Bøger i The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project serien

Dette er en unik bog, en levende øjenvidneberetning om livet hos et ukendt jægerfolk i Chad. Det er et pionerværk, som ikke blot skildrer en spændende kultur og sætter denne ind i en bred historisk og samfundsmæssig sammenhæng, men er og vil forblive at være det eneste værk baseret på et antropologisk studie af et levende jægersamfund i hele Nord- og Vestafrika.Da den unge antropolog Ida Nicolaisen i 1963 drog til Chad med sin mand, nu afdøde professor Johannes Nicolaisen var det for at søge at finde Haddad-folket, som var sporadisk omtalt af franske administratorer. Det lykkedes. De fandt Haddad som levede i små grupper på de vidtstrakte stepper og i udkanten af Sahara øst og nord for Chadsøen. Det var hjertevarme mennesker, trods deres barske livsbetingelser. For Haddad blev foragtet og forfulgt af omboende folk og forhindret aktivt i at følge deres traditionelle livsform. Derfor undgik de kontakt og søgte et liv i ubemærkethed.Rejsen var tænkt som et pilotstudie, men der udbrød borgerkrig under opholdet. Den sociale uro fortsatte i mange år ligesom i det tilgrænsende Darfur. Det gjorde videre forskning umulig og ægteparret kom aldrig tilbage til Chad. Heller ikke andre har siden skrevet om Haddad-folket.

The Lur nomads live in Luristan in the west of modern Iran. Two Danish scholars, Carl Gunnar Feilberg and Lennart Edelberg, visited this region in 1935 and 1964 respectively, and assembled two valuable ethnographic collections which provide a remarkable perspective over time on the historical transformation of Lur nomadism at a critical time when the sedentarization of these people was gathering momentum. Nomads of Luristan is a product of The Carlsberg Foundation’s Nomad Research Project, which draws on the rich Middle Eastern and Central Asian ethnographic collections of the National Museum of Denmark, as well as on recent social and cultural anthropological studies of nomadic groups in Afghanistan, the Persian Gulf and North Africa. This volume discusses Lur material culture and practices within the wider social, political and administrative setting which historically allowed nomadism to flourish but, in the end, curbed it. Theories linking modern pastoral nomadism in this area with ancient forms of life are critically evaluated in the light of recent archaeological data from the Zagros, a cradle of early agriculture and domestication of sheep and goats. A generously illustrated descriptive catalogue presents the collections grouped under subject headings with short introductions: Settlements - Shrines and Cemeteries - Transport - Domestic Animals - Hunting - Agriculture - Furniture and Household Equipment - Cooking and Food Storage - Weaving: Preparation and Fabrication - Tools for the Preparation of Skin, Wood and Metal - Dress and Personal Equipment - Musical Instruments. The Lur perpetuated ancient nomadic ways in a region which first saw their development out of pre-historic hunter-gatherer subsistence. Here is a fully documented record of their material legacy. This book also contains: Appendix I: A note on the Pedigree of the valis of Luristan. Appendix II: A Typology of Textile Techniques in Luristan. Bibliography and Index.Published in 1993 in the series The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. Hardcover with dust jacket. 414 pages. 506 illustrations - 46 in colour - and 3 maps (Luristan - The Hulailan valley - Bala Gariveh).Inge Demant Mortensen is a Research Fellow at the Department of Ethnography at the Prehistoric Museum, Moesgaard, Denmark. She has conducted extensive research on the Lur in western Iran.

