Bøger i Aus der Reihe: e-fellows.net stipendiaten-wissen serien

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2016 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 5,0/ A, , language: English, abstract: In various instances, countries, regional organizations, and the United Nations have resorted to the use of sanctions as a foreign policy, as a tool for geopolitics, in order to influence the behavior of targeted states. Numerous researches and analyses have been conducted to observe and understand the effectiveness and impact of sanctions, and subsequently dismissed them as either effective, ineffective, or counterproductive to their intended objectives.This dissertation seeks to address the aforementioned question; in particular, whether sanctions remain to be an option as a geopolitical tool to influence the behavior of targeted states? The core of this dissertation consists of three case studies: first, sanctions on Russian Federation (2014-present); sanctions on Iran (1979 ¿ present, 2006, 2012 ¿ 2016); and, US trade embargo on Cuba (1960 ¿ present). These case studies have been analyzed from the structural point of view to understand its specifics, background, and plausible retaliation by the state. Then, the technical results achieved by the sanctions are reviewed, and their weaknesses are highlighted. Lastly, numerous relevant arguments are provided to reinforce the conclusion.

Seminar paper from the year 2016 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 1,0, EBC University Düsseldorf, language: English, abstract: Forming new businesses, entering new markets, and increasing organizational effectiveness, occurs through the innovation and transformation processes. Corporations must be able to adapt and evolve, if they wish to survive. The ability to innovate is a source of sustainable competitive advantage. However, how is it possible for a company to breed innovation into the very bones of an organization, so that it becomes an ongoing, managed phenomenon? Is innovative thinking independent of external circumstances? Or, is there any method to its creativity? And what would an innovation model look like? The importance of innovation in regards to a businesses value is, without a doubt, the most meaningful and perhaps most essential aspect of a company. Innovation pays dividends for shareholders it drives growth and differentiation, motivates employees, opens new markets and captures customers¿ attention, all while using much lower advertising budgets. One company that has clearly done something right in the past is Google. This company is a symbol for integrative IT-infrastructures and restructuring business architecture through: experimentation, improvisation, analytical decision making, participative product development, and other noteworthy modes of innovation. It uses an evaluation of ideas with an admittedly chaotic ideation process and a set of accurate, data-driven methods. Google¿s culture fascinates even the brightest technical expertise. It has developed or acquired an array of new offerings to augment the core search product. Its expansion, profitability, and shareholder equity, are at unmatched levels. It has been the designer, or a leading exponent of new paths to business and management innovation. These are the main reasons why Google is a great allegory of innovation and a profound example of a successful integrated innovation management approach.The purpose of this essay, based on Adapa Srinivasa Raös case study, ¿Corporate Entrepreneurship and Innovation at Google, Inc.¿ is to build a bridge between the company¿s methods and the theoretical framework that abstractly enables and drives innovation in the corporate environment.

Master's Thesis from the year 2016 in the subject Orientalism / Sinology - Chinese / China, grade: 2,0, , language: English, abstract: Chinäs economic development has not only led to enormous growth figures, but also to a severe degradation of the environment. Mass-consumption of fossil fuels like oil and coal in China contributed to reaching the level of the largest greenhouse gas emitter worldwide. For the Chinese government to react, it is crucial to take the electricity purchase decisions of households into account to successfully implement energy policies. Hereby, a Chinese social survey shall help to show the effects of economic and environmental factors on the consumers¿ willingness to pay for the adoption of green electricity: the results of both a Linear Probability Model and a Probit model indicate that environmental factors do not play a crucial role when it comes to the consumers¿ willingness to pay for higher prices/taxes in order to protect the environment ¿ whereas the economic factor regarding the influence of price levels has a slightly more effective impact. Nonetheless, education and adequate information provision about the merits of green electricity seem to be a prerequisite in order to promote the purchase of renewable electricity.

