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Automorphic forms are an important complex analytic tool in number theory and modern arithmetic geometry. They played for example a vital role in Andrew Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. This text provides a concise introduction to the world of automorphic forms using two approaches: the classic elementary theory and the modern point of view of adeles and representation theory. The reader will learn the important aims and results of the theory by focussing on its essential aspects and restricting it to the 'base field' of rational numbers. Students interested for example in arithmetic geometry or number theory will find that this book provides an optimal and easily accessible introduction into this topic.

The theory of dynamical systems is a broad and active research subject with connections to most parts of mathematics. Dynamical Systems: An Introduction undertakes the difficult task to provide a self-contained and compact introduction. Topics covered include topological, low-dimensional, hyperbolic and symbolic dynamics, as well as a brief introduction to ergodic theory. In particular, the authors consider topological recurrence, topological entropy, homeomorphisms and diffeomorphisms of the circle, Sharkovski's ordering, the Poincare-Bendixson theory, and the construction of stable manifolds, as well as an introduction to geodesic flows and the study of hyperbolicity (the latter is often absent in a first introduction). Moreover, the authors introduce the basics of symbolic dynamics, the construction of symbolic codings, invariant measures, Poincare's recurrence theorem and Birkhoff's ergodic theorem. The exposition is mathematically rigorous, concise and direct: all statements (except for some results from other areas) are proven. At the same time, the text illustrates the theory with many examples and 140 exercises of variable levels of difficulty. The only prerequisites are a background in linear algebra, analysis and elementary topology.This is a textbook primarily designed for a one-semester or two-semesters course at the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate levels. It can also be used for self-study and as a starting point for more advanced topics.

This book is based on courses given at Columbia University on vector bun- dles (1988) and on the theory of algebraic surfaces (1992), as well as lectures in the Park City lIAS Mathematics Institute on 4-manifolds and Donald- son invariants. The goal of these lectures was to acquaint researchers in 4-manifold topology with the classification of algebraic surfaces and with methods for describing moduli spaces of holomorphic bundles on algebraic surfaces with a view toward computing Donaldson invariants. Since that time, the focus of 4-manifold topology has shifted dramatically, at first be- cause topological methods have largely superseded algebro-geometric meth- ods in computing Donaldson invariants, and more importantly because of and Witten, which have greatly sim- the new invariants defined by Seiberg plified the theory and led to proofs of the basic conjectures concerning the 4-manifold topology of algebraic surfaces. However, the study of algebraic surfaces and the moduli spaces of bundles on them remains a fundamen- tal problem in algebraic geometry, and I hope that this book will make this subject more accessible. Moreover, the recent applications of Seiberg- Witten theory to symplectic 4-manifolds suggest that there is room for yet another treatment of the classification of algebraic surfaces. In particular, despite the number of excellent books concerning algebraic surfaces, I hope that the half of this book devoted to them will serve as an introduction to the subject.

This book is an outgrowth of lectures given on several occasions at Chalmers University of Technology and Goteborg University during the last ten years. As opposed to most introductory books on complex analysis, this one as- sumes that the reader has previous knowledge of basic real analysis. This makes it possible to follow a rather quick route through the most fundamen- tal material on the subject in order to move ahead to reach some classical highlights (such as Fatou theorems and some Nevanlinna theory), as well as some more recent topics (for example, the corona theorem and the HI_ BMO duality) within the time frame of a one-semester course. Sections 3 and 4 in Chapter 2, Sections 5 and 6 in Chapter 3, Section 3 in Chapter 5, and Section 4 in Chapter 7 were not contained in my original lecture notes and therefore might be considered special topics. In addition, they are completely independent and can be omitted with no loss of continuity. The order of the topics in the exposition coincides to a large degree with historical developments. The first five chapters essentially deal with theory developed in the nineteenth century, whereas the remaining chapters contain material from the early twentieth century up to the 1980s. Choosing methods of presentation and proofs is a delicate task. My aim has been to point out connections with real analysis and harmonic anal- ysis, while at the same time treating classical complex function theory.

