Bøger i NATO Challenges of Modern Soci serien

HighPerformance Polymers: Preparation and Polymerization of Macrocyclic Oligomers (D.J. Brunelle, T.L. Evans). Poly(Enaminonitriles) (J.A. Moore). Polymers for Electronic Applications: Cure Kinetics of Epoxy Cresol Novolac Encapsulant for Microelectronics Packaging (R.W. Biernath, D.S. Soane). Polypyrroles from Isoporous Alumina Membranes (R.P. Burford et al.). Nonlinear Optics: Nonlinear Optical Properties of New Dye Doped Photocrosslinkable Polymers (S. Tripathy et al.). NLO Device Structures from Polydiacetylenes (G.L. Baker). Polymers from Biological Sources: Genetic Engineering of Molecular and Supramolecular Structure in Polymers (D.A. Tirrell et al.). New Polymer Synthesis: Functionalized Polyolefins via Copolymerization of Borane Monomers in ZieglerNatta Process (T.C. Chung). 24 additional articles. Index.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established the "Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society" (CCMS) at the November 1969 meeting of the North Atlantic Council. The CCMS was charged with developing meaningful environmen­ tal and social programs that complement other international pro­ grams, and with showing leadership, first, in solution of exist­ ing problems and, second, in development of long-range goals for environmental protection in the NATO sphere of influence and in other countries as well. A first Pilot Study on Air Pollution was initiated by the CCMS at its inaugural meeting in December 1969. It resulted in documents about the definition of criteria for the effects of air pollutants as well as the development of assess­ ment methods for air quality in urban areas. A second Air Pollution Pilot Study (1975-1979) worked out the basics for setting up assessment methods for emissions inven­ tories, techniques for the practical application of meteorologi­ cal diffusion models as well as the development of guidelines for an Air Quality Management System (AQMS). Within this second Air Pollution Pilot Study attention to modelling concentrated on the Gaussian Plume Model. A third Pilot Study on Air Pollution Control Strategies and Impact Modelling then was initiated in 1979 and started in 1980.

This volume represents the findings of the six-year NATO CCMS pilot study on the use of remote sensing for the control of marine pollution, a joint study conducted by countries confronted by the problems that arise from the prevention of, and the fight against, deliberate and accidental oil spills. In 1976, when I submitted to the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society the draft of this pilot study, the use of remote sensing in the area covered by the project was still at the experimental research stage. Two years later, the Amoco Cadiz disaster occurring on the Brittany Coast gave ~he opportunity to demonstrate the important role that remote sensing could play in the fight against major oil spills. At the same time, many countries engaged in the fight against the deliberate discharge of oil from ships became aware of the po­ tential of remote sensing to help combat this type of illegal activity. Compiling this volume has afforded me the opportunity to re-read the papers that were presented at the workshops in Washington, D.C. and Paris, which were held April 1979 and October 1982, respectively. Not only is the material still of current interest, but also some recommendations expressed by the experts have already received international recognition. This applies, in particular, to the Isowake experiments, which were originated by the United States (U.S. Coast Guard) and the United Kingdom (Warren Spring Laboratory).

Putting together these Proceedings has afforded me the oppor­ tunity to re-read the papers which were presented last October here in Washington. In retrospect, the 1981 NATO/CCMS Symposium on Hazardous Waste Disposal maintains the impression of excellence expressed by the par­ ticipants at the actual event. The scope of the subject-matter and quality of its presentation indicate that we did attain the Sympos­ iums's objective--a comprehensive review of the international status of hazardous waste disposal. It is my hope that in your own evaluation of these proceedings, you will share my conviction that the Symposium--conceived three years ago, approved by the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study experts in Oslo in October 1980, and taking place a year later--was indeed worthwhile and that this record of its proceedings will be useful for many years to come. John P. Lehman Washington, D.C. Editor June 1982 v CONTENTS OPENING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . 1 Dr. John W. Hernandez, Jr.

In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization established the Committee on the Challenges of Hodern Society. Air Pollution was from the start one of the priority problems under study within the framework of the pilot studies undertaken by this Committee. The organization of a yearly symposium dealing with air pollution modeling and its application is one of the main activities within the pilot study in relation to air pollution. After being organized for five years by the United States and for five years by the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, repre­ sented by the Prime Minister's Office for Science Policy Programming, became responsible in 1980 for the organization of this symposium. This volume contains the papers presented at the 12th Interna­ tional Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Appli­ cation held at SRI International, Menlo Park, California in the USA from 25th to 28th August 1981. The meeting was jointly organized by the Prime Minister's Office for Science Policy Programming, Belgium and SRI International, USA. The conference was attended by 109 participants and 51 papers have been presented. The members of the selection committee of the 12th I.T.M. were A. Berger (Chair­ man, Belgium), W. Klug (Federal Republic of Germany), L.E. Niemeyer (United States of America), L. Santomauro (Italy), J. Tikvart (United States of America), M.L. Williams (United Kingdom), H. Van Dop (The Netherlands), C. De Wispelaere (Coordinator, Belgium).

1. Background and Introduction.- 1.1 The Problem.- 1.2 Concepts and Definitions.- 1.3 Research Activities.- 1.4 Status of Reuse Practice.- 1.5 Scope and Organization of this Book.- 1.6 References.- 2. Managerial Guidelines.- 2.1 Managerial Issues and Approaches.- 2.1.1 Organizational Management and Structure.- 2.1.2 Organizational Behavior.- 2.1.3 Contractual and Legal Considerations.- 2.1.4 Financial Considerations.- 2.1.5 Case Study: Reuse Program at Hartford Insurance Group.- 2.2 Software Development and Maintenance Incorporating Reuse.- 2.2.1 The Software Process.- 2.2.2 Life-Cycle Models.- 2.2.3 A Generic Reuse/Reusability Model.- 2.2.4 Establishing a Process.- 2.2.5 Case Study: JIAWG Reuse-Based Process Plan.- 2.3 References.- 3. Technical Guidelines.- 3.1 Domain Analysis.- 3.1.1 Overview.- 3.1.2 Case Study: The Domain Analysis Project at Software Engineering Institute (SEI).- 3.2 Creating Reusable Components.- 3.2.1 Spanning the Life Cycle.- 3.2.2 Requirements and Designs.- 3.2.2.1 Overview.- 3.2.2.2 Object-Oriented Approaches.- 3.2.3 Code Components.- 3.2.3.1 Code Component Structures.- 3.2.3.2 Programming Style.- 3.2.4 Component Quality.- 3.2.5 Classifying and Storing Components.- 3.2.6 Case Study: A Design Study of Telephony Software at Ericsson Telecom.- 3.3 Reusing Components.- 3.3.1 Cognitive Aspects.- 3.3.2 Searching and Retrieving.- 3.3.3 Understanding and Assessing Components.- 3.3.4 Adapting Components.- 3.3.5 Composition of Code Components.- 3.3.6 Case Study: A Quantitative Study of Spacecraft Control Software Reuse at GSFC.- 3.3.7 Case Study: The Reusable Software Library (RSL) at Intermetrics, Inc..- 3.4 Tools and Environments.- 3.5 References.- 4. Getting Started.- 4.1 Discussion.- 4.2 A Phased Approach.- 4.3 References.- Appendix A: Collected Guidelines.- Appendix B: Guidelines for Reusable Ada Code.