Popularly known as the ‘blue people’, the pastoral Tuareg have for centuries carved a living in the heart of the Sahara and on the vast plains of the Sahel. Unwilling to accept the political authority of others they first fought the French and now claim their right to self-determination in Niger, Mali and Algeria. Few have known these nomads better than the anthropologist Johannes Nicolaisen, who in part with his wife and fellow anthropologist, Ida Nicolaisen, shared his life with them in their tiny camps and followed them on camel’s back on long caravan journeys for more than three years between 1951 and 1972. Here is a unique contribution to our understanding of the culture and society of the pastoral Tuareg. The first volume offers a sensitive analysis of Tuareg everyday life and the intricacies of their pastoralism. It explores how various Tuareg tribes cope with the environment, their knowledge and practices of stock-breeding, from the use of fodder plants and veterinary methods to magic. It demonstrates how the Tuareg organize their work and camps, and describes other activities pertinent to their substance: hunting, collecting, agriculture and caravan trading. Subsequent chapters analyse Tuareg food habits, crafts, and dress codes. On the basis of this copious material the book takes a critical stand on ethnological theories on the cultural history of North Africa. The last chapter offers an extensive expose on the rich variation in tents and other dwellings. The second volume focuses on the fascinating complexity of Tuareg social life: the origin and workings of the traditional political systems of various Tuareg tribes, the delicate relations between noble and vassal Tuareg, and the economic and social importance of slavery. It devotes itself to Tuareg perceptions of kinship and their intricate rules of avoidance and joking behavior, including their customs of veiling, traditions of matrilineal and patrilineal succession and inheritance practices, as well as analyses of women’s roles, Tuareg marriage preferences, sexual behaviour and wedding ceremonies. The concluding chapter discusses the emergence and specific characteristics of modern Tuareg culture and pastoralism in the light of available historical sources and current theories on the early domestication of livestock and ancient patterns of subsistence. On the basis of this wealth of data the authors significantly broaden our understanding of the ongoing transformation of Tuareg social life and the history of pastoral nomadism. Contents: The Tuareg – Environment – Stock-breeding – Rationality, customs, and beliefs in stock-breeding – Social aspects of stock-breeding – Hunting – Collecting – Agriculture – Caravan trading – Food preparation – Crafts – Dress – Tuareg culture, history, and African culture complexes – Tuareg dwelling types – Political systems of pastoral Tuareg – Tuareg slavery – Kin and kinship – Kinship behavior – Succession and inheritance – Women’s lives: Work, rights, and influence – Marriage: Preferences, deliberations, and ceremonies – Diffusion and function in social organization – Conclusion - Appendix I: Tuareg time reckoning – Appendix II: Fodder plants of Ahaggar – Résumé en Français – Bibliography – General index – List of authorities – Glossary of Tuareg words – General vocabulary – Social and political groups – Geographical names – Personal names. Published in 1997 in the series The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. 2 volumes, hardcover with dust jacket. 878 pages. 400 illustrations – 200 in colour – and 3 maps. Johannes Nicolaisen (1921-1980) was professor of anthropology at the University of Copenhagen. He received his M.Sc. in 1950 and D.Phil. in 1964 in Copenhagen having spent two years at University College London. Johannes Nicolaisen did field research among a range of pastoral peoples: the Same of Northern Scandinavia. Arab Bedouin in Algeria, and in particular the Tuareg of the Sahara and Sahel. He later studied the nomadic Haddad of Tchad, the Negritos of the Philippines, and the Penan of Borneo. His works include Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg (1963), two books on the history and methods of anthropology, and numerous articles on the Tuareg and the Penan. Ida Nicolaisen (b. 1940) is associate professor at the University of Copenhagen. She did fieldwork first among the Tuareg and wrote her M.A. thesis on Tuareg slavery. She studied the Haddad of Tchad with Johannes Nicolaisen, before she turned her interest toward the Punan Bah of Central Borneo. She has done extensive studies of this society, returning repeatedly to the field over the past twenty-five years. Ida Nicolaisen has written on a broad range of anthropological issues, in particular on the culture and socio-economic transformation of the Punan Bah. She has worked as a consultant on environmental and social development projects in Mauretania, Senegal, Niger, Somalia, and Ethiopia for the Danish Development Agency and WWF.

