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With more than two thousand languages spread over its territory, multilingualism is a common reality in Africa. The main official languages of most African countries are Indo-European, in many instances Romance. As they were primarily brought to Africa in the era of colonization, the areas discussed in this volume are thirty-five states that were once ruled by Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, or Spain, and the African regions still belonging to three of them. Twenty-six states are presented in relation to French, four to Italian, six to Portuguese, and two to Spanish. They are considered in separate chapters according to their sociolinguistic situation, linguistic history, external language policy, linguistic characteristics, and internal language policy. The result is a comprehensive overview of the Romance languages in modern-day Africa. It follows a coherent structure, offers linguistic and sociolinguistic information, and illustrates language contact situations, power relations, as well as the cross-fertilization and mutual enrichment emerging from the interplay of languages and cultures in Africa.

This handbook discusses the concept of 'folk linguistics' from a range of perspectives (i.e. historical). It also takes into account methodological questions, the collection of data, the relationship between folk linguistics and translation studies, lexicography, language teaching, and onomastics. Finally, it presents research findings that concern folk linguistics in the Romance-speaking areas.

The Manual of Galician Linguistics provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the current situation of the Galician language and introduces its readers to the most important topics of current linguistic research on Galician. This volume includes chapters covering diachronic and synchronic descriptions of all main areas of language structure (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicology), as well chapters on social and regional variation, language contact, sociolinguistics, language variation and other interesting areas of linguistic research. The chapters are rich in descriptive detail and grounded in modern linguistic theory. This manual will be an essential research tool for students and researchers who are interested in the Galician language and in Romance linguistics.

This manual provides a detailed presentation of the various Romance languages as they appear in texts written by Jews, mostly using the Hebrew alphabet. It gives a comprehensive overview of the Jews and the Romance languages in the Middle Ages (part I), as well as after the expulsions (part II). These sections are dedicated to Judaeo-Romance texts and linguistic traditions mainly from Italy, northern and southern France (French and Occitan), and the Iberian Peninsula (Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese). The Judaeo-Spanish varieties of the 20th and 21st centuries are discussed in a separate section (part III), due to the fact that Judaeo-Spanish can be considered an independent language. This section includes detailed descriptions of its phonetics/phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax.

Discourse Traditions are a key concept of diachronic Romance linguistics. The present manual aims to establish this approach at an international level by assembling contributions that introduce its theoretical foundations, discuss connections with alternative approaches of text and discourse analysis, show the relevance of Discourse Traditions for the history of Romance languages, and explore possibilities for future applications of the concept.

This manual contains overviews on language acquisition and distinguishes between first- and second-language acquisition. It also deals with Romance languages as foreign languages in the world and with language acquisition in some countries of the Romance-speaking world.

The series Manuals of Romance Linguistics (MRL) aims to present a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of Romance linguistics. It will comprise approximately 60 volumes that can either be consulted individually or used as a series of books providing a detailed overall picture of the current state of research in Romance linguistics. A special focus will be placed on the presentation and analysis of the smaller languages, the linguae minores, which the two older reference works of the discipline, Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (1988¿2005) and Romanische Sprachgeschichte (2003¿2008) did not discuss in detail, as well as on current research trends. A full list of volumes published or to appear shortly can be found under the tab "Volumes". Further volumes in planning: Manuel de linguistique roumaine, edited by Wolfgang Dahmen and Eugen Munteanu, vol. 9 Manual of Galician Linguistics, edited by Xulio Sousa and Ernesto González Seoane, vol. 19 Manuel des langues créoles à base française, edited by Philipp Krämer, Katrin Mutz, and Peter Stein Manual of Romance Morphology and Word Formation, edited by Philipp Burdy, Sarah Dessì Schmid, and Daniela Marzo Manual of Classification and Typology of the Romance Languages, edited by Matthias Heinz, Lorenzo Filipponio, and Marc-Olivier Hinzelin Manuel de linguistique corse, edited by Stella Retali-Medori Manuel d¿étymologie lexicale romane, edited by Éva Buchi Manual of Discourse Markers in Romance, edited by Maj-Britt Mosegaard Hansen and Jacqueline Visconti Manuel de linguistique occitane, edited by Louise Esher and Jean Sibille Manual de lingüística asturiana, edited by Ana Maria Cano González Manual of Romance Forensic Linguistics, edited by Victoria Guillén-Nieto and Dieter Stein Manual of Romance Word Classes, edited by Anna-Maria De Cesare and Giampaolo Salvi

This manual presents an overview of research on language boundaries in Romance-speaking areas both in and outside of Europe. It considers sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects as well as matters of language policy and language geography. The main focus lies on the current boundaries between Romance languages and between Romance and neighboring languages.

Questo manuale presenta una trattazione sistematica, sia sincronica che diacronica, del friulano, esaminando, tra l'altro, la varietà dialettale e il plurilinguismo regionale (friulano, italiano come lingua tetto, veneto, tedesco, sloveno). Vengono esaminati in maniera approfondita anche aspetti sociolinguistici e di politica linguistica, come p.e. problemi legati alla normalizzazione, con particolare attenzione alla grafia, all'attività lessicografica, all'utilizzo del friulano nei (nuovi) media e alla didattica.e alla didattica.

