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This book contains a selection of revised versions of papers presented at the Third Eurographics Workshop on Intelligent CAD Systems, which was held at Hotel Opduin on the island of Texel in The Netherlands, April 3-7, 1989.

The goal of this book is to present the most advanced research works in realistic computer generated images. It is made up of the papers presented during a Eurographics workshop that has been held in Rennes (France) on June 1990. Although realism in computer graphics has existed for many years, we have considered that two research directions can now clearly be identified. One makes use of empirical methods to efficiently create images that look real. As opposed to this approach, the other orientation makes use of physics to produce images that are exact representations of the real world (at the expense of additional processing time), hence the term photosimulation which indeed was the subject of this book. The objectives of this workshop were to assemble experts from physics and computer graphics in order to contribute to the introduction of physics-based approaches in the field of computer generated images. The fact that this workshop was the first entirely devoted to this topic was a bet and fortunately it turned out that it was a success. The contents of this book is organized in five chapters: Efficient Ray Tracing Meth- ods, Theory of Global Illumination Models, Photometric Algorithms, Form-Factor Cal- culations and Physics-Based Methods.

Photorealistic rendering strives to generate images fromcomputer modeled scenes with an image quality as close toreal life as possible. A major issue in rendering issimulation of local and global light reflection in a scene. Both ray tracing and radiosity algorithms capture only someof the possible light reflection phenomena. Recentlydeveloped two-pass algorithms combine the ray tracing andradiosity approaches and are able to capture the whole rangeof light reflection. This book is a collection of papers discussing the latestdevelopments, including a new range of improvements, instochastic sampling strategies, radiosity form factorcalculation, and parallel processing for ray tracing andradiosity. A number of papers on rendering applications ininterior design, lighting design, and remote sensingconclude the volume. The contributions are revised versions of papers originallypresented at the Second Eurographics Workshop on Rendering,held in Barcelona, Spain, in May 1991. The book fullyreflects the state of the art in rendering and presentsawide variety of novel techniques. It will interestresearchers and students in computer graphics, as well asdesigners who want to apply rendering techniques forrealistic simulation in lighting design, interior design,and architecture.

This book is the sixth issue in the EurographicSeminars Series. This series has been set up by Eurographics, the European Association for Computer Graphics, in order to disseminate surveys and research results out of the field of Computer Graphics. Computer Graphics constitute a powerful and versatile tool for various application areas. The rapidly increasing use of Computer Graphics techniques and systems in many areas is caused by the availability of more powerful hardware at lower prices,' by the concise specification of Computer Graphics Interfaces in commonly*.agreed standards, and by the inven- tion of new and often astonishing methods and algorithms for com- position andpreserit~ti6n of pictJres and for graphical interaction. While s,o~e issues of this se.ries contain latest research results, e.g. the issues in window management systems or user interface manage- ment systems, this book has the character of a state-of-the-art survey on important areas .of Computer Graphics. Starting from current practice and agreed consens, it will lead to the latest achievements in this field. The contributions in this issue are largely based on tutorials and seminars held at the Eurographics conferences 1984 in Copen- hagen and 1985 in Nice.

CAD (Computer Aided Design) technology is now crucial for every division of modern industry, from a viewpoint of higher productivity and better products. As technologies advance, the amount of information and knowledge that engineers have to deal with is constantly increasing. This results in seeking more advanced computer technology to achieve higher functionalities, flexibility, and efficient performance of the CAD systems. Knowledge engineering, or more broadly artificial intelligence, is considered a primary candidate technology to build a new generation of CAD systems. Since design is a very intellectual human activity, this approach seems to make sense. The ideas of intelligent CAD systems (ICAD) are now increasingly discussed everywhere. We can observe many conferences and workshops reporting a number of research efforts on this particular subject. Researchers are coming from computer science, artificial intelligence, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, civil engineering, architectural science, control engineering, etc. But, still we cannot see the direction of this concept, or at least, there is no widely accepted concept of ICAD. What can designers expect from these future generation CAD systems? In which direction must developers proceed? The situation is somewhat confusing.

The chapter "Color in Computer Graphics" describes the problems of manipulating and matching color in the real world. After some fundamental statements about color models and their relationships, the main emphasis is placed on the problem of objective color specification for computer graphics systems.

The chapter "Color in Computer Graphics" describes the problems of manipulating and matching color in the real world. After some fundamental statements about color models and their relationships, the main emphasis is placed on the problem of objective color specification for computer graphics systems.

The third part addresses parallel systems: massively parallel object-based architectures, two systems in which image generated by individual rendering systems are composited, a transputer-based parallel display processor.

This fourth volume of Advances in Computer Graphics gathers together a selection of the tutorials presented at the EUROGRAPHICS annual conference in Nice, France, Septem ber 1988.

The topics covered include object-oriented constraint programming, object-oriented modeling of graphics applications to handle complexity, object-oriented techniques for developing user interfaces, and 3D modeling and rendering.

Since its very existence as a separate field within computerscience, computer graphics had to make extensive use ofnon-trivial mathematics, for example, projective geometry,solid modelling, and approximation theory.

Scientific visualization is a new and rapidly growing areain which efforts from computer graphics research and manyscientific and engineering disciplines are integrated.

The presentations dealt with a range of topics, including the clarification of ideas about the different concepts in multimedia, object-oriented methods for multimedia, multimedia from psychological perspectives, synchronization problems in multimedia, cooperative work using multimedia, and building multimedia interfaces.

EUROGRAPHICS workshops on Graphics hardware have now become an established forum for an exchange of information con cerning the latest developments in this field of growing importance. The third EG Hardware Workshop took place in Nice in 1988 and this volume is a record of the fourth workshop at EG'89 in Hamburg.

The Graphics and Interac tion in ESPRIT Technical Interest Group arose from a meeting of researchers held in Brussels in May 1988, which identified a number of technical areas of common interest across a significant number of ESPRIT I and ESPRIT II projects.

Raster graphics differs from the more traditional vector or line graphics in the sense that images are not made up from line segments but from discrete elements orderly arranged in a two-dimensional rectangular region.

Holly Rush meier is internationally well known for her excellent work in all areas of rendering and gave us a review of modelling and rendering participating media with em phasis on scientific visualization.

The material in this book was presented in the tutorial programme of the Eurographics '87 Conference, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1987. The book will be of interest to systems designers, application programmers and researchers who wish to gain a deeper knowledge of the state-of-the-art in the areas covered.