A working knowledge of differential forms so strongly illuminates the calculus and its developments that it ought not be too long delayed in the curriculum. On the other hand, the systematic treatment of differential forms requires an apparatus of topology and algebra which is heavy for beginning undergraduates. Several texts on advanced calculus using differential forms have appeared in recent years. We may cite as representative of the variety of approaches the books of Fleming [2], (1) Nickerson-Spencer-Steenrod [3], and Spivak [6]. . Despite their accommodation to the innocence of their readers, these texts cannot lighten the burden of apparatus exactly because they offer a more or less full measure of the truth at some level of generality in a formally precise exposition. There. is consequently a gap between texts of this type and the traditional advanced calculus. Recently, on the occasion of offering a beginning course of advanced calculus, we undertook the expe- ment of attempting to present the technique of differential forms with minimal apparatus and very few prerequisites. These notes are the result of that experiment. Our exposition is intended to be heuristic and concrete. Roughly speaking, we take a differential form to be a multi-dimensional integrand, such a thing being subject to rules making change-of-variable calculations automatic. The domains of integration (manifolds) are explicitly given "e;surfaces"e; in Euclidean space. The differentiation of forms (exterior (1) Numbers in brackets refer to the Bibliography at the end.

In this book, the author traces the development of the study of spherical minimal immersions over the past 30 plus years. In trying to make this monograph accessible not just to research mathematicians but mathematics graduate students as well, the author included sizeable pieces of material from upper level undergraduate courses, additional graduate level topics such as Felix Klein s classic treatise of the icosahedron, and a valuable selection of exercises at the end of each chapter.

Science students have to spend much of their time learning how to do laboratory work, even if they intend to become theoretical, rather than experimental, scientists. It is important that they understand how experiments are performed and what the results mean. In science the validity of ideas is checked by experiments. If a new idea does not work in the laboratory, it must be discarded. If it does work, it is accepted, at least tentatively. In science, therefore, laboratory experiments are the touchstones for the acceptance or rejection of results. Mathematics is different. This is not to say that experiments are not part of the subject. Numerical calculations and the examina- tion of special and simplified cases are important in leading mathematicians to make conjectures, but the acceptance of a conjecture as a theorem only comes when a proof has been constructed. In other words, proofs are to mathematics as laboratory experiments are to science. Mathematics students must, therefore, learn to know what constitute valid proofs and how to construct them. How is this done? Like everything else, by doing. Mathematics students must try to prove results and then have their work criticized by experienced mathematicians. They must critically examine proofs, both correct and incorrect ones, and develop an appreciation of good style. They must, of course, start with easy proofs and build to more complicated ones.

The term "e;function algebra"e; usually refers to a uniformly closed algebra of complex valued continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space. Such Banach alge- bras, which are also called "e;uniform algebras"e;, have been much studied during the past 15 or 20 years. Since the most important examples of uniform algebras consist of, or are built up from, analytic functions, it is not surprising that most of the work has been dominated by questions of analyticity in one form or another. In fact, the study of these special algebras and their generalizations accounts for the bulk of the re- search on function algebras. We are concerned here, however, with another facet of the subject based on the observation that very general algebras of continuous func- tions tend to exhibit certain properties that are strongly reminiscent of analyticity. Although there exist a variety of well-known properties of this kind that could be mentioned, in many ways the most striking is a local maximum modulus principle proved in 1960 by Hugo Rossi [RIl]. This result, one of the deepest and most elegant in the theory of function algebras, is an essential tool in the theory as we have developed it here. It holds for an arbitrary Banaeh algebra of GBPunctions defined on the spectrum (maximal ideal space) of the algebra. These are the algebras, along with appropriate generalizations to algebras defined on noncompact spaces, that we call "e;natural func- tion algebras"e;.

- < f is increasing. The latter part of the book deals with functions of bounded variation and approximately continuous functions. Finally there is an exhaustive chapter on the generalized Cantor sets and Cantor functions. The bibliography is extensive and a great variety of exercises serves to clarify and sometimes extend the results presented in the text.

