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The volume is aimed at preserving invaluable knowledge about Ainu, a language-isolate previously spoken in Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Kurils, which is now on the verge of extinction. Ainu was not a written language, but it possesses a huge documented stock of oral literature, yet is significantly under-described in terms of grammar. It is the only non-Japonic language of Japan and is typologically different not only from Japanese but also from other Northeast Asian languages. Revolving around but not confined to its head-marking and polysynthetic character, Ainu manifests many typologically interesting phenomena, related in particular to the combinability of various voice markers and noun incorporation. Other interesting features of Ainu include vowel co-occurrence restrictions, a mixed system of expressing grammatical relations, which includes the elements of a rare tripartite alignment, nominal classification distinguishing common and locative nouns, elaborate possessive classes, verbal number, a rich four-term evidential system, and undergrammaticalized aspect, which are all explained in the volume. This handbook, the result of unprecedented cooperation of the leading experts of Ainu, will definitely help to increase the clarity of our understanding of Ainu and in a long-term perspective may provide answers to problems of human prehistory as well as open the field of Ainu studies to the world and attract many new students. Table of Contents Masayoshi Shibatani and Taro KageyamaPreface Masayoshi Shibatani and Taro KageyamaIntroduction to the Handbook of Japanese Language and Linguistics Contributors Anna BugaevaIntroduction I Overview of Ainu studies Anna Bugaeva1. Ainu: A head-marking language of the Pacific Rim Juha Janhunen2. Ainu ethnic origins Tomomi Sato3. Major old documents of Ainu and some problems in the historical study of Ainu Alfred F. Majewicz4. Ainu language Western records José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente5. The Ainu language through time Alexander Vovin6. Ainu elements in early Japonic Hidetoshi Shiraishi and Itsuji Tangiku7. Language contact in the north Hiroshi Nakagawa and Mika Fukazawa8. Hokkaido Ainu dialects: Towards a classification of Ainu dialects Itsuji Tangiku9. Differences between Karafuto and Hokkaido Ainu dialects Shiho Endo10. Ainu oral literature Osami Okuda11. Meter in Ainu oral literature Tetsuhito Ono12. The history and current status of the Ainu language revival movement II Typologically interesting characteristics of the Ainu language Hidetoshi Shiraishi13. Phonetics and phonology Hiroshi Nakagawa14. Parts of Speech - with a focus on the classification of nouns Anna Bugaeva and Miki Kobayashi15. Verbal valency Tomomi Sato16. Noun incorporation Hiroshi Nakagawa17. Verbal number Yasushige Takahashi18. Aspect and evidentiality Yoshimi Yoshikawa19. Existential aspectual forms in the Saru and Chitose dialects of Ainu III Appendices: Sample texts Anna Bugaeva20. An uwepeker "Retar Katak, Kunne Katak" and kamuy yukar "Amamecikappo" narrated in the Chitose Hokkaido Ainu dialect by Ito Oda Elia dal Corso21. "Meko Oyasi", a Sakhalin Ainu ucaskuma narrated by Haru Fujiyama Subject index

This volume will be the first full-length exploration in any language of the details of the history of the Japanese language written by experts in the different subfields of linguistics. Overall, while including factual and background information, the volume will focus on presenting original research of lasting value. This includes presenting the latest research on better studied topics, such as segmental phonology, accent or focus constructions, as well as both introducing areas of study which have traditionally been underrepresented, such as syntax or kanbun materials, and showing how they contribute to a fuller understanding of all of the history of Japanese. Chapter titles IntroductionPart I: Individual Periods of the Japanese LanguageSection 1: Prehistory and ReconstructionChapter 1: Comparison with other languages (John Whitman, NINJAL)Chapter 2: Reconstruction based on external sources: Ainu, Chinese dynastic histories, and Korean chronicles (Alexander Vovin, University of Hawai'i at Manoa)Chapter 3: Reconstruction from the standpoint of Ryukyuan (Thomas Pellard, CNRS)Chapter 