Bøger om 4000 til 3000 f.Kr.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2022 im Fachbereich Weltgeschichte - Frühgeschichte, Antike, Note: 2,3, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (Institut für Geschichte), Veranstaltung: Von Tiberius bis Nero, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den verschiedenen Interpretationen zur angeblichen Brandstiftung Neros im 64. n. Chr. Es werden die Werke Tacitus¿, Suetons und Cassius Dios, welche als Quellen die detailreichste Beschreibung des Brandes liefern analysiert. Deshalb liegen die Quellen auch dieser wissenschaftlichen Arbeit zugrunde, die einen Beitrag zu dieser uralten Forschungsfrage um die Schuld des Brandes geben.¿When you drop an album so hot it burns down Rome¿ Dieser Satz aus dem vorangestellten Meme, der sich über die angebliche Brandstiftung Roms 64 n. Chr. durch Nero lustig macht, greift doch ein Kernelement dieses Gerüchtes auf: ¿eben zu dem Zeitpunkt, da die Stadt brannte, habe er seine Hausbühne betreten und den Untergang Trojas besungen¿. Doch war Nero wirklich an dem Brand schuld? Und hat er wirklich Trojas Untergang besungen? Über diese Frage streiten sich Historiker bereits seit beinahe 2000 Jahren und zu einem eindeutigen Ergebnis ist bislang niemand gekommen. Vorherrschend in der Frage Nero sind drei große Forschungsmeinungen. ¿Einige wenige Historiker schließen sich den antiken Quellen an, die Nero die Schuld am Brand Roms geben. Gegenargumente dazu finden sich vor allem bei Robichon, Grant und Scheda. Eine weitere Interpretationsmöglichkeit ist es, den Christen die Schuld am Brand zu geben. Am häufigsten findet sich jedoch die Meinung, dass der Brand zufällig ausgebrochen sei¿.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2020 im Fachbereich Weltgeschichte - Frühgeschichte, Antike, Note: 1,3, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (Seminar für Alte Geschichte/Institut für Epigraphik), Veranstaltung: Römische Sozialgeschichte, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: In dieser Hausarbeit soll rekonstruiert werden, wie Marius¿ militärischer Aufstieg verlaufen ist. Beim Zugang zu den Quellen (in erster Linie Plutarch und Sallust) ist zu beachten, dass größtenteils eine eher negative Leserlenkung zu verzeichnen ist, weshalb hier eine äußerst kritische Distanz zu wahren ist. Auf Grund des begrenzt verfügbaren Platzes soll lediglich auf die ihn prägende Zeit einschließlich des Jugurthinischen Krieges eingegangen werden, ehe ein kurzer Ausblick auf seine weitere Karriere angedeutet wird. Daran anschließend sollen die mit dem militärischen Aufstieg verbundenen Heeresformen näher beleuchtet werden, ehe der Forschungsstand eine Aussicht liefern soll, inwiefern den Bürgern der Zugang zur Armee ermöglicht wurde, denen sich durch Marius¿ Wirken nun eine weitere Option im Leben erschloss.Mit dem Namen Gaius Marius assoziiert man heute vielerlei Dinge. Primär zum Vorschein kommen dabei allerdings sein militärischer Aufstieg, der sich trotz seines vermeintlich niedrigen Standes vollzogen hat, sowie die ihm zugesprochenen Heeresreformen. Dabei stellen sich unweigerlich die Fragen, wie und durch welche Mittel Marius es geschafft hat, sich über einen langen Zeitraum in der spätrepublikanischen Zeit (bis heute) einen Namen zu machen.

Debates about astronomy at the Neolithic monuments of the British Isles have occupied academic and independent researchers for many years. This book argues that astronomical observation had a deeply practical as well as symbolic role for early prehistoric societies negotiating the transition to an agricultural way of life. With a focus on the Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site in Ireland, including the monuments of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, it is argued that our ancestors rendered astronomical knowledge meaningful through a rich symbolic system centred on the human experience of time. This in turn may help us to understand the role of astronomy in later epochs, as the struggle to accurately observe and interpret the cycles of Earth, sun, moon and stars was part of our recent history ¿ and is a subject that continues to be explored by archaeologists, astronomers and historians today.

