Bøger i IOP ebooks serien

A practical approach to support researchers in their collaborations. Demonstrates the potential of collaboration, drawing on real-world experience of facilitating and advising collaborations 'in the wild'. Provides tools and approaches that will help readers develop the skills and behaviours that will foster collaboration within and between disciplines.

A number of macroscopic manifestations of superconducting phenomena have resulted in a proliferation of applications in engineering and electronics. Macroscopic Superconducting Phenomena: An Interactive Guide provides the reader with a set of ready-to-use interactive tools to engage with topics such as vanishing resistivity, magnetic flux expulsion, flux pinning, critical currents, flux quantization and more.

Gas sensors are traditionally used as part of an industrial safety system, but they are also increasingly found in a range of settings including home and vehicle security, ventilation systems and environmental monitoring. The technology also holds great promise in non-invasive medical applications and as an essential component in the future Internet of Things. Metal oxide semiconductors are the most common materials exploited for gas sensing. However, in recent years there have been significant advances in both fundamental research and industrial development of gas sensors using new and novel materials. This is being driven by efforts to achieve better selectivity, higher sensitivity and lower power consumption as gas sensors are finding more widespread applications. This book reviews the developments and applications of traditional and emerging materials for gas sensors. Each chapter considers a sensor material and discusses the mode of operation, intrinsic material properties, preparation, device construction and areas of application opened by the novel modes of action and properties of the sensing material. With coverage spanning n- and p-type metal oxides, graphene, 2D metal chalcogenides, carbon nanotubes, ionic liquids and conducting polymer composites. This up-to-date synthesis will provide invaluable reading for industrial and academic researchers and engineers developing and exploiting new materials for the increasingly diverse areas of applications for modern gas sensors.Key FeaturesSuitable to broad readership from advanced students to research scientists.Interdisciplinary readership, from material scientists to sensor developersIncludes latest materials for sensor development.Encompasses industrial and other applications.

This book is intended to facilitate the testing of dynamic imaging systems to ensure safety of the systems. The aim is to discuss methods and techniques that may be used to commission and perform quality control (QC) measurements of dynamic x-ray imaging systems; the primary function of which is real time imaging to provide visualization of dynamic anatomical and other processes as they occur.Since dynamic imaging equipment is used for a wide range of clinical applications, the report includes a general description of the characteristics and operational aspects to assist the medical physicist with clinical setup and performance evaluation strategies. The automatic close rate control (ADRC) plays a significant role in determining the balance between patient dose and image quality, therefore the function and evaluation of ADRC plays a significant role in determining the balance between patient dose and image quality, therefore the function and evaluation of ADRC devices is discussed extensively.Key FeaturesDiscuss methods and techniques that may be used to commission and perform quality control (QC) measurements of dynamic X-ray imaging systems.Includes a general description of the characteristics and operational aspects to assist the medical physicist with clinical setup and performance evaluation strategies.Function and evaluation of ADRC devices is discussed extensively.

This book provides non-specialists with a basic understanding of the underlying concepts of quantum chemistry. It is both a text for second- or third-year undergraduates and a reference for researchers who need a quick introduction or refresher. All chemists and many biochemists, materials scientists, engineers, and physicists routinely use spectroscopic measurements and electronic structure computations in their work. This book is designed to help the novice user of these tools achieve a basic understanding of the underlying concepts of quantum chemistry. The emphasis is on explaining ideas rather than enumerating facts or presenting procedural details makes this an excellent foundational text. This new edition features extensive changes to increase clarity and to accommodate new material, including additional problems. a comprehensive list of resources and an introduction to computational quantum chemistry, while preserving the book''s concise and accessible nature.Key FeaturesUpdated and extended new editionAccessible and concise introductionIncludes new additional problems with hints and solutionsFeatures an introduction to computational quantum chemistry,Includes lists of print and online resources to support teaching