In the 1890s, the Danish lieutenant Ole Olufsen set out to lead two expeditions to Tsarist Central Asia. Exploring areas that were still blank on European and Russian maps, the participants spent more than a year travelling on horseback in the Pamirs and adjacent valleys bordering Afghanistan, China, and British India. Among mountain peaks reaching as high as 8000 metres, they lived with Kyrgyz nomads who carved out an existence for themselves above the tree line with their sheep, goats and yaks. Travelling along the right-hand side of the river Pandsh, they were the first Europeans to collect ethnographical information on the transhumant pastoralists in the elevated valleys bordering Afghanistan. On the steppes of the western lowlands, the Danish expeditions stopped in Samarkand, Khiva and Bukhara, commercial hubs on the old Silk Road. As official guests of both the emir of Bukhara and the khan of Khiva, they studied the handicrafts of the bazaars and the irrigation agriculture practiced by the Tajiks and Uzbeks. On visits to Merv they also spent time with Turkmen nomadic tribes who had only recently been fighting the Russian colonial power. Esther Fihl offers an in-depth study of these Danish expeditions and presents the magnificent collection of objects brought back to the National Museum of Denmark. Drawing on diaries, reports and published works and a scrutiny of the guiding principles for their collecting of objects, she demonstrates how these explorers portrayed the cultures encountered. A key aspect in her presentation of the ethnographical collection is the description of the Danish cultural and academic setting. She shows how the portrayals made by the Danish explorers reflect their own cultural perceptions and values, as well as the practical circumstances under which these representations were produced in Central Asia. This work is a treasure for anyone interested in Central Asia, early anthropological theory, material culture, or European travel literature. Contents: Written sources and beyond – The Danish setting in the 1890s – Travelling on a museum assignment – Collecting objects – The museum life of the objects – Kyrgyz nomads in the Pamirs – Catalogue – Agropastoralists in Vakhan – Catalogue – Turkmen nomads in Merv – Catalogue – The Khanate of Khiva – Catalogue – The Emirate of Bukhara and the Russian-controlled part of Turkestan - Catalogue – Representations of Central Asia – Conclusion – Appendix I: List of museum register numbers – Appendix II: Technical terms and materials – Russian summary – Bibliography – Unpublished documents – General index – Index of personal names and authorities – Geographical index. Published in 2002 in the series The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. 2 volumes, hardcover with dust jacket. 736 pages. 515 illustrations – 165 in colour – and 12 maps (e.g.: Key to the maps in vol. I-II, Olufsen’s maps of the Alitshur Pamir, Merv oasis, Khanate of Khiva, Emirate of Bukhara, Political sketch of Central Asia in the late 19th century, Travel route of the two Danish expeditions, A sketch of the culture-geographical areas established by Olufsen through his collecting of objects on the two Danish expeditions) Esther Fihl (born 1953) is professor emeritus at the University of Copenhagen. Before focusing on the study of colonial history of Central Asia, she specialized in India and did anthropological fieldwork among Tamil fishermen in the former Danish colony Tranquebar. For a Scandinavian audience, Esther Fihl has published extensively on Danish travel literature and colonial encounters in different parts of the world in the 17th to 19th century. She is an appointed member of the Danish Research Council for the Humanities.