The Amorites were a Semitic people who seem to have emerged from western Mesopotamia (modern day Syria) at some point prior to the 3rd millennium BCE. In Sumerian they were known as the Martu or the Tidnum (in the Ur III Period), in Akkadian by the name of Amurru, and in Egypt as Amar, all of which mean 'westerners' or 'those of the west', as does the Hebrew name Amorite. They worshipped their own pantheon of gods with a chief deity named Amurru (also known as Belu Sadi - 'Lord of the Mountains¿ whose wife, Belit-Seri was 'Lady of the Desert¿), which also became a designation for the people as the Akkadians also referred to them as 'the people of Amurrü and to the region of Syria as 'Amurrü. There is no record of what the Amorites called themselves. The god Amurrüs association with the mountains and his wife's with the desert suggests that they may have originated in the area of Syria around Mount Hermon but this is unsubstantiated. Their origins are unknown and their precise history, until they settle in cities like Mari, Ebla, and Babylon, is equally mysterious.

This research work ¿Vedic Wings¿ is relevant to today¿s war-torn world. Vedic India convulsed under the onslaught of a series of brutal battles fought by the powerful bloodthirsty warriors pursued by powerful dark forces, caught between the supremacy and revenge. There have been so many matters in the Vedas relating to boons, curses, seduction, brutal rapes, incest, abortion, conjugal infidelity, deception, robbery, battles, and weaponry as well skills and most advanced aircraft used. These are now regarded as historical facts by scholars, historians, and archaeologists and the Author termed them under a common name "Vedic Wings." There have been many great individuals in various fields of human endeavor throughout history from science to the arts, philosophy to politics, business to technology, and human history has experienced battles that have been instrumental in molding the future, influencing the spread of culture, civilization, and religious dogma. The outcome of these battles in this work is bound to stimulate the mind, touch the heart, and awaken the soul, which the reader will love to read with speechless wonder and remember for ages...Sivkishen Author

This book provides a current reading of the Shield of Achilles in the Iliad. Looking to combat views that regard aspects of the passage as confused and inessential, I hope to demonstrate the different ways in which this passage is important to the understanding of the greater epic. My first chapter provides a scene-by-scene analysis of the Shield passage, incorporating many of the views held by modern scholarship, arguing that the Shield works as a reflexive centerpiece within the poem, concentrating key themes and recalling crucial scenes at a climactic moment in the epic¿s narrative. My second chapter explores how the Shield, as the earliest example of an extended ekphrasis in Western culture, provides a sophisticated comment upon the nature of art, and explores the inferences that can be made from the description of a creative process within a poem performed in an oral tradition. My final chapter examines the Shield¿s political scenes arguing that the Shield passage provides a valuable contribution to our understanding of the Iliad as an early work of political thought and evidence of the nascent city-state.

In this treatise, a set of complementary coordinates that illustrate the continuum between biological and cultural modes of evolution is proposed. These define random processes that determine various levels of specialization or autonomy. However, within the cultural coordinates, evolution acquires teleological aspects, due to biased perception and transmission techniques. The inherent risk of selecting for cultural values as desirable goals of biological adaptation is avoided by leveling mechanisms that are functionally similar to biological neoteny. It is suggested that, despite an evolutionary line based on tendencies that enabled biological flexibility, we have become a species rigidly specialized to our own conscious constructs of reality. Moreover, accelerated cultural adaptation led to rapid morphological and cognitive changes that have baffled paleoanthropologists to such an extent that various exotic evolutionary scenarios were forwarded to explain them. An inevitable predisposition to psychological disorders has accompanied these changes, depending on how modern cognitive abilities were applied and on how the inherent risks of cultural evolution were managed.

The discovery of the Harappan Civilization in the greater Indus Valley has been significant issue of discussion, as well as the causes of its downfall in the mid second millennium B.C. This work investigates all the major factors suggested to have contributed to the end of the Harappan Civilization and also considers whether it declined or collapsed. I have elaborated the causes of the decline of Harappan civilization with special reference to Dholavira in these five chapters. However, I have mentioned all the factors which were responsible for the decline. The objective of the study is to explore the various possible causes that might have been responsible for the decline of Harrapan civilization and Dholavira in particular.This work is very much useful as the base to the academic researchers or anyone else who may be interested in history & architecture of early civilizations, on the decline of Harappan civilization and mainly with reference of its towns, particularly Dholavira in Gujarat, India.

