Bøger i Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications serien

It is a comprehensive text presenting the fundamental algorithmic ideas which have been developed to compute with finitely presented groups, discussing techniques for computing with finitely presented groups which are infinite, or at least not obviously finite, and describing methods for working with elements, subgroups and quotient groups of a finitely presented group.

The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras. This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.

The book gives a categorical introduction to some of the key areas of modern mathematics. Researchers, teachers and graduate students in algebra and topology familiar with the very basic notions of category theory will find all the advanced tools needed for their subjects, without being forced to study category theory for its own sake.

Minkowski geometry is a type of non-Euclidean geometry in a finite number of dimensions in which distance is not 'uniform' in all directions. This first comprehensive treatment of the subject since the 1940's is suitable for graduate students and researchers in geometry, convexity theory, and functional analysis.

An interval is a natural way of specifying a number that is specified only within certain tolerances.

This is a version of Gevrey's classical treatise on the heat equations. Included in this volume are discussions of initial and/or boundary value problems, numerical methods, free boundary problems and parameter determination problems.

Combinatorics on words has arisen independently within several branches of mathematics, for instance number theory, group theory and probability, and appears frequently in problems related to theoretical computer science. The first unified treatment of the area was given in Lothaire's book Combinatorics on Words. Originally published in 2002, this book presents several more topics and provides deeper insights into subjects discussed in the previous volume. An introductory chapter provides the reader with all the necessary background material. There are numerous examples, full proofs whenever possible and a notes section discussing further developments in the area. This book is both a comprehensive introduction to the subject and a valuable reference source for researchers.

This volume deals with the Cauchy or initial value problem for linear differential equations. It treats in detail some of the applications of linear space methods to partial differential equations, especially the equations of mathematical physics such as the Maxwell, Schrodinger and Dirac equations. Background material presented in the first chapter makes the book accessible to mathematicians and physicists who are not specialists in this area as well as to graduate students.

This unique book develops the classical subjects of geometric probability and integral geometry, and the more modern one of stochastic geometry, in rather a novel way to provide a unifying framework in which they can be studied. The author focuses on factorisation properties of measures and probabilities implied by the assumption of their invariance with respect to a group, in order to investigate non-trivial factors. The study of these properties is the central theme of the book. Basic facts about integral geometry and random point process theory are developed in a simple geometric way, so that the whole approach is suitable for a non-specialist audience. Even in the later chapters, where the factorisation principles are applied to geometrical processes, the prerequisites are only standard courses on probability and analysis. The main ideas presented here have application to such areas as stereology and tomography, geometrical statistics, pattern and texture analysis. This book will be well suited as a starting point for individuals working in those areas to learn about the mathematical framework. It will also prove valuable as an introduction to geometric probability theory and integral geometry based on modern ideas.

This reference book provides the main definitions, theorems and techniques in the theory of Birkhoff interpolation by polynomials. The book begins with an article by G. G. Lorentz that discusses some of the important developments in approximation and interpolation in the last twenty years. It presents all the basic material known at the present time in a unified manner. Topics discussed include; applications of Birkhoff interpolation to approximation theory, quadrature formulas and Chebyshev systems; lacunary interpolation at special knots and an introduction to the theory of Birkhoff interpolation by splines.

Originally published in 2000, this is the second volume of a comprehensive treatise on the mathematical theory of deterministic control systems modeled by multi-dimensional partial differential equations (distributed parameter systems). Volume 2 presents the optimal control problem over a finite time interval for hyperbolic dynamical systems, including many fascinating results.

The present work which is devoted to the various methods of comparing statistical experiments, is essentially self-contained, requiring only some background in measure theory and functional analysis. This is a comprehensive treatment of the subject and will be an essential reference for mathematical statisticians.

The Handbook of Categorical Algebra is designed to give, in three volumes, a detailed account of what should be known by everybody working in, or using, category theory. As such it will be a unique reference. The volumes are written in sequence. The second introduces important classes of categories that have played a fundamental role in the subject's development and applications.

Model theory is concerned with the notions of definition, interpretation and structure in a very general setting, and is applied to a wide range of other areas such as set theory, geometry, algebra and computer science. This book provides an integrated introduction to model theory for graduate students.

In this book, which was originally published in 1985, Arto Salomaa gives an introduction to certain mathematical topics central to theoretical computer science: computability and recursive functions, formal languages and automata, computational complexity and cryptography. Without sacrificing readability, the presentation is essentially self-contained, with detailed proofs of all statements provided. Professor Salomaa is well known for his books in this area. The present work provides an insight into the basics, together with explanations of some of the more important developments in the field.

The Handbook of Categorical Algebra is designed to give, in three volumes, a detailed account of what should be known by everybody working in, or using, category theory. As such it will be a unique reference. There is ample material here for a graduate course in category theory, and the books should also serve as a reference for users.

Geometric tomography overlaps with convex geometry and employs many tools from that area, including some formulas from integral geometry. This comprehensive study provides a rigorous treatment of the subject. Although meant primarily for researchers and graduate students in geometry and tomography, brief introductions, suitable for advanced undergraduates, are provided to the basic concepts.

A cohesive and exhaustive account of the modern theory of iterative functional equations.

