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Laws of Form is a seminal work in foundations of logic, mathematics and philosophy published by G Spencer-Brown in 1969. The book provides a new point of view on form and the role of distinction, markedness and the absence of distinction (the unmarked state) in the construction of any universe. A conference was held August 8-10, 2019 at the Old Library, Liverpool University, 19 Abercromby Square, L697ZN, UK to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of Laws of Form and to remember George Spencer-Brown, its author. The book is a collection of papers introducing and extending Laws of Form written primarily by people who attended the conference in 2019.

It is not uncommon for the Principle of Complementarity to be invoked in either Science or Philosophy, viz. the ancient oriental philosophy of Yin and Yang whose symbolic representation is portrayed on the cover of the book. Or Niels Bohr's use of it as the basis for the so-called Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. This book arose as an outgrowth of the author's previous book entitled "Knots, Braids and Moebius Strips," published by World Scientific in 2015, wherein the Principle itself was discovered to be expressible as a simple 2x2 matrix that summarizes the algebraic essence of both the well-known Microbiology of DNA and the author's version of the elementary particles of physics. At that point, the possibility of an even wider utilization of that expression of Complementarity arose.The current book, features Complementarity, in which the matrix algebra is extended to characterize not only DNA itself but the well-known process of its replication, a most gratifying outcome. The book then goes on to explore Complementarity, with and without its matrix expression, as it occurs, not only in much of physics but in its extension to cosmology as well.

Traditionally, knot theory deals with diagrams of knots and the search of invariants of diagrams which are invariant under the well known Reidemeister moves. This book goes one step beyond: it gives a method to construct invariants for one parameter famillies of diagrams and which are invariant under "higher" Reidemeister moves. Luckily, knots in 3-space, often called classical knots, can be transformed into knots in the solid torus without loss of information. It turns out that knots in the solid torus have a particular rich topological moduli space. It contains many "canonical" loops to which the invariants for one parameter families can be applied, in order to get a new sort of invariants for classical knots.

Volume III is the third part of the 3-volume book Mathematics of Harmony as a New Interdisciplinary Direction and "Golden" Paradigm of Modern Science. "Mathematics of Harmony" rises in its origin to the "harmonic ideas" of Pythagoras, Plato and Euclid, this 3-volume book aims to promote more deep understanding of ancient conception of the "Universe Harmony," the main conception of ancient Greek science, and implementation of this conception to modern science and education.This 3-volume book is a result of the authors' research in the field of Fibonacci numbers and the Golden Section and their applications. It provides a broad introduction to the fascinating and beautiful subject of the "Mathematics of Harmony," a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. This direction has many unexpected applications in contemporary mathematics (a new approach to a history of mathematics, the generalized Fibonacci numbers and the generalized golden proportions, the generalized Binet's formulas), theoretical physics (new hyperbolic models of Nature) and computer science (algorithmic measurement theory, number systems with irrational bases, Fibonacci computers, ternary mirror-symmetrical arithmetic).The books are intended for a wide audience including mathematics teachers of high schools, students of colleges and universities and scientists in the field of mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science. The book may be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in mathematics and computer science.

Volume II is the second part of the 3-volume book Mathematics of Harmony as a New Interdisciplinary Direction and "Golden" Paradigm of Modern Science. "Mathematics of Harmony" rises in its origin to the "harmonic ideas" of Pythagoras, Plato and Euclid, this 3-volume book aims to promote more deep understanding of ancient conception of the "Universe Harmony," the main conception of ancient Greek science, and implementation of this conception to modern science and education.This 3-volume book is a result of the authors' research in the field of Fibonacci numbers and the Golden Section and their applications. It provides a broad introduction to the fascinating and beautiful subject of the "Mathematics of Harmony," a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. This direction has many unexpected applications in contemporary mathematics (a new approach to a history of mathematics, the generalized Fibonacci numbers and the generalized golden proportions, the generalized Binet's formulas), theoretical physics (new hyperbolic models of Nature) and computer science (algorithmic measurement theory, number systems with irrational bases, Fibonacci computers, ternary mirror-symmetrical arithmetic).The books are intended for a wide audience including mathematics teachers of high schools, students of colleges and universities and scientists in the field of mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science. The book may be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in mathematics and computer science.