Textual editing, especially for the Middle Ages, is the starting point for a good deal of what is done in historical linguistics. Editorial methods have an importance going far beyond theoretical considerations, and are of interest to scholars over and above those who edit texts. The aim of this volume is to present both the range of methods used, together with a number of case studies, accompanied by studies which discuss related aspects of textual editing such as glossaries or reviews of editions. The aim is to summarize modern editorial practices whilst not losing sight of their origins. Thus, the book will outline the tradition of the critical edition (the so-called Lachmannian edition), which survives particularly in Italy; the more Bédiérist method which dominates in France; and electronic editions (which can expand the concept of editing to include links to digitized manuscripts). Attention is also given to editorial instructions and to the use of variants in stemmatology, with an excursus to the seventeenth century, where modernisation continues to be practised. Finally, the volume will also discuss two difficult cases ¿ the editing of Old French and Occitan texts in Hebrew characters.

The series Manuals of Romance Linguistics (MRL) aims to present a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of Romance linguistics. It will comprise approximately 60 volumes that can either be consulted individually or used as a series of books providing a detailed overall picture of the current state of research in Romance linguistics. A special focus will be placed on the presentation and analysis of the smaller languages, the linguae minores, which the two older reference works of the discipline, Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (1988¿2005) and Romanische Sprachgeschichte (2003¿2008) did not discuss in detail, as well as on current research trends. A full list of volumes published or to appear shortly can be found under the tab "Volumes". Further volumes in planning: Manuel de linguistique roumaine, edited by Wolfgang Dahmen and Eugen Munteanu, vol. 9 Manual of Galician Linguistics, edited by Xulio Sousa and Ernesto González Seoane, vol. 19 Manuel des langues créoles à base française, edited by Philipp Krämer, Katrin Mutz, and Peter Stein Manual of Romance Morphology and Word Formation, edited by Philipp Burdy, Sarah Dessì Schmid, and Daniela Marzo Manual of Classification and Typology of the Romance Languages, edited by Matthias Heinz, Lorenzo Filipponio, and Marc-Olivier Hinzelin Manuel de linguistique corse, edited by Stella Retali-Medori Manuel d¿étymologie lexicale romane, edited by Éva Buchi Manual of Discourse Markers in Romance, edited by Maj-Britt Mosegaard Hansen and Jacqueline Visconti Manuel de linguistique occitane, edited by Louise Esher and Jean Sibille Manual de lingüística asturiana, edited by Ana Maria Cano González Manual of Romance Forensic Linguistics, edited by Victoria Guillén-Nieto and Dieter Stein Manual of Romance Word Classes, edited by Anna-Maria De Cesare and Giampaolo Salvi

This manual will be a useful research tool for everyone interested in the Sardinian language and in Romance linguistics in general. It presents the first extensive overview of Sardinian linguistics. In addition to an introduction to the socio-historical background of the current linguistic situation in Sardinia, it provides diachronic and synchronic descriptions of the different Sardinian varieties and of the other idioms spoken on the island.

The series Manuals of Romance Linguistics (MRL) aims to present a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of Romance linguistics. It will comprise approximately 60 volumes that can either be consulted individually or used as a series of books providing a detailed overall picture of the current state of research in Romance linguistics. A special focus will be placed on the presentation and analysis of the smaller languages, the linguae minores, which the two older reference works of the discipline, Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (1988¿2005) and Romanische Sprachgeschichte (2003¿2008) did not discuss in detail, as well as on current research trends. A full list of volumes published or to appear shortly can be found under the tab "Volumes". Further volumes in planning: Manuel de linguistique roumaine, edited by Wolfgang Dahmen and Eugen Munteanu, vol. 9 Manual of Galician Linguistics, edited by Xulio Sousa and Ernesto González Seoane, vol. 19 Manuel des langues créoles à base française, edited by Philipp Krämer, Katrin Mutz, and Peter Stein Manual of Romance Morphology and Word Formation, edited by Philipp Burdy, Sarah Dessì Schmid, and Daniela Marzo Manual of Classification and Typology of the Romance Languages, edited by Matthias Heinz, Lorenzo Filipponio, and Marc-Olivier Hinzelin Manuel de linguistique corse, edited by Stella Retali-Medori Manuel d¿étymologie lexicale romane, edited by Éva Buchi Manual of Discourse Markers in Romance, edited by Maj-Britt Mosegaard Hansen and Jacqueline Visconti Manuel de linguistique occitane, edited by Louise Esher and Jean Sibille Manual de lingüística asturiana, edited by Ana Maria Cano González Manual of Romance Forensic Linguistics, edited by Victoria Guillén-Nieto and Dieter Stein Manual of Romance Word Classes, edited by Anna-Maria De Cesare and Giampaolo Salvi

This volume gives a detailed overview of the fundamentals of Romance linguistics. It deals with the history of Romance linguistics, lexicography and grammaticography, historical sources and text corpora, the history of the Romance languages and the Romana submersa as well as with Romance idioms of the Middle Ages and the state of the Romance languages today in a comparative perspective, and also takes into account Romance-based creoles.

The editors and authors hope that readers, regardless of their familiarity with Romance languages, will gain new insights into deixis in general, and into the similarities and differences between deictic structures among the languages of the world.