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Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 60The Middle Nile Basin, which is in effect the present Republic of the Sudan, from the 7th century CE accepted Islam through influences from both the north and the east and responded to the changes which have taken place in the Dar al-Islam. From the north these influences, through Egypt, have been largely from 'Sunni' sources and from the east, through the Red Sea Coast which have been 'Sufi'. This has profoundly affected the spiritual life of both the immigrant Muslims and the indigenous population who converted to Islam. Political divisions through the centuries maintained those differences and as a result they are visible in the archaeological evidence on which this work concentrates. The principal aims of this study are: to define and analyse the archaeological evidence for Islam in the Sudan; to establish a basis for future Sudanese study in the field of the archaeology of Islam, by considering the present evidence in all aspects; to point out the variations in archaeological evidence in the domains of Ottomans, Fung and Fur; to analyse the main influences that came from the east, north, north-west and west Africa and their impact on material culture in the Middle Nile Valley; to draw attention to the long misunderstood Ottoman presence in Lower Nubia, the importance of the Mahas mekdom in its relation with the Ottoman and Fung sultanates; to draw attention to the evidence of the Islam of the nomads and their material culture and also to contribute to a better understanding of the true nature of the foundation of Islam in the Sudan from archaeological remains and written documents and comment on the importance of documentary evidence in the understanding of Islamisation of the Sudan.

This study looks at what is meant by the term 'Smyt', or 'chantress', in ancient Egypt (including New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom, Late and Ptolemaic Periods). Very little is known about the specifics of the title or the types of people who held it. Both men and women could hold the title, but the female version is by far the more prevalent and they form the focus of this research. Studies investigating the status of non-royal women are a fairly recent phenomenon, but the abundance of data from private tombs and monuments concerning the women who held the title Smyt makes these women ideal subjects for a study of non-royal women within their cultural and historical contexts.

Sudan Archaeological Research Society, Publication Number 14This is the second in a series of volumes detailing the results of an archaeological survey carried out in the most northerly part of the Sudan, between 1960 and 1965. The present volume deals exclusively with sites dating from the Christian Nubian period, between approximately AD 580 and 1500. In brief, the survey covered an area on the west bank of the Nile extending from Faras, on the Egyptian border, to the village of Gemai, 62km to the south. Also included within the survey area were all of the islands of the Second Cataract to the west of the main Nile channel - more than 20 islands in all. This volume contains chapters dealing with each of the major site types, viz: churches, fortifications, habitation sites, industrial and miscellaneous sites, and mortuary sites. The description of each site is followed by an abbreviated listing of all the registered finds from that site. More detailed discussion and illustration of the artifactual finds from all the sites is reserved for two chapters following the site descriptions. A final chapter considers what the West Bank Survey has contributed to our understanding of the history and culture of Christian Nubia.

The Neolithic period of southern Turkmenistan, Central Asia is the primary focus of this study. During the Neolithic, southern Turkmenia was inhabited by two main groups living in two discrete ecological environmental zones: the Jeitun Culture of the southern super-zone and the Keltiminar Culture of the northern super-zone. The Jeitun peoples practised an agro-pastoral settled (or semi-settled) lifestyle in the upland intermontane valleys, the fertile piedmont zone, and the alluvial floodplain of the Kopet Dag mountains. The Keltiminar peoples practised a mobile hunting, gathering, fishing, and stockbreeding seasonal-round subsistence system while inhabiting the semi-desert, desert, and deltaic areas of the Kara and Kyzyl Kum deserts, and the lower Amu Darya and Zeravshan rivers. In this study, Chapters 1-3 provide the background critical to an accurate understanding of the typological and petrographic case studies, the insight those studies can provide to our knowledge of the structure of the Jeitun and Keltiminar Neolithic adaptations, and the notion of prehistoric Turkmenia as an archaeological border zone. The ceramic assemblages for the petrographic case study are initially introduced in the context of ceramic typology (Chapter 4), and subsequently in terms of general petrography (Chapter 5) and the Kopet Dag case study (Chapter 6). Finally, Chapter 7 represents a synthesis and interpretation of the data and results from Chapters 4 and 6. This synthesis and interpretation serves as a precursor to a final discussion of contrasts, comparisons, and possibilities for future research in the region (Chapter 8).