Nonlinear dynamics is a well-established discipline in physics, and this book offers a comprehensive textbook on the basic soliton theory and its applications, especially for crystalline processes. Although primarily mathematical, the author discusses the theory for nonlinear phenomena in a practical environment, paying particular attention to the presence of media where nonlinearity occurs.Written for students at upper-undergraduate and graduate levels, it is suitable for advanced physics courses on nonlinear physics. The book covers the fundamental properties of nonlinear waves, dealing with both theory and experiment. The aim is to emphasize established tools and introduce new methods underpinning important new developments in this field, especially as applied to solid-state materials. The updated edition has been extended to emphasize the importance of thermodynamics in a description of modulated crystals and contains new chapters on superconductivity that can be interpreted by the soliton mechanism. It is also updated to include new end-of-chapter problems.Key FeaturesNew updated and expanded edition of a respected and well-used bookIncorporates latest developments in the fieldExtensive additions to applications on condensed matter and materialsIncludes worked examples and end of chapter exercisesExtended to include applications in superconductivity

Modern internet-enabled devices and fast communication technologies have ushered in a revolution in sharing of digital images and video. This may be for social reasons or for commercial and industrial applications, where the data is more likely to include sensitive personal or confidential information. In any event, the shared imagery is intended only for the end-user. Attackers can steal this data or manipulate it for their own uses, causing financial and emotional damage to the owners. Many applications generate important information in the form of images and video, where efficient security is critical. This drives the need for advanced security solutions and the need to continuously develop and maintain security measures in an ever-evolving battle against fraud and malicious intent.There are various techniques employed in protecting digital media and information, such as digital watermarking, cryptography, stenography, data encryption, etc., In addition, sharing platforms and connected nodes themselves may be open to vulnerabilities and can suffer from security breaches. This book reviews present state-of-the-art research related to the security of digital imagery and video, including developments in machine learning applications. It is particularly suited for those that bridge the academic world and industry, and allows readers to understand the security concerns in the multimedia domain by reviewing present and evolving security solutions, their limitations, and future research directions.Key FeaturesLatest trends in the multimedia security domainIncludes Machine Learning for multimedia securityInsight to different security concerns (attacks)Reviews present challenges & future opportunitiesPotential & promising solution to the security concerns

This book provides a concise introduction to computer vision for optical researchers and scientists. Building from the optical foundations of image processing and the science behind camera sensors, Optics and Artificial Vision equips the reader with the tools needed to understand and engage with digital image processing, the algorithms of optical flow and the algorithms of object detection, using Python┬« software to show real, implemented applications in industry. Ideal for industry engineers with projects related to computer vision, as well as a good reference text for academics, students and other researchers working at the intersection of artificial intelligence and optics.Key FeaturesProvides a concise introduction to artificial visionMain algorithms in computer vision are presented, step-by-step in a pedagogical wayPresents all algorithms in PythonShows real implemented applications in industryOptical foundations of image processing are presented

Composites Engineering: An A-Z Guide provides a quick and accessible reference to composites terminologies. Arranged like a dictionary, each entry provides a brief but thorough description of over 90 typical and atypical composites terminologies. Comprehensive without being overly detailed, the book fills a gap for an accessible reference text of composites engineering terms and concepts. It is ideal for composites scientists and engineers at universities and in industry, as well as for undergraduates new to the field.Key Features An easy-to-use reference text on composites engineering for researchers and students, particularly those that are new to the field Provides an accessible reference for typical and atypical composites terminologies Arranged in A-Z format with 1-2 pages per term Entries are comprehensive but not overly complex or detailed Figures are included to illustrate the concepts being discussed

The relentless pace of innovation in biomedical imaging has provided modern researchers with an unprecedented number of techniques and tools to choose from. While the development of new imaging techniques is vital for ongoing progress in the life sciences, it is challenging for researchers to keep pace. Imaging Modalities for Biological and Preclinical Research is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of currently available biological and preclinical imaging methods, including their benefits and limitations. Experts in the field guide the reader through both the physical principles and biomedical applications of each imaging modality, including description of typical setups and sample preparation.Volume 1 focuses on ex-vivo imaging. It covers all available advanced and basic light and fluorescence microscopy modalities, X-ray, electron, atomic force and helium ion microscopy, dynamic techniques such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching as well as spectroscopic techniques such as coherent Raman imaging or mass spectrometry imaging.Key featuresProvides an overview of fast-evolving ex-vivo imaging technologies.Bridges biological and preclinical imaging.Written by imaging specialists with extensive expertise in their respective fields.