Known as ‘the land of the nomads’, Afghanistan has for centuries had a large and thriving nomad population which has played a considerable role in the country’s political and economic development. The Zala Khân Khêl, a branch of the major Afghan nomadic tribe the Ahmadzai, are pastoral nomads who for hundreds of years have migrated between the highlands of Afghanistan and the lowlands of the Indus valley in search of pasture. Every autumn and spring these caravans of nomads, their flocks of sheep and goats, their families, and all their possessions are on the move, travelling up to 500 kilometres each way. Afghan Nomads in Transition traces the history of the Zala Khân Khêl from the end of the last century to the present day. Based on field data collected by the author during periods when he lived and worked closely with the people themselves, the book presents a detailed study of the Zala Khân Khêl in relation to the politics and economy of the country as a whole. Following a brief history and geographical description of Afghanistan, the author examines every aspect of their way of life – their genealogy and identity, the infrastructure of their society, the patterns of their migration, their transport, their tents and shelters, and the lands they choose to adopt. He shows how their livelihood as nomads has developed and changed dramatically in an interaction with the larger tribal and state society of which they are part, and describes the intricate processes through which this way of life has adapted itself to modern society. With its outstanding photographs, Afghan Nomads in Transition is a rewardingly full and informative account of a fascination body of people, providing a greater understanding of nomadism and its changing position in the modern world. The book also contains: Bibliography, Glossary, Index and Index of Authors.Published in 1994 in the series The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. Hardcover with dust jacket. 268 pages. 156 illustrations – 70 in colour - and 8 maps (e.g.: Physical map of Afghanistan, migration routes, summer pastures, ethnic groups, refugee camps in North-West Frontier Province of Afghanistan). This book is tightly connected with the works of Birthe Frederiksen (Caravans and Trade in Afghanistan: The Changing Life of the Nomadic Hazarbuz, 1995) and Klaus Ferdinand (Afghan Nomads. Caravans, conflicts and trade in Afghanistan and British India, 2006). See also: Asta Olesen: Afghan Craftsmen. The Cultures of Three Itinerant Communities, 1994. All published in the series The Carlsberg Foundation’s Nomad Research Project. Gorm Pedersen is a social anthropologist. He has spent time with pastoral nomads as well as settled people in Afghanistan during 1975-1976 and 1978, and with refugees in Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s.

The Hazarbuz is a sub-group of the Pashtun Mohmand engaged in caravan trading in East Afghanistan along the route to Turkestan which for centuries has been linked to the Silk Road, the age-old connection between the Orient and the Occident. The book traces the socio-economic and political transformation of Hazarbuz community over the past century. It describes the successive changes from a pastoral way of life to a settled existence in bazaars in Afghanistan and lately in crowded refugee camps in Pakistan, where many Hazarbuz went in exile after 1979. The analysis is based on the author’s field data and the scanty literary sources. The work discusses the historical factors which partly encouraged and partly forced the nomads to engage in transport activities with their camels and, from the 1920s, to turn to trade. While the Hazarbuz exported a variety of products from Afghanistan to the Indus lowland, their main source of income has come from the import and sale of tea in the northern regions of Afghanistan. The transformation of Hazarbuz pastoral economy is analyzed within the wider context of cultural and political change and with particular attention to kinship ideologies, social organization, and notions of solidarity. The book also contains: Appendix: Fieldwork among the Hazarbuz, Bibliography, Glossary and Index. Published in 1995 in the series The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. Hardcover with dust jacket. 294 pages. 184 illustrations – 86 in colour - and 9 maps (e.g.: distribution of ethnic groups, Hazarbuz migration routes between winter and summer areas, Hazarbuz caravan routes). This book is tightly connected with the works of Gorm Pedersen (Afghan Nomads in Transition: A Century of Change Among the Zala Khân Khêl, 1994) and Klaus Ferdinand (Afghan Nomads. Caravans, conflicts and trade in Afghanistan and British India, 2006). See also: Asta Olesen: Afghan Craftsmen. The Cultures of Three Itinerant Communities, 1994. All published in the series The Carlsberg Foundation’s Nomad Research Project. Birthe Frederiksen is a social anthropologist. She did fieldwork among pastoral nomads and bazaar merchants in Afghanistan in 1975 and resumed her work among the very same people in the refugee camps in Pakistan in 1988.

