Bøger i IOP ebooks serien

The purpose of this book is to help semiconductor inspection equipment users and manufacturers understand what nano dimensional standards are used to calibrate their equipment and how to employ them effectively. Reviewing trends and developments in nanoscale standards, the book starts with an introductory overview of nanometrological standards before proceeding to detail pitch standard, step height, line width, nano particle size, and surface roughness. This book is essential for users making quantitative nanoscale measurements, be that in a commercial or academic research setting, or involved in engineering nanometrology for quality control in industrial applications. Here the author provides an approachable understanding and application of the nanoscale standards in a practical context across a range of common nanoscale measurement modalities, including 3D, with particular emphasis on applications to AFM, an exceptional and arguably the most common technique used in nanometrology due to the ease of use and versatility of applications.Key featuresPractical guide for users and practitionersPuts nanoscale standards in a practical context.Covers a range of measurement modalities.2D and 3D measurements.

The relentless pace of innovation in biomedical imaging has provided modern researchers with an unprecedented number of techniques and tools to choose from. While the development of new imaging techniques is vital for ongoing progress in the life sciences, it is challenging for researchers to keep pace. Imaging Modalities for Biological and Preclinical Research is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of currently available biological and preclinical imaging methods, including their benefits and limitations. Experts in the field guide the reader through both the physical principles and biomedical applications of each imaging modality, including description of typical setups and sample preparation.Volume 2 focuses on in vivo imaging methods, including intravital microscopy, ultrasound, MRI, CT and PET. Correlative multimodal imaging, (pre)clinical hybrid imaging techniques and multimodal image processing methods are also discussed. The volume concludes with a look ahead to emerging technologies and the future of imaging in biological and preclinical research.Key Features∩╗┐Provides an overview of fast-evolving in-vivo imaging technologies.Bridges biological and preclinical imaging.Written by imaging specialists with extensive expertise in their respective fields.

This book explains the Lorentz mathematical group in a language familiar to physicists. This new edition extends applications to optical sciences and includes five new chapters on applications in statistical physics, condensed matter physics. quantum optics and quantum information and artificial intelligence.

This edited book is written for students, postdocs and established investigators who want to enter the field of single-particle cryo-EM. This is a recently developed method to determine high-resolution structures of biological macromolecules. A major strength is the fact that cryo-EM does not require prior crystallization of protein complexes. It is especially well suited for larger complexes and molecular machines. This book, provides a comprehensive, accessible and authoritative introduction to the field. It covers all necessary background, ranging from the underlying concepts to practical aspects such as specimen preparation, data-collection, data analysis, and the final validation of results.Key featuresWritten for students, postdocs and established investigators who want to enter the field of single-particle cryo-EMProvides a comprehensive, accessible and authoritative introduction to the field of high-resolution structure analysis by single-article cryo-EMCovers all necessary background, ranging from the underlying concepts to practical aspects such as specimen preparation, data-collection, data analysis, and the final validation of resultsAuthors of individual sections of this book have been recruited from among the most authoritative leaders in each topic

Optical Radiation and Matter provides a deeper look at electricity and magnetism and the interaction of optical radiation with molecules and solid materials. The focus is on developing an understanding of the sources of light, how light moves through matter, and how external electric and magnetic fields can influence the way light waves propagate through materials.Classroom tested for over 30 years and now revised and expanded, this textbook provides introductory chapters reviewing the basics before moving into more advanced topics. With an introduction, worked examples, and end-of-chapter problems for each chapter, this textbook is suitable for readers with a background in electricity and magnetism at an advanced undergraduate level and will complement any course on advanced electricity and magnetism, electro-optics, and radiation and matter.Key FeaturesStarts with the key basic concepts of electricity and magnetism.Includes many fundamental concepts of both optical radiation and materials.Addresses applications of a wide variety of optical radiation principles. Worked examples throughout. Exercises at the end of each chapter.

Semiconductor Integrated Optics for Switching Light, Second Edition provides concise description of the physics and engineering of semiconductor optical waveguides for photonic and electronic switching with a focus on optical communication applications. It provides Python notebooks that illustrate the concepts discussed in the book.

This book introduces field theory models from a classical point of view where symmetries are easy to understand and reformulates them with tensorial methods suitable for quantum computations. It is targeted at graduate students and researchers in high-energy, condensed matter and atomic physics.