A Festschrift for Professor Vidula Jayaswal. Contents: 1) Professor Vidula Jayaswal: A Versatile Scholar in Archaeology Profile of Biographical & Academic Achievements (S. Rama Krishna Pisipaty); 2) Evolution of Human Mind in Prehistoric Period (Anil Kumar); 3) The Classification of Handaxes vis-a-vis Their Functions (Gargi Chatterjee); 4) Archaeology Of Grinding Stones (from earliest times to Neolithic period) (Prachi Virag Sontakke); 5) The Multiple Crop Cultivation and Subsistence Pattern of Neolithic Period: An Explanation based on the Food production strategies of the Tribes of Western Himalayan Region (Manoj Kumar); 6) An Integrated Approach towards the Rock art of Maharashtra (Kantikumar A. Pawar); 7) A Report on the Archaeological Explorations in Southern Tamil Nadu (2008- 2009) (V. Selvakumar); 8) Memorialize the Dead: Some observations on early traditions (S. Rama Krishna Pisipaty); 9) Vadamangalam: A Preliminary Study of Megalithic findings from recent survey in Tamil Nadu (Savitha Gokulraman); 10) NBPW Culture (Tradition): Emerging Trends and Issues (Ravindra Kumar); 11) Ceramic Traditions available at Kanchipuram in southern part of India (S. Shanmugavel); 12) Themes of Panels Depicting Buddha in bhumispars'a mudra- of Pala Period (Meera Sharma); 13) Archaeology of Bhitargarh Fortified Site in Panchagarh District, Bangladesh (Shahnaj Husne Jahan); 14) Excavating the Eternal: an Indigenous Archeological Tradition in India (Michael A. Cremo); 15) Date of the KakanamaT.ha Temple of Suha-niya- and its Builder Ki-rttira-ja (Arvind K. Singh); 16) Narrative Ramayana Panels at Tirumangalam Samavediswara Temple: A Study (Gokul Seshadri); 17) Mahis.?uramardin? Image of Dulmi: A Prized Possession of Indian Museum (Debasmita Sarkar Bhadury); 18) The Early Medival Society And Ornaments (Renu Bala); 19) Terracotta Bull Figurines in Bargarh District, Orissa: An Ethnographic Study (Neena Thakur); 20) The Megalithic Burial Potteries of Siruthavoor: Micromorphology (Smriti Haricharan and Hema Achyuthan); 21) Brocaded Figural Imageries from Banaras a note (Anjan Chakraverty); 22) Buddhist Site Lumbini: A Reappraisal (in Hindi) (Subhash Chandra Yadav); 23) Ganga and Kashi: Myths and Scientific Enquiries (in Hindi) (Meera Sharma); 24) Govardhandh?r? Kr.s.n.a: A Manifestation in Myth, Art & Inscription (in Hindi) (Arti Kumari).

This book analyses some 100 inscriptions found in Hadrianapolis, in north-central Turkey. The inscriptions date from Roman period; transcription in Classical Greek with commentary is given for each of the inscriptions.

When the author first visited Santa María of Melque some years ago, probably the most significant early medieval Hispanic abbey, she realized the need for a fresh look at monastic architecture before the reception of Romanesque traditions. Considering this, the main question of this book deals with the reconstruction of the physical image of monasteries built before the arrival of Augustinian reforms at the end of the eleventh century. The study includes a catalogue of 190 examples with selected bibliographical references, and a critical argument in order to confirm (or reject) the coenobitic function of the sites analysed. This data has enabled the author to conclude that there were many variables that made it impossible to identify the existence of a unique monastic type for all this period, and that one should reject the idea of a homogeneous monastic architecture in the Late Antique world. The conclusions offer both a methodology and those main features that help to identify monastic sites. The analysis of the logical use of space, mainly based on documentary information, makes it possible to conclude that architectonic components are common to all monastic sites, no matter their geography or chronology. This method thus enables us to distinguish between inhabited domestic sites and monastic ones (featured by structures such as churches, refectories, schools and cemeteries, etc, that are absent in secular sites) and also provide a means to identify precisely any monastic site during investigation and thus interpret it.

