges, or by microorganisms such as viruses, fungi and bacteria. Some of the examples of infectious diseases in animals include bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), tuberculosis, Johne's disease, and brucellosis. Infectious diseases in animals are caused due to factors such as the addition of new member to a herd and contaminated water. The assessment or diagnosis of livestock diseases is essential for detecting the cause and nature of the disease, which, in turn is essential for ensuring faster treatment planning. Livestock diseases are diagnosed using techniques such as analysis of blood, tissue, urine, or stool to detect the presence of proteins, antibodies, or general indicators of overall health. The first step in the treatment of the infected livestock animals usually involves isolating the affected animal from the rest of the herd. Additionally, the infected animals are also given anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics. This book unravels the recent studies on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in livestock. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of veterinary science as well as for experts.

Food contains nutritional substances that are necessary for the development, upkeep, and repair of body tissues as well as the control of vital processes. Therefore, it is essential to consume safe foods, which can be ensured by practicing food safety. The practice of preparing, handling, and storing food in such a way that minimizes the risk of individuals becoming ill from foodborne illnesses is called food safety. Issues related to food safety arise from pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, which cause food intoxication or poisoning. Toxicology is the scientific study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms. It also involves diagnosing and treating conditions that occur as a result of exposure to toxins and toxicants. In the field of toxicology, the main focus remains on determining the safety of the food by carrying out a detailed research on the effects of toxins. This book explores all the important aspects of food safety and toxicology in the present day scenario. It consists of contributions made by international experts. The book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

A wind turbine refers to a type of machine that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. It converts wind energy into electricity by utilizing the aerodynamic forces, which involve lift and drag. These forces are generated by the rotor blades, which function similar to rotor blade of helicopter or wing of an airplane. Wind turbines are a significant source of intermittent renewable energy, which can help in decreasing the reliance on fossil fuels and thereby reducing the energy costs. Smaller wind turbines are employed for tasks such as powering traffic warning signs and battery charging for caravans or boats. Larger turbines can aid household power supply and their extra energy be added back to the electrical grid. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of wind energy aerodynamics and the recent researches on this topic. It contains a detailed explanation of the aerodynamics utilized by wind turbines. The book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of renewable energy.

Water resources refer to the wide range of natural water that exist on the Earth, irrespective of their form. The waterof the lakes, oceans and rivers are the most accessible sources of usable water. Deep subsurface waters, permanent snowfields, groundwater and glaciers are other sources of accessible water. Changing weather patterns can result in climate change, whicin turn can can lead to water scarcity, extreme weather event, contaminated water supplies, and uncertain water avialability. Such effects of climate change have an imapact on the water resources in terms of variability, form, quantity, intensity and timing of precipation. Furthermore, wate rquality is also affected by climate change in both coastal and inland regions. This book unravelsthe recent studies with respect to climate change imapcts on water resources. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on this subject.

Remote sensing refers to a process involving the identification and observation of the topographies of a region by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation from a distance. It involves gathering information about objects or regions from distant objects such as aircrafts, satellites and drones. It is commonly used for gathering information about the Earth's surface from space. Weather forecasting, natural disaster research, land-use mapping, resource exploration, and environmental research are some of the prominent applications of remote sensing. One of the significant applications of remote sensing is in hydrology, where it can be used for measuring several hydrological variables over a region repeatedly. The hydrological variables measured by remote sensing include surface temperature, snow water equivalent, surface soil moisture, snow covered area and land cover. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex studies on the role of remote sensing in hydrology. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

A solar collector refers to a type of device that gathers and concentrates solar radiation from the sun. This device is used primarily for solar heating, which enables the heating of water for personal use. These devices are generally a flat box made up of three primary components, including a coolant carrying tube, a transparent cover, and an insulated rear plate. The coating and material type of the solar collector affects the absorption of solar energy. Solar collectors come in a variety of shapes and sizes including evacuated tube collectors, point focus collectors, flat plate collectors, and line focus collectors. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the study of solar collectors. Most of the topics covered herein provide information on the theory and applications of solar collectors. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is refers to the air quality inside and around structures and buildings. It has been shown that IAQ has an impact on the comfort, health and well-being of the building inhabitants. It is measured by collecting samples from building surfaces and air, monitoring the exposure to contaminants, and evaluating airflow within the buildings through computer modeling. IAQ issues are mostly caused due to the indoor pollution sources that discharge particles or gases into the air. The three main causes of indoor air pollution are bioaerosols, combustion and building materials. Diseases such as lung cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been linked to poor IAQ. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the study of indoor air quality. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying indoor air quality, as it gives incredible insights into emerging concepts.