Seminar paper from the year 2016 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 1,7, European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder) (Lehrstuhl Statistik), course: WS 2015/2016, language: English, abstract: This paper deals with the development of the gold and silver prices from January 2001 until January 2015 and introduces the ARMA-model from Box & Jenkins for (weakly) stationary stochastic processes and the GARCH-model from Bollerslev to model heteroscedastic time series. The results, which were obtained with the help of the statistics package R, are presented in section 5 and 6 respectively. Besides, a forecast of the prices for both assets is made in section 7, the limitations of the research are presented in section 8 and section 9 concludes with a summary of the findings.It is widely known in the financial world that both equities, silver and gold have a long history of serving as a hedge against inflation, political risk and currency exchange risk, which provide economic and physical safety for the investors during times of political and economic crises as well as equity market crashes. This phenomenon could be observed in the 2008 financial crisis, where other mineral prices fell, but only the gold price increased by 6%. Moreover, researchers also show that gold and dollar seem to be negatively related, as in times, when the dollar was weak the price for gold increases. Hence, gold was found to be uncorrelated with other types of assets, which leads to advantages for an investor in an era of globalization.As gold and silver assets seem to play an important role for investors, it is of great necessity to monitor its prices and the volatility of the time series. The autoregressive moving average models (ARMA) and the generalized autoregressive heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models became popular for academics and practitioners and led to a fundamental change to the approach of examining financial data. The ARMA models have been further extended and an efficient modelling of the volatility of the prices with GARCH models was further inspected by many researchers.

Seminar paper from the year 2015 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 9 von 10 GPA Punkte, , language: English, abstract: Ongoing changes in the global and dynamic economy call for constant adaptions in organizations and continuous organizational learning. But not only challenges arise from this uncertain environment, also opportunities and competitive advantages could be created for firms of which their employees for example, learn and adapt faster than their competitors. Therefore, a growing number of firms try changing towards a learning organization. This article provides the integration of different theoretical models of organizational learning by giving an extensive overview of processes inside a learning organization. In doing so, I differentiate between individual, team and organizational level and pay attention to important influencing factors. The role of management is exemplified at each level.

Case Study from the year 2014 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: 1,3, University of the Americas Puebla, language: English, abstract: The following paper is an analysis about Walt Disney. It is an investigation about the business model of the Walt Disney company and its objective is to turn out the characteristics in terms of values and strategies, which made the company to that what it is today- one of the most successful companies and well-known brands in the world. In the first part of the paper we want to examine why Disney has been successful for so long and explain thereby what its core competences and competitive advantages are. In the second section we will have a look on what Michael Eisner did to rejuvenate Disney and what he did to increase the income in his first for years. Finally, in the last part we will evaluate Disney¿s policy of acquisitions, define the value they are adding to their different divisions and conclude with the explanation about how that translates into financial performance.

Seminar paper from the year 2015 in the subject Communications - Media and Politics, Politic Communications, grade: 1,0, University of Constance, language: English, abstract: In 2013 Daniel Gayo-Avello captured the state of the art regarding election prediction with social media publishing a meta-analysis, the very first one in this field of study. Concluding after an extensive literature review, that the ¿prevailing view [among scientists] is overly optimistic¿, Gayo-Avello declares three major problems, that have to be addressed by future research: 1) The need to produce a true forecast, that is published before the election. 2) The need to take into account the biases on Twitter, especially the unrepresentativeness of the sample. 3) The need to incorporate sentiment rather than just tweet volume.The research question of this paper is very similar to Gayo-Avello's meta-analysis, to give an overview of the current state of the art two years later, assess if the past problems and questions scientists raised have been discussed, and in the last step answer, whether or not Twitter can be used as an efficient alternative to traditional electoral forecasting.Although two years might not be a lot of time considering the time it takes for a study to be conducted and published, the number of scientists contributing to this fairly new field of research is extremely high, therefore making much more understanding in a short time possible.Necessarily I will only highlight a selection of studies, not being able to shed light on all studies. In a nutshell, I will take the 3 demands by Gayo-Avello as a guideline to order recent studies, then give a quick insight into the current discussion in the scientific field, and in the end come to the conclusion, that traditional polling and social media-based approaches do not have to be exclusive, but can and should be combined in future research.

Seminar paper from the year 2014 in the subject Business economics - Supply, Production, Logistics, grade: 1,0, University of the Americas Puebla, language: English, abstract: This project examines different aspects about Green Logistics. First of all the project¿s topic is defined to receive a first impression what it is about. This is followed by the drivers of Green Logistics and its paradoxes. Afterwards the environmental issue and the measures of Green Logistics are explained. Furthermore the subject of Green IT Solutions is pointed out. As last aspect there is an example of the use of Green Logistics of the company DHL. To complete the project in the conclusion there are some challenges described that Green Logistics may have to face.