(Cartan sub Lie algebra, roots, Weyl group, Dynkin diagram, . . . ) and the classification, as found by Killing and Cartan (the list of all semisimple Lie algebras consists of (1) the special- linear ones, i. e. all matrices (of any fixed dimension) with trace 0, (2) the orthogonal ones, i. e. all skewsymmetric ma- trices (of any fixed dimension), (3) the symplectic ones, i. e. all matrices M (of any fixed even dimension) that satisfy M J = - J MT with a certain non-degenerate skewsymmetric matrix J, and (4) five special Lie algebras G2, F , E , E , E , of dimensions 14,52,78,133,248, the "e;exceptional Lie 4 6 7 s algebras"e; , that just somehow appear in the process). There is also a discus- sion of the compact form and other real forms of a (complex) semisimple Lie algebra, and a section on automorphisms. The third chapter brings the theory of the finite dimensional representations of a semisimple Lie alge- bra, with the highest or extreme weight as central notion. The proof for the existence of representations is an ad hoc version of the present standard proof, but avoids explicit use of the Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt theorem. Complete reducibility is proved, as usual, with J. H. C. Whitehead's proof (the first proof, by H. Weyl, was analytical-topological and used the exis- tence of a compact form of the group in question). Then come H.

Many mathematics books suffer from schizophrenia, and this is yet another. On the one hand it tries to be a reference for the basic results on flat riemannian manifolds. On the other hand it attempts to be a textbook which can be used for a second year graduate course. My aim was to keep the second personality dominant, but the reference persona kept breaking out especially at the end of sections in the form of remarks that contain more advanced material. To satisfy this reference persona, I'll begin by telling you a little about the subject matter of the book, and then I'll talk about the textbook aspect. A flat riemannian manifold is a space in which you can talk about geometry (e. g. distance, angle, curvature, "e;straight lines,"e; etc. ) and, in addition, the geometry is locally the one we all know and love, namely euclidean geometry. This means that near any point of this space one can introduce coordinates so that with respect to these coordinates, the rules of euclidean geometry hold. These coordinates are not valid in the entire space, so you can't conclude the space is euclidean space itself. In this book we are mainly concerned with compact flat riemannian manifolds, and unless we say otherwise, we use the term "e;flat manifold"e; to mean "e;compact flat riemannian manifold. "e; It turns out that the most important invariant for flat manifolds is the fundamental group.

The aim of this book is to concisely present fundamental ideas, results, and techniques in linear algebra and mainly matrix theory. The book contains eight chapters covering various topics ranging from similarity and special types of matrices to Schur complements and matrix normality. Each chapter focuses on the results, techniques, and methods that are beautiful, interesting, and representative, followed by carefully selected problems. For many theorems several different proofs are given. The book can be used as a text or a supplement for a linear algebra and matrix theory class or seminar for senior or graduate students. The only prerequisites are a decent background in elementary linear algebra and calculus. The book can also serve as a reference for instructors and researchers in the fields of algebra, matrix analysis, operator theory, statistics, computer science, engineering, operations research, economics, and other fields.

This introductory text in graph theory focuses on partial cubes, which are graphs that are isometrically embeddable into hypercubes of an arbitrary dimension, as well as bipartite graphs, and cubical graphs. This branch of graph theory has developed rapidly during the past three decades, producing exciting results and establishing links to other branches of mathematics. Currently, Graphs and Cubes is the only book available on the market that presents a comprehensive coverage of cubical graph and partial cube theories. Many exercises, along with historical notes, are included at the end of every chapter, and readers are encouraged to explore the exercises fully, and use them as a basis for research projects. The prerequisites for this text include familiarity with basic mathematical concepts and methods on the level of undergraduate courses in discrete mathematics, linear algebra, group theory, and topology of Euclidean spaces. While the book is intended for lower-division graduate students in mathematics, it will be of interest to a much wider audience; because of their rich structural properties, partial cubes appear in theoretical computer science, coding theory, genetics, and even the political and social sciences.

This book gives an elementary treatment of the basic material about graph spectra, both for ordinary, and Laplace and Seidel spectra. The text progresses systematically, by covering standard topics before presenting some new material on trees, strongly regular graphs, two-graphs, association schemes, p-ranks of configurations and similar topics. Exercises at the end of each chapter provide practice and vary from easy yet interesting applications of the treated theory, to little excursions into related topics. Tables, references at the end of the book, an author and subject index enrich the text. Spectra of Graphs is written for researchers, teachers and graduate students interested in graph spectra. The reader is assumed to be familiar with basic linear algebra and eigenvalues, although some more advanced topics in linear algebra, like the Perron-Frobenius theorem and eigenvalue interlacing are included.