4: (Morpho)phonological reconstruction (Teruhiro Hayata)Chapter 5: Morpho(phono)logical reconstruction (Bjarke Frellesvig, University of Oxford)Chapter 6: Towards the accentual reconstruction of Japanese (Akiko Matsumori, NINJAL)Section II: Old JapaneseChapter 7: Word order and alignment (Yuko Yanagida, University of Tsukuba)Chapter 8: What mokkan can tell us about Old and pre-Old Japanese (Takashi Inukai, Aichi Prefectural University)Chapter 9: Eastern Old Japanese (Kerri Russell)Section III: Early Middle Japanese Chapter 10: Morphosyntax (Yoshiyuki Takayama, Fukui University)Chapter 11: Varieties of kakarimusubi in Early Middle Japanese (Charles Quinn, The Ohio State University)Chapter 12: Linguistic variation (Takuya Okimori)Section IV: Late Middle JapaneseChapter 13: The morphosyntax of Late Middle Japanese (Hirofumi Aoki, Kyushu University)Chapter 14: Late Middle Japanese phonology, based on Korean materials (Sven Osterkamp, Bochum University)Chapter 15: Phonology, based on Christian materials (Masayuki Toyoshima)Section V: Modern JapanChapter 16: The social context of materials on Early Modern Japanese (Michinao Morohoshi, Kokugakuin University)Chapter 17: Meiji language, including what sound recordings can tell us (Yasuyuki Shimizu)Chapter 18: Syntactic influence of European languages on Japanese (Satoshi Kinsui, Osaka University)Part II: Materials and WritingSection VI: WritingChapter 19: Old and Early Middle Japanese writing (James Unger, The Ohio State University)Chapter 20: The continued use of kanji in writing Japanese (Shinji Konno, Seisen University)Chapter 21: History of indigenous innovations in kanji and kanji usage [particularly: kokuji and wasei kango] (Yoshihiko Inui) Chapter 22: From hentai kanbun to sorobun (Tsutomu Yada)Section VII: Kanbun-based MaterialsChapter 23: Kunten texts of Buddhist provenance (Masayuki Tsukimoto, Tokyo University)Chapter 24: Kunten Texts of Secular Chinese Provenance (Teiji Kosukegawa)Chapter 25: Vernacularized written Chinese (waka kanbun) (Shingo Yamamoto, Shirayuri Women's University)Chapter 26: Early modern kanbun and kanbun kundoku (Fumitoshi Saito, Nagoya University)Chapter 27: A comparison of glossing traditions in Japan and Korea (John Whitman, NINJAL)Chapter 28: Influence of kanbun-kundoku on Japanese (Valerio Alberizzi, Waseda University)Part III: Broader Changes over TimeSection VIII: Lexis/PragmaticsChapter 29: History of basic vocabulary (John Bentley, University of Northern Illinois)Chapter 30: History of Sino-Japanese vocabulary (Seiya Abe and Akihiro Okajima)Chapter 31: The history of mimetics in Japanese (Masahiro Ono, Meiji University)Chapter 32: The history of honorifics and polite language (Yukiko Moriyama, Doshisha University)Chapter 33: History of demonstratives and pronouns (Tomoko Okazaki)Chapter 34: History of yakuwarigo (Satoshi Kinsui, Osaka University)Chapter 35: 'Subject-Object Merger' and 'Subject-Object Opposition' as the speaker's stance: 'Subjective Construal' as 'a fashion of speaking' for Japanese speakers (Yoshihiko Ikegami, University of Tokyo)Section IX: PhonologyChapter 36: Syllable structure, phonological typology, and outstanding issues in the chronology of sound changes (Bjarke Frellesvig, Sven Osterkamp and John WhitmanChapter 37: Sino-Japanese (Marc Miyake)Chapter 38: Development of accent, based on historical sources, Heian period onwards: The formation of Ibuki-jima accent (Makoto Yanaike, Keio University)Chapter 39: The Ramsey hypothesis (Elisabeth De Boer)Section X: SyntaxChapter 40: Generative diachronic syntax of Japanese (John Whitman, NINJAL)Chapter 41: On the merger of the conclusive/adnominal distinction (Satoshi Kinsui, Osaka University)Chapter 42: Development of case marking (Takashi Nomura, University of Tokyo)Chapter 43: Loss of Wh movement (Akira Watanabe, University of Tokyo)Chapter 44: Development of delimiter/semantic particles (Tomohide Kinuhata)Chapter 45: Electronic corpora as a tool for investigating syntactic change (Yasuhiro Kondo, Aoyama Gakuin/NINJAL)Part IV: The History of Research on JapanChapter 46: Early Japanese dictionaries (Shoju Ikeda, Hokkaido University)Chapter 47: The great dictionary of Japanese: Vocabulario ... (Toru Maruyama, Nanzan University)Chapter 48: Pre-Meiji research on Japanese (Toru Kuginuki)Chapter 49: Meiji period research on Japanese (Isao Santo)