Seminar paper from the year 2014 in the subject Politics - Environmental Policy, grade: 1,0, Dresden Technical University, language: English, abstract: On 30 April 2005, Argentine citizens started a five-year blockade of the Libertador General San Martín Bridge which connects the Argentine city of Gualeguaychú with its Uruguayan neighbor city Fray Bentos. The citizens feared severe environmental damages caused by two pulp mills which were to be constructed on the Uruguayan side of the Uruguay River which separates the two countries. In 2006, Argentina referred the dispute to the International Court of Justice (ICJ).The judgment, delivered on 20 April 2010, has been described as the most significant one in international environmental law since Trail Smelter. It is undisputed that the judgment made some significant contributions to the progress of international environmental law. I will argue, however, that the Court also missed some great opportunities to develop international environmental law and to establish itself as a Court capable of dealing with highly scientific issues. First, I will discuss the Court¿s reasoning concerning the burden of proof and its use of expert evidence. Second, I will debate the Court¿s recognition of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as part of the corpus of general international law.

Master's Thesis from the year 2015 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 8,5, Erasmus University Rotterdam (Rotterdam School of Management), language: English, abstract: While the influences of macro-level determinants on cross-border transactions have been investigated in several studies before, firm-level determinants have mostly been excluded in those studies. This study finds that firm-level determinants have a substantial influence on the probability a firm¿s decision to acquire a company in a foreign country. The result is even more pronounced in transactions where the acquirer¿s and the target¿s business operations are related to each other. In unrelated transactions, it was found that acquirers are more influenced by domestic and foreign stock market valuations as well as the relative value of their currency. This seems to proof the fire-sale theory as well as the risk reduction through diversification theory. It is concluded that unrelated transactions are more opportunistic, while related transactions are based on firm-specific business strategic reasons. A firm¿s amount of excess cash has been included as a firm-level determinant into the probit model of this study. This variable is fairly new to this kind of studies and its results offer deeper insights into the relationship between transaction probability, determinants and relatedness. This study extents the existing body of academic literature on cross-border mergers and acquisitions by investigating firm- as well as macro-level determinants, while simultaneously taking the relatedness between the transaction parties into account. In order to verify the results, further research into this area is strongly encouraged.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2014 in the subject Business economics - Supply, Production, Logistics, grade: 1,0, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, course: Supply Chain Management, language: English, abstract: Everyday thousands of containers are shipped worldwide in order to fulfil customer orders in time. Nowadays focusing only on domestic markets is no longer an option for achieving long-term business success as global competition forces companies to recognise the need for superior design, planning, operation, and coordination of their supply chain activities. These are strongly supported by the rapid progress of information technologies. This thesis aims at establishing the importance of information and its effects on supply chain management, thereby pointing out key aspects that technology plays in managing information. It is structured in the following way: The first chapter defines the relevant terminologies helpful in understanding the overall topic. The second chapter moves on to describe in greater detail the effective management of information flows and their relevance for the three supply chain macro processes. Before proceeding to examine information technologies; chapter 3 deals with the collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment approach in order to outline a framework for information exchange along the supply chain. In chapter 4 it is then necessary to discuss the impact of information technologies on facilitating the management of supply chain activities and processes. The fifth chapter follows from the previous one by establishing how technology facilitates the physical movement and storage of inventory in warehousing by addressing the most used supply chain software: warehouse management systems. The final chapter summarises the main results of this thesis.

Essay from the year 2013 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Globalization, Political Economics, grade: 1,0, Indiana University (Department of Political Science), course: Politics of International Development, language: English, abstract: ¿Great Divergence¿ is the term used to describe the economical asymmetry that happened between the West and other parts of the world. To explain the process of the Great Divergence, a two-step analysis is necessary: Why was Britain in the position to industrialize and why could the other parts of the world not follow the quest of Industrialization, which led ultimately to the Great Divergence? The Industrial Revolution in Britain and its diffusion to Western Europe was the single most important event for the Great Divergence to happen. Britain had unique geopolitical contingencies on its side and was able to pull of the Industrialization due to the functionality of its centralized state and its achieved dominance in international trade. Other parts of the world, namely India and China, did not industrialize because they lacked the incentives Britain had and, in addition to that, they were also held back by dynamics of colonialism or internal struggles.The paper is structured in the following way: After a brief prologue and a look at a contested issue in the field (2.), the explanation will start out with processes and developments that were necessary in leading to the Industrial Revolution and Great Divergence (2.1). The next step is reserved for an in-depth analysis of the Industrial Revolution in Britain contrasted with a look at reasons for a lack of such an event in India and China (2.2). By looking at the diffusion of Industrialization in the West and factors that prevented any sort of that in the East (2.3), an understanding of the Great Divergence will be provided and ultimately finalized and comprehensively summarized in the conclusion (3.).

Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1.0 (Distinction), The University of York (The York Management School), course: International Business and Strategic Management, language: English, abstract: One of the most discussed developments in contemporary political economy is the evolving relationship between states and multinational corporations. With its origins in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, states have long been the most powerful force in economy. However, with the end of the Cold War around 1990 and the evolution of liberalism and neo liberalism, states began to pull back from former state-ruled political decisions. The ideas of the Washington Consensus, mainly shaped by the American economist Milton Friedman and the Chicago School, were voluntarily adopted by many states worldwide, promoting liberalization of markets and trade as well as financial deregulation. The state has repositioned itself as a passive or acquiescent actor within the economy, handing over power to global markets. Consequently, many scholars argue that multinational corporations (MNCs), as another major actor within the economy, have gained power, threatening the sovereignty of states. However, the discussion between different scholars varies widely in terms of whether the state has lost its entire power or still remains a powerful and equal counterpart to MNCs.This essay discusses the nexus between states and MNCs. Furthermore, it will examine what impact institutions have on this relationship considering evidence from recent times. Consequently, it will provide concepts on how to ensure a better functioning of the global economy whilst bearing in mind different perspectives.

Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Economics - History, grade: 1,0, University of Pompeu Fabra, language: English, abstract: This article analyzes the history of European integration fromthe end of the Second World War until today. It focuses onthe di¿erent enlargement steps and explains why the progressiveenlargement of the European community can be understood as amechanism with challenges and responses to internal and externaldevelopments. From this point of view the text has a closer viewon the reasons why speci¿c countries decided to surrender a partof its national sovereignty to a supranational institution withinthe last sixty years.

Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1,67, IE Business School, Madrid, language: English, abstract: In 2002, Daniel Kahneman and Vernon L. Smith received the Nobel Prize in economics for their work in decision-making and prospect theory. This was a significant event in the development of behavioral finance and highlighted its crucial role in advancing the understanding of dynamics and behavior in financial decisions for the financial community. Behavioral finance has continuously contributed with unorthodox and non-traditional approaches towards a better comprehension of markets and especially of its agents. The sentiment that market efficiency is an insufficient and somewhat unrealistic concept has been present for a long time. To improve the explanatory value of the concept, the structuring of observed deviations and subsequent analysis of its applications are necessary.The present empirical study contributes to this effort by examining some of the main hypothesized biases and behavioral patterns through practical application. For this objective, a small-scale sample has been subject to a survey on decision-making, in which central conceptual biases are tested empirically. The results may serve as additional insight into behavioral patterns and confirm or challenge widely used concepts of biases in financial decision-making.

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 1,67, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: The leadership criteria in the EFQM model will be used as a basis for the comparison of six different companies, namely the following banks: Citibank (USA), Deutsche Bank (Germany), Sumitomo Bank (Japan), BNP Paribas (France), Barclays (UK) and Commerzbank (Germany). These banks were chosen for their good solvency and position inside their own country as well as internationally. At the beginning of this paper, we will give a brief overview about the six banks by comparing their Balance Sheets and Income Statements. The insights gained out of this part will be relevant for the further sections. Followed by this, the banks will be compared in this essay using each one of the leadership sub criteria separately one after the other. Strengths and weaknesses of the six banks will be described, and each sub criterion will be analyzed in depth in order to draw meaningful implications. Finally, an overall comparative conclusion will name the relative ¿winners¿ and ¿losers¿ of this competition, pertaining to the EFQM criterion leadership.