Biotechnology refers to a field of applied science that creates products and processes from living organisms and their derivatives. It entails the understanding of the functioning of living organisms at the molecular level. It draws from several academic fields such as chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics. Marine biotechnology is the use of bioinformatics, biotechnology, and molecular and cell biology to produce products and processes from marine organisms. It is concerned with ocean exploration for creating novel chemical products, enzymes, medicines, and other products and processes. It also contributes significantly to biomaterials, seafood and aquaculture safety, health care diagnostics, and bioremediation. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of marine biotechnology. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying marine biotechnology as it gives incredible insights into the emerging trends and concepts.

Healthy plants and trees are critical for sustainable and lucrative crop production as well as for ensuring the supply of fiber, food and fuel for a country. Ensuring plant and tree health involves protecting them from plant pathogens and pests using scientific and regulatory frameworks. Forest pathology refers to the study of diseases of woody plants across tree nurseries, natural forests, urban environments and planted landscapes. It is a branch of forestry that serves the needs of the environment and the general public by using scientific principles for the control and prevention of tree diseases. It is important to maintain effective plant health for increasing sustainability, productivity, resilience and profitability of agrifood systems. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of forest pathology and plant health, and the recent researches in this area of study. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Environmental engineering is the creation of infrastructure and procedures for waste disposal, water supply, and pollution control. It is a broad field that incorporates hydrology, geology, microbiology, chemistry, mathematics, ecology, hydraulics and economics. Hydrology refers to the study of water cycling through various reservoirs on the Earth. It focuses on the effects of climate on the water cycle and the distribution of water in the atmosphere, subsurface and surface. It also studies the chemistry of water from different sources. The vast majority of hydrologic applications involve surface water systems such as estuaries, rivers, and open-channels. Geographically, the study of hydrology is divided into three areas, namely, surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology), and marine hydrology. Some of the major areas of study within hydrology are hydrogeology, hydrometeorology, drainage-basin management, water quality and surface hydrology. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of hydrology and environmental engineering. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Scientists and students actively engaged in these fields will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Forest refers to a complex ecological system in which trees dominate other life forms. They are the most diverse ecosystems on land since they contain a huge majority of Earth's terrestrial species including animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms. Coniferous forests, tropical rainforests and deciduous forests are the three main categories of forests. A forest ecosystem is a wide area of land that contains a large number of trees and other woody plants. It is home to a wide variety of animals and provides all basic needs including medicinal plants, wood and timber. Sustainable management of forest ecosystems is desirable when forest diversity faces threats such as resource exploitation, poor management, excessive usage and old age. Forest ecosystems are susceptible to disruption and damage if not properly sustained. This book unfolds the innovative aspects related to the sustainability and diversity of forest ecosystems. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is a complete source of knowledge on this area of study.

Water and environmental engineering is an area of engineering that aims to address environmental issues related to air, water and soil. It deals with the development and management of water resources; designing hydraulic structures such as dams and tunnels; water quality engineering; water resources engineering; outdoor and indoor air quality engineering; ocean engineering; and hazardous waste management. Entropy is referred to as a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. It has been used to solve numerous issues in geographical, earth, and environmental sciences. In the field of water and environment engineering, it has numerous applications in areas such as water distribution networks, sediment transport, river flow forecasting, and water monitoring network design. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of entropy and its applications in water and environmental engineering. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. A number of latest studies have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Soil contamination, also called soil pollution and land pollution, is a part of land degradation caused by the spillage, burying or migration of hazardous contaminants from local waste, untreated industrial effluents, agrochemicals, manufacturing wastes and other human-made activities or substances into the soil ecosystem. Industrial activity, agricultural chemicals and improper waste disposal are the leading causes of soil contamination. Sediments refer to silt, loose sand, clay and other soil particles that are present at the bottom of a water body. Sediments are produced by decomposition of animals and plants, as well as soil erosion. When sediments are mixed with water, it leads to water contamination. The risk of flooding increases when sediments clog catch basins and storm drains, which are used to divert water away from residential areas and roads. Soil and water contamination, both have a negative impact on the health of plants, animals and humans. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of soil and water contamination. Students, researchers and experts associated with this field will benefit alike from it.