Spectroscopy and sensor technology is routine in water quality evaluation, coupling with artificial intelligence is opening a new era of quality monitoring and predictive analysis. This book acquaints readers with recent advances and applications for sectors including environmental protection, industry, agriculture, and drinking water provision.

This book is dedicated to the study of theoretical tools in spin models in magnetism. It presents the basic tools to treat spin models in magnetic systems such as: spin waves, Schwinger bosons formalism, Self-consistent harmonic approximation, Kubo theory, Perturbation theory using Green's function. Some important areas of interest in magnetism today are spin liquids and magnon topological insulators, both of which are discussed in the book.

This research text provides a concise overview of the technical approaches to the synthesis and characterization of hybrid nanoparticles, with a focus on one of the most promising 'bottom-up' techniques for designing tailored hybrid nanoparticles based on the practical magnetron-sputtering inert-gas-condensation (MS-IGC) method. A modified MS-IGC system is presented, and its performance under different conditions is evaluated.This fully revised second edition provides the latest developments in the design and characterization of hybrid nanoparticles produced by gas phase methods and includes a new chapter that explains how the design of the modified MS-IGC system is contributing to the shape transformation of nanoparticles (0D) to form nanorods (1D) with different aspect ratios.Key features- Provides insight into one of the most promising 'bottom-up' techniques for producing tailored hybrid nanoparticles based on the practical magnetron sputtering inert-gas-condensation (MS-IGC) method.- Displays the fundamentals behind the design and tailoring of nanoparticles produced by the MS-IGC method.- Shows how the morphology, size and properties of the nanoparticles can be modulated by tuning the deposition parameters.- Provides a multidisciplinary view relevant to physics, materials science, biophysics and process engineering.- Fully updated with the latest advances and includes a new chapter on the contribution of the MS-IGC system to the shape transformation of nanoparticles (0D) to form nanorods (1D) with different aspect ratios.

This book aims to present a concise introduction, for graduate students and researchers, to powerful techniques and important concepts in condensed matter physics. Key conceptual elements include the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, the theory of critical phenomena (both classical and quantum) and the renormalization group. The book focuses on the Green''s functions method and the real space renormalization group (RG).  The Green''s function method has been used extensively to study a large variety of problems in physics. In the book we present a generalized version of this method that allows one to use perturbation theory including time dependent perturbations. This can be used to treat a variety of new fundamental problems in condensed matter, such as quantum and topological phase transitions. The real space renormalization group is a highly intuitive method to introduce main concepts in statistical mechanics and the theory of phase transitions. The book discusses the notion of scale invariance, stable and unstable fixed points, flow in parameter space, crossover and relevant and irrelevant perturbations. These will be illustrated with several examples. The book illustrates that the real space RG is very useful for treating problems such as percolation and localized magnetism as described, for example, by the Ising model.The book considers problems in both pure and disordered condensed matter systems and discusses the new effects introduced by the latter.  The book presents the solutions of some fundamental problems in condensed matter physics using the methods and tools introduced in the chapters. The calculations will be carried out with step-by-step details to help readers master the techniques. Finally, the book explores how the Green''s functions and real space RG techniques detailed can be used to study modern problems arising from the consideration of topological aspects of condensed matter. Key Features:Provides a generalization of the Green''s function method that allows for the treatment of a much larger variety of problems, which should encourage people to study and use it.Suitable for readers who want to learn about real space renormalization group (RG), whilst avoiding Feynman diagrams and perturbation expansions. The ideas and methods will be introduced by considering different examples.Contains material that can be covered within a semester and is therefore not too long.Provides the reader with the tools to tackle their own problems.Considers actual problems in condensed matter physics such as; quantum phase transition, topological aspects of condensed matter and the effect of disorder on physical properties.