This volume is a synthesis of the results obtained by the researchers in the oriental region of Galicia from the paleontological, zooarchaeological, geomorphological and archaeological point of view. Its aim is to show the great potentiality of the Quaternary research of the NW Iberian in an area poorly known by the scholars but which may provide essential information to the understanding of the Palaeolithic: the eastern mountains of Galicia and the hinterland Tertiary depressions. Their geographical situation, as a crossroads among the Meseta and the Atlantic and Cantabrian regions; their geological features, karstic systems and evidences of glacial landscape; as well as the quality of their archaeo-palaeontological records, turn them into an exceptional area for the study of the Quaternary.

Proceedings of the international meeting held in Siena, Italy, from May 25-27, 2007.

Black-gloss ware is a fine ware produced from the 4th to the 1st centuries BC - in some areas until the early Empire - and used as table ware, for funerary vessels and for ritual purposes. This ware developed in part from later Attic production, spread widely in the Mediterranean, and in part from local traditions. This work focuses on two main topics: A reconstruction of the geography of black-gloss ware workshops in ancient Italy, including aspects of the organization and management of production; and a proposal for a new approach to the study of black-gloss ware with the aim of compiling local and regional histories of ancient Italy in relation to the growth and development of Roman power. Whoever studies the Republican period will inevitably come across black-gloss ware and all its complexities. This class of vessels represents one of the main chronological and cultural indicators of this period and can reflect, in the development of its shapes, decorations and its quantitative distribution, the process of meetings between Rome and the various cultures of ancient Italy. In some parts of Italy the appearance of black-gloss ware takes place at the same time as Roman expansion, with the foundation of colonies and the spread of Roman cults. The study of black-gloss ware, therefore, also necessitates studying the course of the Roman military conquest and consequent integration of the peoples of ancient Italy, as well as trading patterns and the movements of the craftsmen, who carried the techniques, styles and methods of decorating pottery typical of their original region, to the new colonies to which they moved.

This volume focuses on: the identification of indelible traces recorded on bones; on human actions associated with these marks; and finally on human behaviours that led to actions performed on bodies around the time of death. The research joins a long line of studies focused on cannibalism recognition, as one of the behaviours associated with death carried out by different social groups at all times and places. The methodology is based on the observation of a series of intentional manipulation traces left in bone's surfaces, and the examination of modifications caused by taphonomic agents or non-human factors that may interfere with right interpretation of the agent responsible for this behaviour. Complex funerary practices, violent deceases, human sacrifices, offerings of human remains or cannibalism are behaviours associated with death that leave a series of recognizable marks on bones. These marks are a result of the treatment to which human bodies were subjected around the time of death. This diversity of behaviour leads to a variety of body treatments, such as skinning, disarticulation, defleshing, cooking, etc, which, in turn, causes a multiplicity of visible bone changes allowing observation, recording, and systematization to researchers. This study entailed the re-examination of the human bones recovered at Malalmuerzo cave where traces of cannibalism were noticed on Neolithic samples.