Volume I is the first part of the 3-volume book Mathematics of Harmony as a New Interdisciplinary Direction and "Golden" Paradigm of Modern Science. "Mathematics of Harmony" rises in its origin to the "harmonic ideas" of Pythagoras, Plato and Euclid, this 3-volume book aims to promote more deep understanding of ancient conception of the "Universe Harmony," the main conception of ancient Greek science, and implementation of this conception to modern science and education.This 3-volume book is a result of the authors' research in the field of Fibonacci numbers and the Golden Section and their applications. It provides a broad introduction to the fascinating and beautiful subject of the "Mathematics of Harmony," a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. This direction has many unexpected applications in contemporary mathematics (a new approach to a history of mathematics, the generalized Fibonacci numbers and the generalized golden proportions, the generalized Binet's formulas), theoretical physics (new hyperbolic models of Nature) and computer science (algorithmic measurement theory, number systems with irrational bases, Fibonacci computers, ternary mirror-symmetrical arithmetic).The books are intended for a wide audience including mathematics teachers of high schools, students of colleges and universities and scientists in the field of mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science. The book may be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in mathematics and computer science.

Provides an introduction to knot and link invariants as generalized amplitudes for a quasi-physical process. This title covers frictional properties of knots, relations with combinatorics, and knots in dynamical systems. It includes articles Khovanov Homology.

A collection of essays that stand on their own but are also connected. Part I examines how numbers and geometry arise in nature and several cultural contexts. Part II shows how many of the same numbers and number sequences are related to the study of numbers, dynamical systems, chaos and fractals.

Offers a different way of thinking about two significant problems confronting modern theoretical physics: the unification of the forces of nature and the evolution of the universe. In bringing out the inadequacies of the prevailing approach to these questions, this book demonstrates the need for more than just a different theory.

These pictures illustrate standard examples in low dimensional topology. The text starts at the most basic level (the intersection of coordinate planes) and gives hands-on constructions of some beautiful examples in topology, including Poincare's example of a homology sphere, and knotted surfaces.

A comprehensive reference in design science, bringing together material from the areas of proportion in architecture and design, tilings and patterns, polyhedra, and symmetry. The book presents both theory and practice and has more than 750 illustrations.

The first volume, Geometry, Language and Strategy, extended the concepts of Game Theory, replacing static equilibrium with a deterministic dynamic theory.

In this richly illustrated book, the contributors describe the Mereon Matrix, its dynamic geometry and topology. Through the definition of eleven First Principles, it offers a new perspective on dynamic, whole and sustainable systems that may serve as a template information model. This template has been applied to a set of knowledge domains for verification purposes: pre-life-evolution, human molecular genetics and biological evolution, as well as one social application on classroom management.The importance of the book comes in the following ways:The dynamics of the geometry unites all Platonic and Kepler Solids into one united structure and creates 11 unique trefoil knots. Its topology is directly related to the dynamics of the polyhedra.The Mereon Matrix is an approach to the unification of knowledge that relies on whole systems modelling. it is a framework charting the emergence of the Platonic and Kepler solids in a sequential, emergent growth process that describes a non-linear whole system, and includes a process of 'breathing' as well as multiplying ('birthing');This dynamic/kinematic structure provides insight and a new approach to General Systems Theory and non-linear science, evolving through a new approach to polyhedral geometry. A set of 11 First Principles is derived from the structure, topology and dynamics of the Mereon Matrix, which serve well as a template information model.The Mereon Matrix is related to a large number of systems, physical, mathematical, and philosophical, and in linking these systems, provides access to new relationships among them by combining geometry with process thinking. The new perspective on systems is hypothesized as universal — this is, applicable in all areas of science, natural and social. Such applicability has been demonstrated for applications as diverse as pre-life evolution, biological evolution and human molecular genetics, as well as a classroom management system for the educational system.Care has been taken to use images and languaging that are understandable across domains, connecting diverse disciplines, while making this complex system easily accessible.