This is a companion textbook for an introductory course in physics. The purpose is to thoroughly link the theories students learn in class with actual problem-solving techniques. In other words, it addresses the common complaint that ''I feel like I understand the concepts, but I can''t do the homework''. This book covers the fundamentals that comprise the majority of a physics course in as simple and concise terms as possible, with a particular emphasis on how the fundamental concepts and equations allow students to solve problems. In addition to updates across the board, this edition includes new material relating to waves, optics, fields, magnetism, and circuits. Each section focuses on a deeper understanding of the equations you will be using along with problem-solving skills. Remember that equations themselves are merely tools and you will be in much better shape if you know what tool you are looking for before you start looking. The book will equip you with the problem-solving techniques and conceptual explanations that can be applied to almost anything in your introductory physics course.Key Features∩╗┐Extensively updated and extendedStudent-friendlyTargeted and concise descriptions of each themeWorked examplesIntroduces problem-solving techniques and conceptual explanations that can be applied to almost anything in an introductory physics course

Biophysics of the Senses (Second Edition) connects fundamental properties of physics to biological systems, relating them directly to the human body. It includes discussions of the role of charges and free radicals in disease and homeostasis, how aspects of mechanics impact normal body functions, human bioelectricity and circuitry, forces within the body, and biophysical sensory mechanisms. This is an exciting view of how sensory aspects of biophysics are utilized in everyday life for students who are curious but struggle with the connection between biology and physics. Updates to the first edition include two new chapters covering the mechanics of sound and hearing and power tools.Key Features∩╗┐Bridges the gap between physics and biology.Easy to follow for those that are new to the field.Highlights real-world applications of physics.Includes step-by-step examples.

This book provides an introductory overview of warm dense matter research for new postgraduate students entering the field. Author David Riley, based at the Centre for Plasma Physics at Queen''s University Belfast, covers a broad range of topics with an emphasis on experimental techniques.The text begins with an introduction to the basic physics of warm dense matter and its important features, then moves on to discuss the principal techniques for creating warm dense matter and approaches to diagnosing it. Topics covered include the generation of warm dense matter via laser driven shocks and X-ray sources, explosives, gas guns and ion beams, as well as X-ray free electron lasers. Principal optical and X-ray diagnostics are also discussed. The book concludes with an overview of the large-scale facilities that are most commonly used for warm dense matter research and the technologies they employ.Key FeaturesWritten by a leading expert in the field.Includes discussion of the principal methods for creating and diagnosing warm dense matter.Covers recent advances in the field and new technologies.Provides an overview of research facilities currently in use and under development.

Ultrafast lasers are increasingly used in science by people who are not specialist laser physicists. This book clearly, and without dense physics or mathematics, presents the fundamental concepts of ultrafast lasers and optics that are needed to effectively work in a laser lab.

This reference text presents a conceptual framework for understanding room-temperature electron and phonon transport through molecules and other quantum objects. The flow of electricity through molecules is explained at the boundary of physics and chemistry, providing an authoritative introduction to molecular electronics for physicists, and quantum transport for chemists.Professor Lambert provides a pedagogical account of the fundamental concepts needed to understand quantum transport and thermoelectricity in molecular-scale and nanoscale structures. The material provides researchers and advanced students with an understanding of how quantum transport relates to other areas of materials modelling, condensed matter and computational chemistry. After reading the book, the reader will be familiar with the basic concepts of molecular-orbital theory and scattering theory, which underpin current theories of quantum transport.Key FeaturesIntroduces molecular electronics for physicists, and quantum transport for chemists.Presents a conceptual framework for understanding room-temperature electron and phonon transport through molecules and other quantum objects.Provides a pedagogical account of quantum-interference-enhanced electrical and thermal properties of single molecules and self-assembled monolayers. Provides readers with an understanding of how quantum transport relates to other areas of materials modelling, condensed matter or computational chemistry. Discusses concepts needed to engineer the properties of molecules and create new functions. Includes MATLAB codes to allow the reader to expand the examples presented in the book.

Ever since the first observations of turbulent fluctuations in laboratory plasma experiments in the years around 1980, turbulence in magnetised plasmas has been a subject of vigorous interest in the field of plasma physics and magnetic confinement. This work fills a significant gap in the set of available references for research in the field, and serves as part of the wider literature helpful in related fields such as geophysical fluid dynamics or astrophysics, in which background rotation is mathematically similar to a background magnetic field in a plasma.The first of a two-volume set, this book begins with an overview of the essential nature of a plasma and a magnetised plasma, then turbulence and plasma turbulence are introduced conceptually and mathematically. There follows a theoretical interlude developing the concepts of fluid and plasma dynamics, emphasising the force balance and quasineutrality which shape its character. After this the three-dimensional situation takes over center stage. Concepts of energetic consistency and nonlinear instability and mode structure are emphasised. The effects of magnetic shear and curvature, and open and closed magnetic field line flux surfaces, and finally the interaction with both background and self-generated flows, are all covered in separate chapters. An interlude points to a second volume treating temperature gradients and fluctuations, gyrokinetic and gyrofluid theory, and the interplay with magnetohydrodynamic instabilities.Key FeaturesWritten by a world-leading expert in magnetised plasma turbulenceFills a long-standing gap in the plasma physics literatureFirst comprehensive books on two-fluid magnetised plasma turbulenceIncludes complete derivations of the fundamental concepts