The core of this study encompasses the presentation of the pottery analysis from Levels IV-V at Ulucak Mound in Izmir, Turkey, in order to reveal the site's cultural-historical and chronological position within the greater Neolithic context of Turkey andthe Aegean. The research makes both comparisons on ceramic fabrics and vessel morphology, as well as in some cases other archaeological material, enabling a discussion on the possible contemporaneity of the sites in different regions. By comparing and contrasting the contemporary sites from these regions it is possible to construct relative chronologies and assess Ulucak's relative chronological position by combining ceramic data with absolute dates. Such analysis allows further insights into the cultural-historical position of Ulucak in the greater context of Anatolia and the Aegean. Inclusion of areas such as the Bor-Melendiz Plain, the Konya Plain, Thrace, northeast Bulgaria, the Struma Valley, the Macedonian Plain, and Thessaly are especially important as pottery sequences from these regions have never before been compared to central-western Anatolian sites in such detail.

This research focuses on the Roman province of Hispania, looking at the evolution of public spaces in classical cities and taking the classical urban centre as a starting point. The first section presents an analysis of public spaces, city by city (fora,macella, baths, theatres, amphitheatres, circuses, walls and other features) and develops to explore the concepts and consequences of abandonment, persistence and function.

This research takes an integrative approach to the study of Hellenistic cult and cultic practices in an important part of western Asia by employing a combination of archaeological, numismatic and historical evidence. Although any thorough investigation of Seleukid religion would prove illuminating in itself, this research uses religion as a lens through which to explore the processes of acculturation and rejection within a colonial context. It discusses the state attitude towards, and manipulation of, both Hellenic and indigenous beliefs and places this within a framework developed out of a series of case studies exploring evidence for religion at a regional level. The study outlines the development of religious practices and expression in the region which formed the birthplace of the modern world's three most influential monotheistic religions.

The objective of this monograph is to describe and explain the meanings underlying some otherwise anomalous archaeological data drawn from the study of Ancient Egypt. An explanation for the phenomena observed has hitherto proved elusive. The data is principally concerned with royal funerary architecture from the Old Kingdom, and the underlying systems of measurement and geometry that were employed therein. As well as providing a description and explanation for the data, this work also has the objective of providing the first synthesis of related cultural information drawn from several different textual and archaeological resources. The general subject matter is pharaonic funerary architecture from Old Kingdom Egypt, and the work focuses specifically on the circular proportions deliberately incorporated into the tomb designs by the architects.

Written by Josep Casas & Victòria Soler.Contributions by Lídia Colominas, María Saña and Joan S. Mestres.A report on extensive excavations at the rural complex of Saus (near Girona, eastern Spain), the findings of which attest to a scattered occupation and characterized by a wide range of materials found in a sequence of pits dating from the Early and High Iberian periods. Among the finds were the bases of four oil presses related to the polis of Emporion 10 km away. The information collected allows the tracing of the evolution of the material culture of the region and the highlighting of a practically unknown dimension of rural life from the 6th to 3rd centuries BC.

Proceedings of the First Postgraduate Conference on Studies of Antiquity and Middle Ages Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 26-28th October 2010. Edited by A. Castro Correa, D. Gómez Castro, G. González Germain, K. Starczewska, J. Oller Guzmán, A. Puy Maeso, R. Riera Vargas and N. Villagra Hidalgo

Twenty-two centuries in the history of Parma are reflected in this major excavation report. Between 1988 and 1992, during a re-building phase, archaeological research was carried out in the foundation levels of the Cassa di Risparmio di Parma e Piacenza (C.di R.) Bank in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. The building faces the southern area of Piazza Garibaldi (partly corresponding to the forum of the Roman city), and is set against the south side of St. Peter's church, which is founded on the most important temple of the colony and borders two roads of the colonial urban system - via dell'Università and via Giordano Cavestro. This work presents the archaeological findings.

With this book the contributors review funerary practices from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic in the Western Mediterranean, more specifically, in this first volume, on modern day Spain, Andorra, and Portugal. A second volume will focus on the same periods in Southern France and the Italian Peninsula.