These notes were developed from a course taught at Rice Univ- sity in the spring of 1976 and again at the University of Hawaii in the spring of 1977. It is assumed that the students know some linear algebra and a little about differentiation of vector-valued functions. The idea is to introduce students to some of the concepts of Lie group theory-- all done at the concrete level of matrix groups. As much as we could, we motivated developments as a means of deciding when two matrix groups (with different definitions) are isomorphic. In Chapter I "e;group"e; is defined and examples are given; ho- morphism and isomorphism are defined. For a field k denotes the algebra of n x n matrices over k We recall that A E Mn(k) has an inverse if and only if det A ~ 0 , and define the general linear group GL(n,k) We construct the skew-field lli of to operate linearly on llin quaternions and note that for A E Mn(lli) we must operate on the right (since we mUltiply a vector by a scalar n on the left). So we use row vectors for R , en, llin and write xA for the row vector obtained by matrix multiplication. We get a ~omplex-valued determinant function on Mn (11) such that det A ~ 0 guarantees that A has an inverse.

The study of idempotent elements in group algebras (or, more generally, the study of classes in the K-theory of such algebras) originates from geometric and analytic considerations. For example, C.T.C. Wall [72] has shown that the problem of deciding whether a ?nitely dominated space with fundamental group? is homotopy equivalent to a ?nite CW-complex leads naturally to the study of a certain class in the reduced K-theoryK (Z?) of the group ringZ?. 0 As another example, consider a discrete groupG which acts freely, properly discontinuously, cocompactly and isometrically on a Riemannian manifold. Then, following A. Connes and H. Moscovici [16], the index of an invariant 0th-order elliptic pseudo-di?erential operator is de?ned as an element in the ? ? K -group of the reduced groupC -algebraCG. 0 r Theidempotentconjecture(alsoknownasthegeneralizedKadisonconjec- ? ? ture) asserts that the reduced groupC -algebraCG of a discrete torsion-free r groupG has no idempotents =0,1; this claim is known to be a consequence of a far-reaching conjecture of P. Baum and A. Connes [6]. Alternatively, one mayapproachtheidempotentconjectureasanassertionabouttheconnect- ness of a non-commutative space;ifG is a discrete torsion-free abelian group ? thenCG is the algebra of continuous complex-valued functions on the dual r

This book is devoted to an exposition of the theory of finite-dimensional Lie groups and Lie algebras, which is a beautiful and central topic in modern mathematics. At the end of the nineteenth century this theory came to life in the works of Sophus Lie. It had its origins in Lie's idea of applying Galois theory to differential equations and in Klein's "Erlanger Programm" of treat­ ing symmetry groups as the fundamental objects in geometry. Lie's approach to many problems of analysis and geometry was mainly local, that is, valid in local coordinate systems only. At the beginning of the twentieth century E. Cartan and Weyl began a systematic treatment of the global aspects of Lie's theory. Since then this theory has ramified tremendously and now, as the twentieth century is coming to a close, its concepts and methods pervade mathematics and theoretical physics. Despite the plethora of books devoted to Lie groups and Lie algebras we feel there is justification for a text that puts emphasis on Lie's principal idea, namely, geometry treated by a blend of algebra and analysis. Lie groups are geometrical objects whose structure can be described conveniently in terms of group actions and fiber bundles. Therefore our point of view is mainly differential geometrical. We have made no attempt to discuss systematically the theory of infinite-dimensional Lie groups and Lie algebras, which is cur­ rently an active area of research. We now give a short description of the contents of each chapter.

Measure and integration wereonceconsidered,especially by many ofthe more practically inclined, to be an esoteric area ofabstract mathematics best left to pure mathematicians. However,it has become increasingly obvious in recent years that this area is now an indispensable, even unavoidable, language and provides a fundamental methodology for modern probability theory, stochas­ tic analysis and their applications, especially in financial mathematics. Our aim in writing this book is to provide a smooth and fast introduction to the language and basic results ofmodern probability theory and stochastic differential equations with help ofthe computer manipulator software package MAPLE. It is intended for advanced undergraduate students or graduates, not necessarily in mathematics, to provide an overviewand intuitive background for more advanced studies as wellas somepractical skillsin the use of MAPLE software in the context of probability and its applications. This book is not a conventional mathematics book. Like such books it provides precise definitions and mathematical statements, particularly those based on measure and integration theory, but instead ofmathematical proofs it uses numerous MAPLE experiments and examples to help the reader un­ derstand intuitively the ideas under discussion. The pace increases from ex­ tensive and detailed explanations in the first chapters to a more advanced presentation in the latter part of the book. The MAPLE is handled in a sim­ ilar way, at first with simple commands, then some simple procedures are gardually developed and, finally, the stochastic package is introduced.