Asta Olesen lived amongst and studied nomadic craftsmen in Afghanistan. Occupational specialization among ethnic groups is a significant but largely neglected aspect of rural life in this country. A myriad of communities of artisans, tradesmen, and entertainers, each forming a largely endegamous descent group, lead an either settled, nomadic or semi-nomadic way of life. In her book Asta Olesen describes the life and work of the migrating Musalli threshers, Shaykh Mohammadi pedlars and Ghorbat sievemakers, their historical backgrounds and relations with settled peasants, merchants, and other town’s people. While the Musallis are of Indian and the Ghorbat presumably of Iranian origin, and both form occupationally specialized descent groups, the Shaykh Mohammadi have emerged as a spiritual community in Afghanistan, which over time has absorbed various unrelated occupational groups. With their flourishing myths and legends, typical of the general West Asian religious folklore, the three communities draw on Sufi inspiration for the organization of their craft guilds, a fact which so far has been little explored in Afghanistan. This book also contains: Appendix: The Kesb Nāma (Professional book of Potters, Blacksmiths, Carpenters, Barbers, Laundrymen and Dyers. An abridged translation from Pashto by the interpreter Mohammad Azim Safi). Musalli Myth, Shaykh Mohammadi Myth and Ghorbat Myths and Legends. Bibliography, Glossary and Index. Published in 1994 in the series The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. Hardcover with dust jacket. 328 pages. 173 illustrations – 100 in colour - and 7 maps (e.g.: Physical map of Afghanistan, Location of Musallis in Laghman, Musalli areas around Kabul, Shaykh Mohammadi’s Fields of Operation, historical dispersion of Ghorbat, seasonal migrations of Qāsem Khēl). See also: Gorm Pedersen: Afghan Nomads in Transition: A Century of Change Among the Zala Khân Khêl, 1994, Birthe Frederiksen: Caravans and Trade in Afghanistan: The Changing Life of the Nomadic Hazarbuz, 1995, and Klaus Ferdinand: Afghan Nomads. Caravans, conflicts and trade in Afghanistan and British India, 2006 – all published in the series The Carlsberg Foundation’s Nomad Research Project. Asta Olesen is a senior lecturer of anthropology at Copenhagen University. She has done extensive fieldwork in Afghanistan during the years 1975-1979 among itinerant craftsmen.

The nomads of Tibet inhabit the vast elevated uplands of innermost Asia, pitching their tents on the Chang Tang plateau between the Himalayas on the South and the Gobi Desert in the North. This region, remote even by Asian standards, was long closed to the outside world, its approaches guarded by high ramparts of snow-covered ranges, inhospitable deserts, and the fiercely independent Tibetan people. The few western travellers who reached Tibet in the 18th and 19th centuries wrote brief accounts of the nomads, but little of substance was known about Tibetan nomadism until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first detailed studies were not carried out until the 1930s. The Third Danish Expedition to Central Asia (1947-1955), led initially by Henning Haslund-Christensen, was an ambitious undertaking which put scientists in the field in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India for extended periods of fieldwork. The plan included a move on to China and Mongolia in 1949 for two years of further fieldwork, but Haslund-Christensen died in Kabul in September 1948 and the Chinese invaded Tibet in the Autumn of 1950, putting an end to all field studies in those areas for years to come. One of the members of the Third Danish Expedition was the anthropologist HRH Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark. Prevented from proceeding to China by the rapidly unfolding political events there, he established a base in Northern India from which he could continue his studies of Tibet and where he could acquire collections for the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. It is largely thanks to Prince Peter’s efforts that today the Museum contains one of Europe’s largest and finest collections of Tibetan arts and crafts. These, together with the Museum’s Tibetan artefacts from other sources, are catalogued in this present volume. This book is, however, much more than an illustrated catalogue; it provides an account of a nomadic way of life which has existed in the high-altitude grasslands of Tibet for centuries and shows how these pastoralists survive in this hostile environment by livestock herding and trade. Drawing on the observations of travellers and anthropologists over the past 100 years, it shows the complex social and economic relationships and technical skills which are necessary for survival on the roof of the world. Contents: The land of the Tibetans – High altitude pastoralism and the pastoral nomad economy – Domestic production – Craftwork, tent-making and domestic artefacts – Caravan trade and transport – Riding accoutrements and accessories – Agricultural implements – Equipment for livestock – Weapons, hunting equipment, and armour – Costumes and accessories – Jewellery – dZi beads – Other personal accessories – Tibetan Buddhist images (by Schuyler Camman) with annotations by Schuyler Jones – Other religious objects and related materials – Musical instruments: Temple and lamasery – Appendix: Symbols used on Buddhist objects – Bibliography – Index. Published in 1996 in the series The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. Hardcover with dust jacket. 464 pages. 283 illustrations – 109 in colour – and a map of Tibet. Schuyler Jones, Director of the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, is a distinguished anthropologist who has carried out extensive field research in Central Asia. He has written numerous scholarly articles for publications ranging from the National Geographic magazine to The Journal of Afghan Studies.