Registro Arqueológico y Evolución Social Antes de la Edad del Hierro / Archaeological Record and Social Evolution before the Iron AgeA study of the prehistory of the Balearic Islands, Spain, with regard to the archaeological record of the region and its social evolution before the Iron Age.Authors: Víctor M. Guerrero Ayuso, Manuel Calvo Trias, Jaume García Rosselló and Simón Gornés Hachero

This volume is based on a session from the 2012 TAG conference (Liverpool University) and includes papers delivered at the conference and others submitted subsequently. Contributors are drawn from both academic and commercial archaeology and the diverse range of subjects is intended to help to bridge the unfortunate gap between some of the sub-disciplines which constitute archaeology in its broadest sense. Papers include: Pots as Things: Value, meaning and medieval pottery (Ben Jervis), Vehicles for Thought: Terrets in the British Iron Age (Anna Lewis), Addressing the Body: Corporeal meanings and artefacts in early England (Toby Martin), All form one and one form all: The relationship between pre-burial function and the form of early Anglo-Saxon cremation urns (Gareth Perry), Plates and other vessels from early modern and recent graves (Beth Richardson), Not so much a pot, more an expensive luxury: Commercial archaeology and the decline of pottery analysis (Paul Blinkhorn), Tradition and Change: The production and consumption of late post-medieval and early modern pottery in southern Yorkshire (Chris Cumberpatch), The organisation of late Bronze Age to early Iron Age society in the Peak District National Park (Kevin Cootes).

Although the beginning of archaeological studies dates back to very old times, the use and applications of disciplines such as physics, chemistry, geology, and biology in archaeology have rapidly increased during the last sixty years worldwide. Papers that apply methods and techniques of the so-called "hard sciences" to solve diverse problems in Argentine archaeology have become more popular during the last two decades. These studies involve the participation of professionals coming from several fields such as physics, chemistry, geology and biology, as well as archaeologists technically trained in those disciplines. Papers that apply this kind of approach can only be found as isolated contributions in Argentine archaeological meetings, symposia, and in non-specific publications, because there are no local technical journals such as those internationally available. For this reason we organized a Symposium at the XVII National Congress of Argentine Archaeology (October 2010, Mendoza, Argentina) seeking to offer a specialist-oriented arena to share new information and discuss methodological and technical issues regarding the application of physical, chemical, and biological tools in archaeology. This book includes some of the papers presented at that symposium, and partially illustrates the state of the art in the utilization of these analytical markers in Argentina. This book aims at presenting the local research to non-Spanish speaking audiences and at promoting a dialogue between archaeologists trained in chemical, earth and natural sciences who use these methods and techniques around the world.

This volume celebrates and reveals the critical role of Charles C. Kolb in creating and sustaining the knowledge of ceramic studies through his work in writing, reviewing, and fostering an international and interdisciplinary climate of interaction for more than 25 years at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). The contributions in this volume testify to the enduring influence and value of Kolb's holistic vision to ceramic studies. As has so often been the case in these symposia on ceramics at the AAA, cross-cutting themes emerge from these contributions and unite them into a collection that is greater than the sum of its parts. Particularly prominent themes in the chapters of this volume include (1) the exploration of production and distribution patterns using a variety of physico- chemical techniques, (2) investigations of political economy as revealed in exchange patterns and decorative modes, and (3) the social dimensions of pottery production and ceramic traditions.

The Camp David Peace Accords between Egypt and Israel initiated an archaeological salvage project in portions of the central and southern Negev (Israel). As a participant in the Negev Emergency Survey, Mordechai Haiman's field crew surveyed, from 1979-1989, 450 kilometers in the western Negev Highlands, and identified 1,500 sites. He also directed excavations at 33 sites. Funded by a grant from the Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications, this fieldwork was reanalyzed for publication. The contents of this final report touch upon various aspects of Haiman's excavations and surveys including methodologies, lithic material, pottery, fauna remains, petrographic analysis and more.