This book presents most of the techniques used in the microlocal treatment of semiclassical problems coming from quantum physics. Both the standard C? pseudodifferential calculus and the analytic microlocal analysis are developed, in a context which remains intentionally global so that only the relevant difficulties of the theory are encountered. The originality lies in the fact that the main features of analytic microlocal analysis are derived from a single and elementary a priori estimate.Various exercises illustrate the chief results of each chapter while introducing the reader to further developments of the theory. Applications to the study of the Schrödinger operator are also discussed, to further the understanding of new notions or general results by replacing them in the context of quantum mechanics. This book is aimed at non-specialists of the subject and the only required prerequisite is a basic knowledge of the theory of distributions.André Martinez is currently Professor of Mathematics at the University of Bologna, Italy, after having moved from France where he was Professor at Paris-Nord University. He has published many research articles in semiclassical quantum mechanics, in particular related to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, phase-space tunneling, scattering theory and resonances.

Over the last 30 years graph theory has evolved into an important math­ ematical tool in the solution of a wide variety of problems in many areas of society. The purpose of this book is to present selected topics from this theory that have been found useful and to point out various applications. Some important theoretical topics have been omitted as they are not es­ sential for the applications in Part II. Hence Part I should not be seen as a well-rounded treatise on the theory of graphs. Some effort has been made to present new applications that do not use merely the notation and ter­ minology of graphs but do actually implement some mathematical results from graph theory. It has been written for final undergraduate year or first year graduate students in engineering, mathematics, computer science, and operations research, as well as researchers and practitioners with an inter­ est in graph theoretic modelling. Suggested plans for the reading of the book by people with these interests are given later. The book comprises two parts. The first is a brief introduction to the mathematical theory of graphs. The second is a discussion on the applications of this material to some areas in the subjects previously mentioned. It is, of course, possi­ ble to read only the first part to attempt to gain an appreciation of the mathematical aspects of graph theory. However even the purest of mathe­ maticians is strongly recommended to delve seriously into the second part.

The topic of credibility theory has been for many years ¿ and still is ¿ one of our major interests. This interest has led us not only to many publications, but also has been the motivation for teaching many courses on this topic over more than 20 years. These courses have undergone considerable changes over time. What we present here, ¿A Course in Credibility Theory and its Applications¿, is the ?nal product of this evolution. Credibility theory can be seen as the basic paradigm underlying the pricing of insurance products. It resides on the two fundamental concepts ¿individual risk¿ and ¿collective¿ and solves in a rigorous way the problem of how to analyse the information obtained from these sources to arrive at the ¿insurance premium¿. The expression ¿credibility¿ was originally coined for the weight given to the experience from the ¿individual risk¿. Credibility theory as a mathematical discipline borrows its methods from 2 many ?elds of mathematics, e. g. Bayesian statistics, L Hilbert space te- niques, least squares, and state space modelling to mention only the most important ones. However, credibility theory remains a lifeless topic if it is not linked closely with its applications. Only through these applications has cr- ibility won its status in insurance thinking. The present book aims to convey this dual aspect of credibility and to transmit the ?avour of the insurance applications also to those readers who are not directly involved in insurance activities.

The present textbook is a lively, problem-oriented and carefully written introduction to classical modern algebra. The author leads the reader through interesting subject matter, while assuming only the background provided by a first course in linear algebra.The first volume focuses on field extensions. Galois theory and its applications are treated more thoroughly than in most texts. It also covers basic applications to number theory, ring extensions and algebraic geometry.The main focus of the second volume is on additional structure of fields and related topics. Much material not usually covered in textbooks appears here, including real fields and quadratic forms, diophantine dimensions of a field, the calculus of Witt vectors, the Schur group of a field, and local class field theory.Both volumes contain numerous exercises and can be used as a textbook for advanced undergraduate students.From Reviews of the German version:This is a charming textbook, introducing the reader to the classical parts of algebra. The exposition is admirably clear and lucidly written with only minimal prerequisites from linear algebra. The new concepts are, at least in the first part of the book, defined in theframework of the development of carefully selected problems.- Stefan Porubsky, Mathematical Reviews