This book is a self-contained undergraduate textbook in solid state physics, designed to accompany a one-semester second or third year course. The book is highly accessible and focuses on a selected set of topics (basically the physics of electrons and phonons), whilst also providing substantial, in-depth coverage of the subject.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the role of 3D/4D ultrasound imaging in radiotherapy. It identifies barriers to the clinical implementation of ultrasound-guided radiotherapy, and provides a critical discussion of potential solutions as well as highlighting exciting new opportunities for research in this field.

Simple Atomic and Molecular Systems is devoted to simple atomic and molecular systems. It bridges the gap between the textbook descriptions of the systems and the state-of-the-art research, revealing counterintuitive phenomena involving these systems, their fundamental importance and practical applications.

The applications of superconducting materials have the potential to change our world, but descriptions of superconductivity in literature tend to be complex for non-physicists. This text provides an accessible account of superconductivity and its applications for an interdisciplinary readership.This book covers the characteristics of superconducting materials, particularly those with commercial applications, including MRI, MEG, high-field magnets, magnetometers, gradiometers, SQUID sensors and Josephson junctions. The applications and concepts are discussed at a level suitable for those with a basic background in physics, without using complex mathematics.This is a valuable reference text for researchers and practitioners working with devices made from superconducting materials. The text also acts as useful supplementary reading for courses related to superconductivity and superconducting materials.Key FeaturesHighly practical and focuses on the applications of superconducting materialsWide, interdisciplinary audience including materials scientists, engineers, chemists, medics and biotechnologistsClear, and readable style

This book, written by leading researchers and medical doctors in the field, provides an overview of intensity modulation technology and its evolution over the last 35 years. Every aspect of IMRT is covered, from fundamental concepts to advanced processes and clinical applications, and comprehensive references are included.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the principles of optical imaging. Targeted at optics and photonics students, it offers a thorough introduction to the field and equips the reader with hands-on training via multiple exercises and case studies.

This book is an informal introduction to plasma physics and its space applications for non-specialist professionals and aerospace engineering students.

This book is different to other electronics texts available. First, it is short. Created for a one-semester course taken by physics students, both undergraduate and graduate it includes only the essentials and covers those topics only as deeply as needed in order to understand the material in the integrated laboratory exercises. Unlike many electronics texts for physics students, this one does not delve into the physics of devices. Instead, these are largely treated as black boxes having certain properties that are important to know for designing circuits. The physics comes when the students use their acquired electronics instrumentation knowledge to construct apparatus to make measurements. Since the detailed physics has been left out, this book should be equally useful for students in any of the physical or life sciences. This is the first textbook aimed at the non-electrical engineering student, that has both the generality on analog and digital electronics circuits, coupled to the very timely technology of embedded electronics. The book also features homework exercises, parts list and a suite of useful appendices.Key FeaturesCombined lectures and laboratory courseCovers analog and digital electronicsIncludes embedded systemsHomework problems with solutionsComplete inventory of required components

This non-technical book examines the everyday physics behind hearing and vision to help readers understand more about themselves and their physical environment. It begins with a thorough discussion of sound and light waves then goes on to discuss how our eyes and ears gather and process information from those waves.The ears and eyes are examined in their physical form in humans as well as in other members of the animal kingdom to show differences in how each receive information from the same waves and how hearing and vision may have evolved in humans. The book also discusses the perception of sound by examples such as sound intensity, decibels, and masking, while also covering the basis of music and resonance. Vision and the perception of light and colour are discussed at length including the psychology of colour perception and colour mixing.This second edition includes the latest developments in hearing and vision. New topics include hearing and vision aids, electron microscopy, the third eye (pineal body), vision and hearing gene therapies and new remote sensing techniques.Key FeaturesIntroduces the science behind vision and hearing, covering both the underlying biology and the technologies we increasingly use to augment and improve our sensesWritten in a straightforward and approachable style, making the content understandable and engaging for non-expertsIncludes extensive illustrations and diagrams