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is a next generation platform with the potential to extend Moore''s Law. The EUV mirror is a fundamental component of this system. Efficient Extreme Ultraviolet Mirror Design describes an approach to designing EUV mirrors with reduced computational time and memory requirements, providing a comprehensive grounding in the fundamentals of the EUV mirror and knowledge of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The discussion is made timely by the opening of commercial avenues for the application of EUV as it begins to be implemented in the development of 5G, AI, edge computing, VR and the Internet of Things. This book explores the theory, function and fabrication of EUV mirrors, as well as the correlation between design by Fresnel''s equations and design by photonic bands, and develops a rigorous and efficient FDTD method by applying these considerations to three simulation cases. Intended primarily for EUV industry professionals, Efficient Extreme Ultraviolet Mirror Design will be of particular use to researchers investigating large scale problems or near-field scattering problems in EUV lithography. It will serve as an excellent reference text for anyone working in or studying optical engineering, as well as a high-level introduction for researchers from other fields interested in photolithography and the FDTD method. Key Features  Addresses knowledge of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mirrors and EUV lithography. Establishes a relation between photonic bands and Fresnel''s equation. Introduces the high reflectivity EUV mirror design rules. Applies numerical simulation for EUV mirror design. Details efficient finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach. 

Here, the author provides a review and oversight of many views on the interpretation of quantum physics and the wide philosophical debate that still embroils this subject over 100 years since its initial development.

In recent years, the field of digital photoelasticity has begun to stabilise. Developments in Photoelasticity presents, in one volume, the time-tested advancements that have brought about a fundamental change in employing photoelastic analysis to solve diverse applications. Based on decades of active research, this authoritative treatment surveys wide-ranging connections in the field, focusing on developments made since 2010. Wide-ranging in its application, this high-level reference text is an invaluable tool for stress analysts, teachers of photo-mechanics and industry practitioners involved in stress analysis, solid mechanics, fracture mechanics, glass stress analysis, and contact mechanics. It also serves as a link between active research and teaching at graduate and senior undergraduate level.Key Features:Establishes the basics of photoelasticity with clarity to serve as a primary reference for users of the methodologyExplains phase-shifting methods that are robust enough to allow the reader to implement them with ease.Explores modern methods based on colour information processing using a single isochromatic image as well as use of conventional polariscopes for complete photoelastic analysis.Provides carrier fringe analysis tools for quantifying low stress field information for special applications.Extensive information on a variety of applications of photoelasticity covering domains ranging from biomedical to aerospace to civil engineering applications.Highlights large scale photoelastic studies in granular materials with applications in plant biology, neurobiology and biomimetics

The electrical double layer describes charge and potential distributions that form at the interface between electrolyte solutions and the surface of an object. They occur in a wide range of physical and chemical systems, where they play a fundamental role in their chemical and electrochemical behaviour. Colloid science, electrochemistry, material science, and biology are a few examples where such interfaces play a crucial role. Though first described over a hundred years ago, the study of the electrical double layer remains an important topic today. Parallel to this investigation is the rapid development of the liquid state theory, which relates molecular interactions to macroscopic thermodynamic properties. The focus of this book is on the application of modern liquid state theories to the properties of electric double layers, where it demonstrates the ability of statistical mechanical approaches, such as the classical density functional theory, to provide insights and details that will enable a better and more quantitative understanding of electric double layers. It provides a systematic description of electrical double layer models and their applications, extending the coverage of continuum models found in other introductory texts, with molecular models and the effects of solvents. The book will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers in interfacial science and its applications; be they chemists, physicists, materials scientists or engineers.Key FeaturesIncludes both continuum and molecular modelsRelies on modern statistical mechanical approachesSuitable for chemists, physicists, material scientists and engineersOffers a new outlook for fundamental and applied researchers on the basic physics and chemistry of charged interfaces involving electrolytesHelps to advance further research fields as colloid science, electrochemistry, material science, and physical chemistry of electrolytes.