Special functions, natural generalizations of the elementary functions, have been studied for centuries. The greatest mathematicians, among them Euler, Gauss, Legendre, Eisenstein, Riemann, and Ramanujan, have laid the foundations for this beautiful and useful area of mathematics. This treatise presents an overview of special functions, focusing primarily on hypergeometric functions and the associated hypergeometric series, including Bessel functions and classical orthogonal polynomials, using the basic building block of the gamma function. In addition to relatively new work on gamma and beta functions, such as Selberg's multidimensional integrals, many important but relatively unknown nineteenth century results are included. Other topics include q-extensions of beta integrals and of hypergeometric series, Bailey chains, spherical harmonics, and applications to combinatorial problems. The authors provide organizing ideas, motivation, and historical background for the study and application of some important special functions. This clearly expressed and readable work can serve as a learning tool and lasting reference for students and researchers in special functions, mathematical physics, differential equations, mathematical computing, number theory, and combinatorics.

This book develops the theory of partitions. Simply put, the partitions of a number are the ways of writing that number as sums of positive integers. For example, the five partitions of 4 are 4, 3+1, 2+2, 2+1+1, and 1+1+1+1. Surprisingly, such a simple matter requires some deep mathematics for its study. This book considers the many theoretical aspects of this subject, which have in turn recently found applications to statistical mechanics, computer science and other branches of mathematics. With minimal prerequisites, this book is suitable for students as well as researchers in combinatorics, analysis, and number theory.

The author continues his outstanding scholarly attempt to bring together all significant mathematical constants in one place. Using this book, students and professionals will discover hidden links between apparently disconnected fields of inquiry. Unsolved problems - the lifeblood of mathematics - appear virtually everywhere as well.

Regular polytopes and their symmetry have a long history. This book, the first to cover modern theory, explores the subject in depth, introducing new techniques and elementary approaches to familiar ideas. It caters for experienced researchers and also for graduate students in discrete and Euclidean geometry, combinatorics and group theory.

Asymptotics and Mellin-Barnes Integrals, first published in 2001,provides an account of the use and properties of a type of complex integral representation that arises frequently in the study of special functions typically of interest in classical analysis and mathematical physics.

Polycycles and symmetric polyhedra appear as generalisations of graphs in the modelling of molecular structures, such as the Nobel prize winning fullerenes, occurring in chemistry and crystallography. The chemistry has inspired and informed many interesting questions in mathematics and computer science, which in turn have suggested directions for synthesis of molecules. Here the authors give access to new results in the theory of polycycles and two-faced maps together with the relevant background material and mathematical tools for their study. Organised so that, after reading the introductory chapter, each chapter can be read independently from the others, the book should be accessible to researchers and students in graph theory, discrete geometry, and combinatorics, as well as to those in more applied areas such as mathematical chemistry and crystallography. Many of the results in the subject require the use of computer enumeration; the corresponding programs are available from the author's website.

Originally published in 1981, this book forms volume 15 of the Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. The text provides a clear and thorough treatment of its subject, adhering to a clean exposition of the mathematical content of serious formulations of rational physical alternatives of quantum theory as elaborated in the influential works of the period, to which the authors made a significant contribution. The treatment falls into three distinct, logical parts: in the first part, the modern version of accumulated wisdom is presented, avoiding as far as possible the traditional language of classical physics for its interpretational character; in the second part, the individual structural elements for the logical content of the theory are laid out; in part three, the results of section two are used to reconstruct the usual Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics in a novel way.

This book provides an introduction to measurement theory for non-specialists and puts measurement in the social and behavioural sciences on a firm mathematical foundation. Results are applied to such topics as measurement of utility, psychophysical scaling and decision-making about pollution, energy, transportation and health. The results and questions presented should be of interest to both students and practising mathematicians since the author sets forth an area of mathematics unfamiliar to most mathematicians, but which has many potentially significant applications.

The first modern treatment of orthogonal polynomials from the viewpoint of special functions is now available in paperback. Its encyclopedic coverage includes classical topics such as Jacobi, Hermite, Laguerre, Hahn, Charlier and Meixner polynomials as well as those discovered over the last 50 years, e.g. Askey-Wilson and Al-Salam-Chihara polynomial systems. Multiple orthogonal polynomials are discussed here for the first time in book form. Many modern applications of the subject are dealt with, including birth and death processes, integrable systems, combinatorics, and physical models. A chapter on open research problems and conjectures is designed to stimulate further research on the subject. Thoroughly updated and corrected since its original printing, this book continues to be valued as an authoritative reference not only by mathematicians, but also a wide range of scientists and engineers. Exercises ranging in difficulty are included to help both the graduate student and the newcomer.

A comprehensive introduction to the theory of J-contractive and J-inner matrix valued functions with respect to the open upper half-plane and a number of applications of this theory. It will be of particular interest to those with an interest in operator theory and matrix analysis.

This second edition has been thoroughly updated, with a substantial chapter on multiseries approximants. Applications to statistical mechanics and critical phenomena are extensively covered, and there are extended sections devoted to circuit design, matrix Pade approximation and computational methods.

This is the concluding volume of the second edition of the standard text on design theory. Since the first edition there has been extensive development of the theory and this book has been thoroughly rewritten to reflect this. In particular the growing importance of discrete mathematics to many parts of engineering and science have made designs a useful tool for applications, and this fact has been acknowledged here with the inclusion of an additional chapter on applications. It is suitable for advanced courses and as a reference work, not only for researchers in discrete mathematics or finite algebra, but also for those working in computer and communications engineering and other mathematically oriented disciplines. Exercises are included throughout, and the book concludes with an extensive and updated bibliography of well over 1800 items.