Throughout the past five decades, research and development in the world of nuclear fusion has been led by large publicly funded national laboratories. Currently, fusion energy technology development is being embraced by small, fast-moving start-up companies.This edited book provides an overview of the commercialisation of fusion energy technology, stressing the role to be played by small businesses and the ongoing importance of public sector efforts. All chapters were peer-reviewed by experts before publication to ensure the reliability of the scientific content. The editors are of the opinion that "there is a need for a good overview of a complex phenomenon that has the potential to transform fusion energy research after decades of leadership by governmental and inter-governmental efforts." The book addresses not only the science and technology of fusion commercialisation, but also the associated innovation management. The first section of the book provides an introduction to private fusion and explains that the marketed product will not necessarily be electricity. The policy context of a global need for decarbonisation is introduced and compared to the timescales of fusion commercialisation. The second section introduces some of the leading private sector initiatives in fusion from around the world. Then, the third section outlines the public sector's ongoing efforts toward commercialisation. And finally, the fourth section discusses the challenges and future opportunities of private fusion.Key FeaturesThis book tells a story about a technology in transitionProvides an overview of the commercialisation of fusion energy technology, stressing the emerging role being played by small businessesExplores not only the science and technology behind fusion commercialisation but also innovation managementSuitable for both academic and non-academic researchers and scholars

Semiconducting metal oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) are promising candidates for functional electronic devices and have attracted considerable attention due to their superior electrical performance, high transparency, excellent stability and uniformity.The book introduces the concepts and working mechanisms of semiconducting metal oxide TFTs, with a focus on metal oxide thin films that have desirable electrical and optical properties. The relationship between material properties and device performance is analysed, and materials and device challenges, as well as possible strategies, are included to promote the commercial translation of metal oxide TFT-based optoelectronic devices.Valuable as a reference text for researchers, and graduate students working in the fields of device physics, semiconducting materials and flexible electronics, the book is also essential reading for engineers working with semiconducting metal oxide TFTs in industry, particularly display and memory technologies.Key FeaturesFirst book to focus on the applications of semiconducting metal oxide TFTsCovers the latest technologies in the field, including displays, sensors, logic operations, data storage and neuromorphic computing for artificial intelligenceAnalyses the relationship between material properties and device performanceIncludes possible strategies to overcome materials and device challenges to promote the commercial translation of the technologyIncludes video demonstrations to help readers understand how the devices work

Diabetes Systems Biology provides senior undergraduate students and junior scientists, interested in diabetes systems biology, with a tool to learn more about the mathematical models and methods used to understand macroscopically and microscopically beta-cell behaviour in health and disease. The book introduces readers to the quantitative methods used to examine beta-cell dynamics, islet biology and architecture, as well as diabetes etiology and implications. The goal is to allow junior researchers in the fields of mathematical biology and biophysics to obtain a broad understanding of these quantitative methods, and guide them into taking the first steps into the field of diabetes systems biology. At the end of each chapter, several problem-solving exercises (that require both analytical and computational skills) are provided for the readers to help them become more proficient in this field.Key FeaturesComprehensive overview of all relevant aspects of diabetes systems biology and biological mathematical modellingCovers quantitative aspects of this discipline with embedded examplesFeatures contributions from world-class researchers in the fieldProvides extensive references for further readingIncludes problem solving exercises at the end of each chapter

Biopotential signals are often used by physicians to measure the activities of organs and tissues in the human body. This book describes the sources and characteristics of different biopotential signals and provides an understanding of how a range of signals can be modelled and analysed. The resulting information can be used to assist in the identification of disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, PTSD and heart disease, among others. An emphasis is placed on the real challenges in biopotential signal processing due to the complex and non-stationary nature of signals.Following on from volume one, this book starts with a collection of chapters covering some of the latest developments in electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis, then moves on to applications of electrocardiography (ECG) and otoscope signals. The volume concludes with a discussion of other monitoring techniques. The chapters include biomedical examples and discussions of how each method can be used to study human organs. It is a valuable guide for all researchers and practitioners who are engaged in studies and research in the area of biomedical signals and their applications.Key FeaturesModelling and acquisition of biomedical signals for different disordersImplementation of methodologies and their impact on different casesCase studies and research directions Design and simulation examples