Hydraulics refers to the study of fluids in motion or at rest. It is associated with fluid mechanics, which serves as a major theoretical groundwork. Hydraulics is concerned with the mechanical properties of liquids and focuses on the engineering applications of fluid properties. Hydraulic systems use an incompressible fluid such as water or oil to transfer forces from one location to another within the fluid. Hydraulic engineering applies the principles of fluid mechanics to solve issues involving the collection, storage, control, regulation, transportation, measurement and use of water. Dam design, hydropower, erosion, pipe flow, river channel behavior, pumps, computational fluid dynamics, turbines and flow measurement, and river hydrology are some of the industrial applications of hydraulics. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends related to the study of hydraulics from an engineering perspective. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Air quality monitoring refers to a process which involves taking samples and performing tests of air emissions. It aids in measuring the quality of air in relation to pollutants in a given time duration. Furthermore, it also helps to evaluate whether the quality of air is deteriorating or improving through the assessment of patterns and trends. It involves a systematic and long-term evaluation of pollutant levels in the surroundings, by determining the quantity and types of contaminants in the air. Air quality is measured using an index called the air quality index (AQI). An AQI of 50 or less is considered good whereas AQI above this level is unhealthy and may result in health issues. AQI helps in measuring the level of different pollutants that are present in the atmosphere, namely, particulate matter (PM10), particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), ammonia (NH3), and lead (Pb). The modeling of air quality is done using computer programs and mathematics for estimating pollutant concentrations in the air. Systems for assessing and forecasting air quality help the decision makers in improving public health and air quality. This book contains some path-breaking studies on air quality monitoring, measuring and modeling. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Hydraulic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the flow of fluid, typically water and sewage, through conduits and makes use of gravity for the movement of fluid. It involves designing structures with the capacity to remove or divert water from the roadways and pass the collected water from under the roadway. Hydraulic engineering is also concerned with the technical challenges involved in sewerage design and water infrastructure. It is used for creating bridges, sewers, dams, canals, etc. The computational aspects of hydraulics with respect to civil engineering problems are dealt with under the discipline of computational hydraulics, which contains methods and techniques for numerical simulation of water flows in natural or manmade systems with the aid of computers. In such systems, flow and transport is modeled using computer tools such as computer graphics, statistical analysis methods, electronic databases, and spreadsheets. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to computation, analysis, and modeling within hydraulic engineering. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

An endophyte is an endosymbiont, which may be a bacterium or a fungus that lives within a plant for at least a part of its life cycle without causing any apparent disease. Fungal endophytes are quite common and highly diverse microorganisms. They may improve host plant's growth and nutrient acquisition along with enhancing the ability of the plants to tolerate abiotic stresses. These endophytes also help in reducing the biotic stress faced by plants by increasing their pathogen resistance. Endophytes can be transmitted either vertically or horizontally. There are two major classifications of endophytes, namely, systemic and non-systemic endophytes, and clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous endophytes. This book provides a detailed explanation of the significance of fungal endophytes in plants. A number of latest researches have also been included to keep the readers updated with the global concepts in this area of study. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Apomixis is the development of a plant from a seed that does not require normal sexual reproduction or fertilization. There is no genetic recombination because the process does not include the fusion of the female and male gametes. The three kinds of apomixis that are typically recognized are apospory, diplospory, and adventitious embryony. The expression of apomixis involves the coordination of several independent phenotypes including the production of an unreduced embryo sac, and the development of an embryo from an unreduced and unfertilized egg cell. There are many potential agronomic advantages of apoximis including the development of pure lines, reduction in cost and time of breeding, avoidance of sexual reproduction complications and viral transfer in plants, conservation of heterosis, and easy hybrid seed production. This book provides comprehensive insights on the evolution, mechanisms and molecular perspectives of apomixis. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers updated with the latest concepts in this area of study.

Oxidative stress in plants is a complex chemical and physiological phenomenon that accompanies virtually all biotic and abiotic stresses in higher plants. There are various environmental factors such as extreme temperature, air pollutants, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, salinity, draught, pathogen infection and pesticides that can lead to the development of oxidative stress in plants. Exposure to all these factors affects a range of biological processes due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is produced during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and due to the cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion. An excessive production and accumulation of ROS causes an imbalance between the production of ROS and the neutralization of free radicals by antioxidants. Plant oxidative stress can be managed either by developing transgenic plants overexpressing one or more antioxidants, or by developing mutants that are resistant towards certain stresses. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to oxidative stress in plants as well as its management. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Abiotic stress is defined as the negative impact of non-living factors on living organisms, such as plants, in a specific environment. It includes adverse effects of metal toxicity, high temperature, nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity and flooding. When plants are exposed to abiotic stresses for a long period, it results in metabolism alteration and damage to biomolecules. The plants usually develop certain defense mechanisms or responses in order to tolerate abiotic stresses by upregulation of osmolytes, osmoprotectants, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Abiotic stresses greatly influence plant growth and crop production. The emergence of proteomics, deep sequencing technologies, epigenetics, and metabolomics have provided opportunities for understanding the biology of plants and developing stress tolerant varieties of crops. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends related to abiotic stress resistance in plants. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment such as light, heat, motion, moisture and pressure. Agriculture sensors are sensors used in smart farming that help in heat detection, animal identification and health monitoring. There are several types of agricultural sensors including electronic sensors, location sensors, mechanical sensors, optical sensors, airflow sensors, and dielectric soil-moisture sensors. The use of remote sensing techniques to schedule nitrogen fertilization can assist in reducing the risk of harvest loss by providing a suitable rate of nitrogen at the time and place where it is needed by the crops. Precision agriculture entails the use of sensor technologies for nutrient and pesticide application, yield mapping and prediction, irrigation control, and soil sensing. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the application of sensors in agriculture. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress, which limits the growth and productivity of plants and crops. There are two phases of salinity stress on plants, namely, the osmotic phase and the ionic phase. The osmotic phase happens immediately after salinity stress and leads to a rapid inhibition in the growth of the plant. On the other hand, ionic phase occurs after several days or weeks of salinity stress. In the ionic phase, ions are accumulated in highly toxic levels in the shoot, which adversely affects the shoot function. Plants have developed various physiological and biological mechanisms for tolerating and dealing with salinity. It can be bifurcated into three mechanisms which include osmotic tolerance, ion exclusion and tissue tolerance. Research has also been conducted for developing molecular and genomic approaches that can help crop plants develop tolerance towards salinity stress. This book provides significant information of on this topic to help develop a good understanding of salinity tolerance in plants. It consists of contributions made by international experts. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals associated with the field of agriculture and plant science.