This book is a comprehensive guide to the current state-of-the-art science and technology involved in the analysis and development of gamma-ray nuclear materials for commercial, medical, industrial, military and space applications. It reviews the current and upcoming materials and material-based technologies for gamma-ray detectors, as well as their growth process in various forms, such as single crystals, films, and ceramics. Thoroughly compiled, it is ideal for graduate students, engineers, technicians, scientists and managers. It brings to both novice and advanced readers all the topics required to jump-start investigations on gamma-ray materials and their growth. Key Features: Provides the state-of-the-art in this rapidly evolving domain with a focus on third generation crystals for nuclear radiation detectors The only book to cover fundamentals, applications, and the latest research results Includes processing techniques and discusses the applications of nuclear detectors Discusses potential materials that can be used in nuclear detection Presents the future of nuclear detectors 

Modern medicine and healthcare are highly dependent on engineering, employing instrumentation and computer systems to aid investigation, diagnosis, treatment and patient management. The significant developments in the field of computational intelligence, combined with the emergence of high-performance computing is impacting society in many ways, and the health sector is no exception. The interface of high-performance computing, computational intelligence and medical science, has seen the emergence of intelligent medical systems. These systems can provide a deeper insight into many healthcare and medical problems. It can also aid in controlling, analyzing and the management of medical applications and can provide significant improvement in the quality of life and efficacy of clinical treatment. However, the successful application of high-performance computing in medicine requires in-depth knowledge and understanding of medical systems.This book focuses on the advances and applications of high-performance computing for medical systems and provides an insight into the latest developments in the field. It will help readers to understand the high-performance computing research domain as related to intelligent medical systems, its effect on our lives and its present limitations.Key featuresIncorporates a range of cutting-edge computing technologies as applied to healthcare.International expert authors.Reviews present progress and future challengesFocus on applications.Interdisciplinary readership.

The Physics of Sound Waves: Music, Instruments, and Sound Equipment, Second Edition describes the properties of sound waves as they relate to the production of sound by musical instruments, the perception and interpretation of sound, FFT analysis, recording and reproduction of musical sounds, and the quality of sound in both indoor and outdoor environments.

This new, expanded edition provides a fresh, photon-based description of modern molecular spectroscopy and photophysics, with applications that are drawn from across the breadth of chemistry, biology, physics, and materials science, including recent developments. The focus is on the mechanisms that operate at the fundamental level, on how light absorption and scattering occur in molecules, what happens to the energy which the molecules acquire, and what may be learned from the study of these processes. Mathematics is again kept to a minimum though quantitative understanding is nevertheless put into practice via example calculations throughout the text. With the aid of extensive, purposely devised illustrations, this approach fosters a deeper intuition for the photophysical processes involved in lightΓÇÆmatter interaction, aiming to consolidate the principles and to exemplify how widely ranging information can be derived from spectroscopic studies.Key featuresSignificantly expanded and revised new edition. Extending the fundamentals and incorporating new and recently developed applications.Features extensive, purposely devised illustrations.Incorporates worked examples.Accessible to advanced students in chemistry, physics, materials, biology and engineering

Domain Structured Dynamics is the first systematic presentation to examine the construction and identification of chaotic dynamics through a specially designed labeling. The power of the approach for fractals as domains of chaos, revisited famous deterministic and stochastic models, new types of differential equations and neural networks is seen in the book.

This book provides an enthusiastic view of how compactified string/M-theories, plus data that may be reachable, have the possibility of leading to a comprehensive underlying theory describing our physical world, particle physics and cosmology, gravity and quantum theory, perhaps soon.

Physics of Cancer focuses on the mechanical properties of cancer cells and their role in cancer disease and metastasis. It discusses the role of the mechanical properties of interacting cells and the connective tissue microenvironment and describes the role of an inflammation during cancer disease. This outstanding book is the first to describe cancer disease from a biophysical point of view without being incomplete in describing the biological site of cancer. Originating in part from the author's own courses on tumor biology and cellular biophysics, this book is suitable for both students and researchers in this dynamic interdisciplinary field, be they from a physical, biological or medical sciences background.