The book’s perspective is both historical and contemporary ethnographic, with the intention of describing and explaining development trends that Afghan pastoral nomads have been through in the period 1800-1980. The study of Afghan nomads as part of nomad research in general is the first issue covered in Part I. Then we look at Pashtun pastoral forms of life, as they exist in the East Afghan migrational area, which serves as a comparison for the following description and analysis of the transformation processes in which nomads were part in British India and Afghanistan in the 19th and 20th centuries. The traditional forms of life and society of the Hazara are presented in Part II, including their isolation in the 19th century, forming the background to their encounter with the Pashtun nomads after Amir Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901) had conquered their territory. This encounter developed through neighbourship trade and trade caravaneering activities as well as state interventions leading to the economic dominance of the Pashtun nomads and the ‘internal colonisation’ of the Hazara area. There were no changes to this situation until the popular uprising against the revolutionary rule in 1978, following which the Pashtun nomads were kept out for almost two decades. Part III concerns the increased caravaneering activities of the Pashtun nomads starting with the tribal caravans between the Indus area and East Afghanistan from around 1800 and the later successive establishment of temporary nomadic bazaars in the Hazara area and among the Aimaq and western Pashtun nomads, who are presented in further detail. The establishment, development, decline, and demise of the bazaars after government interventions are given specific attention, as is the trade with surplus animals as well as the wholesale and retail trade of Pakistani and Afghan goods. Part IV describes the large nomad bazaars: the Kerman bazaar in western Hazarajat, Central Afghanistan, where it could be reached from all parts of the country, and the new bazaars in the Aimaq area: the Abul bazaar, the Gomao bazaar, the Charas bazaar, the livestock market and the urban bazaar of Chaghcharan (Kasi), the Taywara bazaar and the Shahrak bazaar. Two smaller bazaars, Shurwa and Chashma-I Sakina, are also described here. Part V looks at the situation among the Pashtun nomads in British India until the partition in 1947 and how these people adapted to changed life conditions, especially through cloth-hawking and money-lending in marginalized areas, exemplifying how Pashtun nomads used their flexibility to exploit opportunities in the surrounding society. Finally, Part VI offers a summary of the relationship between the nomads and the state, first in British India/Pakistan and then in Afghanistan. This is followed by a general summary of the described development processes in which the nomads were the main agents. An epilogue deals with the situation of the nomads after 1980, until the fall of the Taliban government in 2001. The book also contains: Appendix I: Pashtun groups – an overview, Appendix II: Roads and caravanserais, Appendix III: Danish anthropology in Afghanistan 1953-1977, Bibliography, Glossary, General index and Index of personal names and authorities. Published in 2006 in the series The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. Hardcover with dust jacket. 512 pages. 276 illustrations – 92 in colour - and 16 maps (e.g.: ethnic and linguistic distribution, caravan routes, winter distribution, spring migrations).This book is tightly connected with the works of Gorm Pedersen (Afghan Nomads in Transition: A Century of Change Among the Zala Khân Khêl, 1994) and Birthe Frederiksen (Caravans and Trade in Afghanistan: The Changing Life of the Nomadic Hazarbuz, 1995). See also: Asta Olesen: Afghan Craftsmen. The Cultures of Three Itinerant Communities. All published in the series The Carlsberg Foundation’s Nomad Research Project.Klaus Ferdinand (1926-2005) was associate Professor of Anthropology at Aarhus University and Head of the Ethnographis Department at the Moesgaard Museum. He carried out fieldwork in East and Central Afghanistan during extended periods of time between 1953 and 1983. His research interests were Aimaq and Pashtun pastoralism and caravan trading, as well as Hazara culture.