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Region: Middle- and South America, grade: 1,00, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: When I visited Venezuela as second travel destination after Ecuador in Latin America last year, I remember very well passing by a huge mural painted on an oil refinery, showing: ¿Patria, Socialismo o Muerte¿. I was struck by that image, as it visualized the impact of the ¿black gold¿, and the attachment of national salvation and ideology to a single resource. Petroleum has changed the trajectory of all countries with the fortune (or the curse, depending on the point of view) of being located on top of its enormous basins more significantly than social scientists could have imagined. While geographically speaking the Middle East has received most academic attention, and also singular African countries have been examined thoroughly, this paper focuses on the case of Latin America, more specifically on its two OPEC members Ecuador and Venezuela. Furthermore, in the context of this course, I became inspired to explore the development and current status of the governmental authorities in both countries, based on the theoretical concept of good governance. Consequently, I will investigate in the link between national wealth in and subsequent exploitation of oil and gas, and its interaction with governance in the respective countries. I will introduce the so-called resource curse phenomenon in this context, as successful management of this somewhat messy socio-economic problem is doubtlessly an important indicator of good governance. Often overlooked in this discussion is the distinguishing feature that governance type plays in the resource curse, as most of the hydrocarbon-rich countries have no democratic political system (Ross 2001). While Ecuador and Venezuela as defective democracies do not directly fall into this category, I will argue that they nonetheless display all major features of the resource curse, so that development, defined in its broadest sense, suffers. The seemingly paradoxical outcome of resource-abundance and poor development needs further governance-focused investigation. I will hence introduce the concept of good governance, followed by an evaluation of Ecuador and Venezuela using objective measurement tools for good governance. In a final point I will address the question of causality and the related problems, due to the complex interaction of resource wealth and governance performance.

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Politics - Basics and General, grade: 1,00, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: Governance is more than an extensively used buzzword of social science literature over the last 20 years. Even though its manifestations have actually existed since the origin of human social thinking, it was not until recently that the concept was adopted, based on an understanding of the genuine realm of governance, encompassing the various facets of its existence. Consequently, work on governance reflects the interest of the social science community in a shifting pattern of governing styles (Stoker 1998). It is this vast array of phenomena related to governance, which creates confusion and misperception about its actual meaning. Rhodes (1997, 52) points to this problem as it ¿would seem that governance has too many meanings to be useful¿. Systemic, managerial, political and further dimensions of governance compete for a functional definition. Hereby, the meaning is often fitted to a context which does not reduce its ambiguity. Hence, academic literature on governance is eclectic and relatively disjointed (Jessop 1995). The theoretical roots are among institutional economics, international relations, organizational studies, development studies, political science, and public administration. Moreover, it can be interpreted as descriptive term, analytical concept, and normative constitution (Nuscheler 2009, 9).This essay, unconstrained by any context of a particular study discipline or academic field, investigates different meanings of governance in a more theoretical manner. It aims at discussing some of the most widely used applications of the concept of governance in order to identify diverging strands of meaning as well as common assumptions. For this purpose, the paper looks at governance interpreted as voluntary exchange in the political arena. It explores the meaning of governance as code for a minimal state, and it includes further the connotation of governance as good governance in a separate section. A final point will discuss corporate governance as yet another application field of governance from a business perspective. The main features of each of the four meanings will allow in the conclusion to assess in how far governance has a common understanding in social sciences.

Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject Sociology - Political Sociology, Majorities, Minorities, grade: 1,33, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: More than 37 million spectators attended football games in 2007-08 while 3,842 people were arrested for disorder connected to matches according to the UK Home Office. Of those arrests, 373 were for violent crimes ¿ an increase of 33 over the previous season. On the other hand, 67% of matches were problem-free and did not result in any arrest. Instead, 60% of football-related arrests took place outside or away from the football stadia (Home Office, 2008). These statistics show that football violence is at least remarkable enough to draw attention of government departments and statisticians. In the past decades, numerous scholars have tried to analyse the roots and dynamics of this violent fan behaviour (Dunning, 2000) that has been labelled ¿Hooliganism¿. The name-giving implies that football-related violence is considered as more than just some weekly disturbances. It is regarded as a social phenomenon which needs to be observed, investigated, and defined which can eventually lead to an understanding of and response to this behaviour. In our paper we will expose to what extent this phenomenon can be classified as a social movement. Before, we will look at the rise and growth of Hooliganism exemplifying it with some extreme occurrences. We are going to describe Hooligan behaviour and the people who engage in it trying to pin point typical characteristics and motivations of Hooligans. Doing that we want to justify that Hooliganism can be understood as a social movement which will allow us to apply different social movement models on Hooliganism. In order to arrive at the rationale of Hooliganism a descriptive definition is necessary which will give the further analyses and interpretation a basic framework. With several similar definitions of Hooliganism to choose from, the one meaning that we are going to use as a point of departure terms Hooliganism as ¿competitive violence of socially organized fan groups in football, principally directed against opposing fan groups¿ (Spaaij, 2006, p. 11).