This volume is the result of five years of research about the juridical Latinization policy developed by Rome in the West, focusing on the integration -under the protection of the Latinity- of a set of Hispanian communities, promoted -in the Republican era- to colonial status and -during the Roman Empire- to the municipal. This research aims to raise the plausibility, from the existence in Augustan age of fifty 'oppida of ancient Latium', and many literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidences scattered in the preserved documentation, that Rome had introduced in Hispania a Latin colonization policy similar to the one established in Italy and Gallia Cisalpina, amended in constitutional aspects but similar in their goals and results. The author posits that this fact would explain a set of historical phenomena and behaviours related to the existence of privileged communities in the field: that is, the involvement of the Iberian provinces in the Roman military and political conflicts, the force of military recruitment, the intensity of the italic migration flow, the socioeconomic integration of Hispanian communities in the western Mediterranean trade routes, and the widespread dissemination of the institutions, forms and cultural goods of the Roman-italic koiné. Therefore, this volume is intended to enrich and encourage the present historiographic debate, and setting the guidelines of what might have been the diffusion process of the Latium in Hispania Citerior in the Republican era.

A report on the first two seasons of the ICAR - University of Sydney expedition to the Mamasani District, Fars Province, IranWritten by Members of the Mamasani Archaeological Project TeamEdited by D.T. Potts, K. Roustaei, C.A. Petrie and L.R. WeeksThis large volume presents the results of the first stage of the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR)-University of Sydney field research in Mamasani, south-western Iran. This comprised test soundings at Tol-e Nurabad and Tol-e Spid, and a regional survey of the Dasht-e Rostam-e Yek and Do plains. The research was conducted over two six-week seasons in 2003, with a subsequent one-month study season in 2004.

The book sheds light on the cultural sequence of the Neolithic pottery in the Anatolian plateau with the help of original evidence from the settlements of Çatalhöyük in the Konya plain and Süberde and Erbaba in the Bey¿ehir-Süla basin, all of which are located in the Çar¿amba river basin within central Anatolia's broader Konya endoreic (closed) basin. Other zones from the basin and other parts of the Anatolian plateau have also been investigated and have provided data relevant to the issues addressed in this work; those discussed here are primarily the Lake District outside the basin to the west, the Karaman region and Ni¿de-Aksaray region within the Konya basin, western and northwestern Anatolia, and last of all, though only in general terms, the Cilicia and Amuq plains in southern Anatolia and the Rouj basin in northwestern Syria (northern Levant). The ceramic classification provided here is also used to define and compare contemporary pottery traditions from the Anatolian plateau and the Near East and to place them accurately within a single chronology. The study, at the same time, attempts to understand and define the regional pottery cultures of Anatolia and to assess the level of communication and interaction between them.

The papers gathered together in this volume represent over a dozen years of research on the Hongshan period in north-eastern China. Hongshan is the name given to a group of Late Neolithic sites north of the Great Wall of China, in Liaoning Province and Inner Mongolia. Papers are arranged thematically covering the following topics: General (An introduction to the geographical locations); Hongshan as a Complex Society; Ideology and Pigs; Gender; Hongshan Trade and Research Papers on Niuheliang.With contributions from Charlotte Bell, Guo Dashun, Lu Xueming, Anne Martin-Montgomery, Rachel A. Matson, Hung-jen Niu, Yangjin Pak, Rachel M. Roberts, Chris Rock, Robert E. Stencel, Tiffany Tchakirides and Zhu Da

The extent, nature and causes of settlement change in the rural Peloponnese (Greece) in the last centuries of the Hellenistic period and the early centuries of Roman rule (c.200 BC to c.AD 200) are the focus of this study. Understanding the rural landscape has implications for our readings of certain aspects of cultural change and land use, and can help bridge the gap between necessarily elite-driven historiographical studies and related stratified deposits. This study is not meant to be either an historical narrative on the 'decline and depopulation' of Greece or a treatise on survey archaeology. Rather, it is meant to elucidate the complex nature of the rural landscape of the Peloponnese in these periods, and to identify some of the behaviours of the inhabitants of that landscape.