In almost 60 articles this book reviews the current state of second-order cybernetics and investigates which new research methods second-order cybernetics can offer to tackle wicked problems in science and in society. The contributions explore its application to both scientific fields (such as mathematics, psychology and consciousness research) and non-scientific ones (such as design theory and theater science). The book uses a pluralistic, multifaceted approach to discuss these applications: Each main article is accompanied by several commentaries and author responses, which together allow the reader to discover further perspectives than in the original article alone. This procedure shows that second-order cybernetics is already on its way to becoming an idea shared by many researchers in a variety of disciplines.

This book provides an introduction to the beautiful and deep subject of filling Dehn surfaces in the study of topological 3-manifolds. This book presents, for the first time in English and with all the details, the results from the PhD thesis of the first author, together with some more recent results in the subject. It also presents some key ideas on how these techniques could be used on other subjects.Representing 3-Manifolds by Filling Dehn Surfaces is mostly self-contained requiring only basic knowledge on topology and homotopy theory. The complete and detailed proofs are illustrated with a set of more than 600 spectacular pictures, in the tradition of low-dimensional topology books. It is a basic reference for researchers in the area, but it can also be used as an advanced textbook for graduate students or even for adventurous undergraduates in mathematics. The book uses topological and combinatorial tools developed throughout the twentieth century making the volume a trip along the history of low-dimensional topology.

This book shows how the ADE Coxeter graphs unify at least 20 different types of mathematical structures. These mathematical structures are of great utility in unified field theory, string theory, and other areas of physics.

Elementary particles in this book exist as Solitons in-and-of the fabric of spacetime itself. As such they are characterized by their geometry, that is their topology and configuration which lead directly to their physical attributes and behavior as well as to a simplification and reduction of assumptions and the importation of parameter values.

This book consists of a selection of articles devoted to new ideas and developments in low dimensional topology. Low dimensions refer to dimensions three and four for the topology of manifolds and their submanifolds. Thus we have papers related to both manifolds and to knotted submanifolds of dimension one in three (classical knot theory) and two in four (surfaces in four dimensional spaces). Some of the work involves virtual knot theory where the knots are abstractions of classical knots but can be represented by knots embedded in surfaces. This leads both to new interactions with classical topology and to new interactions with essential combinatorics.

This text brings together 20 essays on diverse topics in the history and science of knots. It is divided into five parts, which deal respectively with knots in prehistory and antiquity, non-European traditions, working knots, the developing science of knots, and decorative knots.

Serves as a reference on links and on the invariants derived via algebraic topology from covering spaces of link exteriors. This second edition introduces two new chapters - twisted polynomial invariants and singularities of plane curves. Each replaces brief sketches in the first edition.

Provides a comprehensive study of virtual knots and classical knots. This title presents the advanced achievements in virtual knot theory including Khovanov homology theory and parity theory due to V O Manturov and graph-link theory.

Presents a summary of the results of a research project on discreteness in modern physics. This book argues that in contrast with the expectation that discreteness is the result of mathematical tools for insertion into a continuous theory, this basic treatment builds up the world from the discrimination of discrete entities.

Based on Einstein's static universe model, this work presents technically viable alternative interpretations to all pillars of Big Bang cosmology in the context of a new 'continuous-state' cosmological paradigm able to elucidate many contemporary problems plaguing the standard model of particle physics.

The physical properties of knotted and linked configurations in space have long been of interest to mathematicians. More recently, these properties have become significant to biologists, physicists, and engineers among others. Their depth of importance and breadth of application are now widely appreciated and valuable progress continues to be made each year. This volume presents several contributions from researchers using computers to study problems that would otherwise be intractable. While computations have long been used to analyze problems, formulate conjectures, and search for special structures in knot theory, increased computational power has made them a staple in many facets of the field. The volume also includes contributions concentrating on models researchers use to understand knotting, linking, and entanglement in physical and biological systems. Topics include properties of knot invariants, knot tabulation, studies of hyperbolic structures, knot energies, the exploration

- Introduces the concept of bipolar feedback, a mathematical and natural process that generates bios, a pattern beyond chaos- Demonstrates biotic patterns in cosmological, physiological, meteorological, and economic processes- Introduces new methods for time series analysis, and includes programs for them- Proposes a research program based on the concept of creative development as an alternative to deterministic and random models- Advances a new theory of biological evolution