Food engineering refers to a broad field of food technology that includes several disciplines like agriculture, chemistry, food science, engineering and microbiology. It involves the use of engineering principles for the storage, processing, and distribution and delivery of food materials. Agricultural engineering is the field of engineering that deals with the design, development and improvement of agricultural machinery and equipment. It combines agricultural science, and engineering expertise and knowledge to create technologies and processes that increase the production and productivity of agriculture by making better use of natural resources and conserving them for future use. The agrifood industry encompasses traditional and innovative food production technologies. These include vertical farming and precision farming. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of food and agriculture engineering. It consists of contributions made by international experts. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Agricultural food production refers to the activity of producing food. Water and its efficient management is an integral part of agricultural food production, since it enables crop diversification and production intensification. The production of food using processes and systems that are non-polluting and aid in conserving non-renewable energy is known as sustainable food production. It involves ensuring the sustained availability of resources including water and energy. Various challenges that make it difficult to achieve sustainable food production include rising population and demand for food, climate change, decreasing per capita land, and limited water resources. Implementing sustainable water management strategies in agriculture such as adopting best irrigation practices, improving agricultural practices, direct seeding of water intensive crops, landform management, and rainwater harvesting are important for sustainable food production. This book outlines the role of water availability and management in agricultural food production in detail. It includes contributions of experts, which will provide innovative insights into this area of agriculture. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Remote sensing technology encompasses the systems that use digital cameras and remote control systems for obtaining photographs and images from hard-to-access places. It has multiple applications in agriculture, such as obtaining information about crops, soil, and surrounding environment. This technology enables the collection of high-resolution information from agricultural land and assists the farmers and crop scientists in making various decisions. Different types of image capturing devices used in remote imaging include drones, satellites, in-field devices and digital cameras integrated in wireless sensor networks on the ground. Remote sensing is able to generate different types of spectral information such as multispectral images, standard RGB images, and hyperspectral images. Some major applications of remote sensing technology include plant monitoring, automatic harvesting, mapping and detection of plants, water management, and yield estimation. This book outlines the use of remote sensing technology in modern agriculture in detail. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book aims to equip students and experts with the latest concepts in this area.

Biotechnology is the application of biology to the creation of new products, organisms and methods with the goal of benefiting the society as well as improving human health. It has a wide range of applications most notably in agriculture and medicine. Modern biotechnology offers innovative products and technologies to lessen environmental footprint, use cleaner and less energy, combat debilitating and uncommon diseases, and have cleaner, safer and more effective industrial manufacturing processes. Biotechnology in agriculture not only aids in increasing productivity but also improves quality of crop production. Another advantage of biotechnology is the creation of crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. Gene editing technology enables targeted and high-precision restructuring of plant genomes which decreases the cost of product development. This book explores all the important aspects of biotechnology and its applications in crop improvement. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Sustainable agriculture is an integrated system of plant production practices that aim to satisfy the present food requirements of the society without compromising the needs of the future generations. It also seeks to make efficient use of non-renewable resources to minimize water use, promote soil health, and minimize pollution levels on the farm. Some of the major sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) and systems that are practiced all over the world include agroforestry, conservation farming, contour farming, covering-mulching, crop-rotation, floating-farming, organic-farming, rainwater-harvesting and vermicomposting. Agroforestry refers to a farming practice wherein forests and shrubs are integrated within animal and crop farming system in order to obtain social, economic and environmental benefits. Conservation farming is an approach to sustainable agriculture which involves minimal disturbance of soil and diversification of plant species. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to sustainable agriculture. It unravels the various challenges and opportunities related to sustainable agricultural systems. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers studying sustainable agricultural systems.