Emerging Laser Technologies for High-Power and Ultrafast Science includes chapters from leading experts devoted to the most recent achievements in the field. Including cutting-edge topics such as high energy/high average power laser systems, the most current developments for high repetition rate high average power infrared fiber laser systems, breakthroughs of the development of CPA based on chromium doped zinc selenide gain material, infrared/mid-infrared laser systems based on high average power Ytterbium pumped OPCPA, and generation of ultrashort laser pulses in the UV spectral range. This book will serve as an important reference for students, researchers, scientists, and engineers interested in the development of next generation of ultrafast laser technologies.Key FeaturesContributions from leaders in the field of ultrafast science.Discusses the recent developments including high average power/peak power laser technologies.Includes recent developments of optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers for the amplification of few-cycle pulses.Presents hollow core fiber compression for the generation of few-cycle pulses.Provides important references and discusses different approaches for the development of next generation of ultrafast laser technologies.

Offering a one-stop reference, this book provides an understanding of the physical phenomena, process principles, latest achievements, and applications from the key researchers and research groups that focus on precision micro- and nano-scale laser processing.

This book describes two aspects of fusion plasma physics that are usually treated separately. Written in tutorial form, the first part of the book presents some of the essentials of magnetically confined plasma physics that are necessary for an in-depth understanding of the basic principles and underlying phenomena, in a consistent and comprehensive way. The second part is focused on existing powerful sources of high-frequency coherent radiation used for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron resonance current drive (ECRCD), as well as for plasma ignition, control, and diagnostics in different fusion devices such as ITER and DEMO that are currently under development.Key FeaturesIntroduces a topic of increasing importance in fusion science and technologyDescribes the essential elements of magnetically confined fusion plasma physics as well as the sources of coherent radiation used for heating, control, and diagnosticsGives an overview of Gyrotron and CARM technologyProvides a design primer for high-frequency heating devices

This is a substantially revised and expanded second edition of a book published in the Concise series. The book has been considerably extended and a number of corrections have been made to the text and diagrams. A new chapter (7) has also been added on distortion mode analysis. Many new diagrams have been added and the topics have been explained more fully and with more attention to detail.

Applying the general deterministic approach of systems computational biology, the monograph considers questions related to the biomechanics of the human urinary bladder in conjunction with the peripheral and central nervous systems. The step-by-step development of mathematical models of separate structural elements and their assembly into a unique self-regulatory system offers, for the first time, a holistic overview and allows the investigation of the dynamics of the lower urinary tract system at its hierarchical levels. This book provides a coherent description and explanation for intertwined intracellular pathways in terms of spatiotemporal, whole body, tractable representations which are supported by numerous computational simulations.Key FeaturesIt reconstructs accurately the cytoarchitecture and morphofunctional relationships between the elements of the central nervous (brain) and genitourinary (urinary bladder system).Offers for the first time a both quantitative and qualitative, assessment of the neurohormonal and mechanobiological processes involved in the process.Provides a comprehensive description for intertwined regulatory pathways in terms of spatiotemporal dynamic representations.Encourages the reader to develop and apply a unique holistic approach to solving complex biomedical problems in the area of growth and remodeling of the urinary bladder through application of modern methods of computational biology.

Quantum Entanglement Engineering and Applications, the first of its kind, focuses on the practical mathematical tools necessary to handle quantum entanglement and requirements to design optical configurations for quantum entanglement-based systems in quantum communications and quantum computing.

As a broad area of science and technology, modeling and computational photonics is an ever-growing and developing topic. Covering the crucial foundations of photonics, as well as delving into the more complex aspects of the field, Modeling and Design Photonics by Examples with MATLAB(R) is a comprehensive study of computational photonics that will bridge the gap between academic and industrial worlds. Using MATLAB(R) code to help provide solutions, this book will help readers to use modelling as an effective tool for designing and optimizing photonic systems.Key FeaturesBridges the gap between academic descriptions and real modeling works in photonics.Provides details of physics and mathematical models of the problems.Includes MATLAB(R) codes for some important problems that are still new to many readers.Presents detailed explanations of the physics and solutions from the modeling results.Helps readers to use modeling as a tool for designing and optimizing photonics systems.

This reference text brings together comprehensive reviews of the latest research in the field of bionanomaterials, with a focus on fundamentals and biomedical applications. The major applications covered include nanobiosensing, nanomedicine, diagnostics, therapeutics, tissue engineering and green bionanotechnology.

This course text provides an accessible introduction to thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, at a level that is suitable for both physics and engineering majors. The book acts as a core text for undergraduate courses, particularly for students who find the topics challenging.