Sequential Dynamical Systems (SDS) are a class of discrete dynamical systems which significantly generalize many aspects of systems such as cellular automata, and provide a framework for studying dynamical processes over graphs.This text is the first to provide a comprehensive introduction to SDS. Driven by numerous examples and thought-provoking problems, the presentation offers good foundational material on finite discrete dynamical systems which leads systematically to an introduction of SDS. Techniques from combinatorics, algebra and graph theory are used to study a broad range of topics, including reversibility, the structure of fixed points and periodic orbits, equivalence, morphisms and reduction. Unlike other books that concentrate on determining the structure of various networks, this book investigates the dynamics over these networks by focusing on how the underlying graph structure influences the properties of the associated dynamical system.This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in discrete mathematics, dynamical systems theory, theoretical computer science, and systems engineering who are interested in analysis and modeling of network dynamics as well as their computer simulations. Prerequisites include knowledge of calculus and basic discrete mathematics. Some computer experience and familiarity with elementary differential equations and dynamical systems are helpful but not necessary.

"Number Theory" is more than a comprehensive treatment of the subject. It is an introduction to topics in higher level mathematics, and unique in its scope; topics from analysis, modern algebra, and discrete mathematics are all included. The book is divided into two parts. Part A covers key concepts of number theory and could serve as a first course on the subject. Part B delves into more advanced topics and an exploration of related mathematics. Part B contains, for example, complete proofs of the Hasse-Minkowski theorem and the prime number theorem, as well as self-contained accounts of the character theory of finite groups and the theory of elliptic functions. The prerequisites for this self-contained text are elements from linear algebra. Valuable references for the reader are collected at the end of each chapter. It is suitable as an introduction to higher level mathematics for undergraduates, or for self-study. From the reviews:"This is a book which many mathematicians could enjoy browsing, and one which a good undergraduate could be encouraged to read to learn something of the interconnections, which exist between apparently disparate parts of mathematics."-Canadian Mathematical Society"As a source for information on the 'reach' of number theory into other areas of mathematics, it is an excellent work."-Mathematical Association of America

Computation theory is a discipline that strives to use mathematical tools and concepts in order to expose the nature of the activity that we call "computation" and to explain a broad range of observed computational phenomena. Why is it harder to perform some computations than others? Are the differences in difficulty that we observe inherent, or are they artifacts of the way we try to perform the computations? Even more basically: how does one reason about such questions?This book strives to endow upper-level undergraduate students and lower-level graduate students with the conceptual and manipulative tools necessary to make Computation theory part of their professional lives. The author tries to achieve this goal via three stratagems that set this book apart from most other texts on the subject.(1) The author develops the necessary mathematical concepts and tools from their simplest instances, so that the student has the opportunity to gain operational control over the necessary mathematics.(2) He organizes the development of the theory around the three "pillars" that give the book its name, so that the student sees computational topics that have the same intellectual origins developed in physical proximity to one another.(3) He strives to illustrate the "big ideas" that computation theory is built upon with applications of these ideas within "practical" domains that the students have seen elsewhere in their courses, in mathematics, in computer science, and in computer engineering.

For over 300 years, differential equations have served as an essential tool for describing and analyzing problems in many scientific disciplines. This carefully-written textbook provides an introduction to many of the important topics associated with ordinary differential equations. Unlike most textbooks on the subject, this text includes nonstandard topics such as a chapter on perturbation methods and a section in Chapter 3 that shows how to solve differential equations using Mathematica codes. In addition to the nonstandard topics, this text also contains contemporary material in the area as well as its classical topics.This second edition is updated to be compatible with Mathematica, version 7.0, and all Mathematica codes are in the book itself. This new edition also provides 81 additional exercises, a new section in Chapter 1 on the generalized logistic equation, an additional theorem in Chapter 2 concerning fundamental matrices, and many further enhancements to the first edition.This book can be used either for a second course in ordinary differential equations or as an introductory course for well-prepared students. The prerequisites for this book are three semesters of calculus and a course in linear algebra, although the needed concepts from linear algebra are introduced along with examples in the book. An undergraduate course in analysis is needed for the more theoretical subjects covered in the final two chapters.