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2010 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1,33, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: Ecuador and Venezuela, two Latin American OPEC member states, experienced a socioeconomic upheaval with the windfall petroleum revenues beginning in the 1970s. The oil bonanzas, however, negatively affected the development in the two countries, which show minimal economic growth and political instability throughout the last thirty years. The paradoxical phenomenon can be explained with the resource curse theory. This paper starts with determining the extent of the resource curse and its forms of appearance in both countries. In a second step, it investigates good governance trends in Ecuador and Venezuela in recent years, using the World Bank indicators as guideline. This is done in order to test the hypothesis whether the current left-oriented governments are better able to tame the resource curse with their ¿innovative¿ political ideology. The findings display a downward development in good governance since presidents rule who advocate ¿Socialism of the 21st century¿. In fact, such an ideology is no remedy to the resource curse but tends to reinforce the negative economic situation, which in return is likely to deteriorate good governance even further. As the results are similar in both countries, one can possibly attribute the described trend to that form of governance in a more generalized manner.

Master's Thesis from the year 2011 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: 1,0, ESCP Europe Business School - Campus London (Lehrstuhl für Marketing), course: Konsumentenverhalten, language: English, abstract: Es handelt sich bei dieser Datei um den Anhang der Masterarbeit 'Impacts of Interdependencies between Strategies on an Individual's Increase in Relative Status - An Exploratory Study'Inhalt ist:INTERVIEW GUIDE SAMPLE AND NOTES FROM THE AUTHOR ABOUT THE INTERVIEWS INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS Masterarbeit bei GRIN:https://www.grin.com/login/#documents/174208

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Business economics - Operations Research, grade: 1,00, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, language: English, abstract: The Eurobarometer (EB) is a survey series that has been conducted since 1973 to monitor public opinion on several issues concerning the European Union. It provides a dynamic measure of the EU citizens¿ economic, social and political attitudes toward issues related to the EU including attitudes towards EU policies and institutions and general socio-cultural and political orientations of its citizens, based on a set of standard question over time. In addition to conducting standard EB survey, the EU also conducts special EB surveys which focus on a particular topic of interest to the EU. EB 225/Wave63.1 titled ¿Science and Technology, Social Values, and Services of General Interest¿ is one of such special surveys which addressed three special topics. One of the topics was ¿Social Values, Science and Technology¿. In order to measure EU public¿s social values in relation to science and technology, it measured social values of respondents.One indicator of social values used by the EB questionnaire was social and political attitudes which assessed the values and ethical principles of European citizens on themes such as overall satisfaction with life, their religious and spiritual beliefs and children¿s upbringing. The measure of social and political attitude also included measuring educational values which were assessed on the basis of eight values - independence, obedience, hard work, sense of responsibility, imagination, tolerance and respect for other people, thrift, economizing and avoiding waste and determination, perseverance. These eight values have been used in studies that have used Kohn¿s self-direction values. By self-direction it means ¿the capacity to take responsibility for one¿s actions and that society is so constituted as to make self-direction possible; the opposite pole of this concept is conformity to external authority¿ (Kohn et al.,1997). Hence, using Kohn¿s theory that ¿child-rearing values reflect a broader set of values¿ (1977), and using the differentiation of Kohn¿s value items into different factors provided by Yi et al. (2004), education values can be divided into two sub constructs: 1. Self-direction values with the items ¿Independence¿, ¿Imagination¿, ¿Determination/Perseverance¿, ¿Sense of Responsibility¿ and 2. Conformity values with the items ¿Hard work¿, ¿Obedience¿, ¿Thrift/ Economizing and avoiding waste¿.