This book is the result of the author's many years of work on the restoration of the ancestors of the Slavs and, above all, Ilmen on the basis of ancient written sources from different countries, archaeological excavations, data from anthropologists and paleogenetics, modern achievements of DNA genealogy. The book contains evidence of the rich prehistory of the immediate ancestors of the Slavs, who made a very difficult, centuries-old journey before they appeared off the banks of the Danube, the Baltic Sea, and then at Lake Ilmen. At the same time, the influence of the ancestors of the Slavs on the great Chinese culture, as well as the kinship of the Ilmen Slavs with the Latvian tribe of the sells (Sellon), is shown.

This book is the result of the author's many years of work on restoring the history of the origin of various peoples of the planet from the so-called Himalayan Adam, who was one of the representatives of the Soan archeological culture. On the basis of archaeological excavations, given by anthropologists and paleogeneticists, modern achievements of DNA genealogy, the book contains relevant evidence and shows the most accurate way of moving across Eurasian territory of various families of superhaplogroup K belonging to haplogroups L, T, M, S, P, Q, R , N and O, taking into account the terrain and the found Upper Paleolithic sites. It is also proven that the Baikal Region is the Promised Land not only for the peoples of the Far North and the Far East, but also for American Indians, Chinese, people of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and even most of the Europeans.

This book is a continuation of the book "The Descendants of the Himalayan Adam." On the basis of archaeological excavations, given by paleogenetics, and most importantly, on the basis of modern achievements of DNA genealogy, the book proves and shows in detail the most accurate path of movement from the Promised Country (Baikal Region) of various families, primarily related to the O, Q, N haplogroups and R, in view of the found Upper Paleolithic sites and Neolithic settlements. Movement of various parts of the R family belonging to subclades R2, R1b and R1a from the Upper Irtysh along the three streams to India, to Urals and to Caspian has been restored. The division of the R1a family into two main branches after leaving the shores of the Caspian Sea is shown. The northern branch contributed to the emergence of such archaeological cultures as Volosovo, Srednyi Stog, Chernavoda, Baden, battle axes, Fatyanovo and others. The southern branch turned into Northern Iran and into Anatolia. After a few thousand years, it promoted the appearance in the Balkans of such an archaeological culture as Vinca, Humenica and others. As a result, the Neolithic Cultural Revolution swept across Europe.

Vahid Rzayev, who had not told anything about the Great Creator¿s Sayings to anybody during long years, disclosed it for the first time to his brother Fikrat Rzayev by Permission of the Great Creator in 1997. Just Fikrat Rzayev initiated publication of the Great Creator¿s Sayings in a book form (¿Creation¿) in 1999, and this made the Sayings sent by the Great Creator for all mankind, accessible for broad masses. Other books publicshed afterwards contain answers to our questions about creation, purity, and theology as well.All written in the books by Vahid Rzayev, as he said, are ¿Postulates¿. The books contain information about the Great Creator and His Saints (Angels), structure and motions of the Universe, of suns and planets, as well as of the Earth, initial and further periods of creation of the Universe and mankind, the meaning and essence of individuals¿ coming to the world and of their return, life standards of behavior and many other issues. This book, introduced to English-speaking readers, cover some part of that information.

Atlantis belongs to the historical period qualified as a mixture made out of parts such as esotericism, mythology, ancient religions, the beginnings of history, ancient cosmology, epic literature, linguistics, on the one hand ¿ and, at the other, even contemporary archaeology, as well as paleography, paleontology, oceanography, tectonics, seismology, geophysics, tsunami research and the like. The principal issue of atlantology does not concern Atlantis as a geographical object only ¿ its location and its time and way of disappearance ¿ but also the issue of the flame of the ancient civilization of Atlantis, enlightening other civilizations of our planet. The present book is inspired by the genuine ambition to end the myth of Atlantis and to transform that myth into reality. Atlantis of the myth and Atlantis of the reality are joined together in this book making a single and actual object. In this way, we have saved Atlantis from oblivion. The reader of the present book, by turning the last page, may probably conclude that there is no more such puzzle. The only remaining secret is probably why so much time was necessary to solve that puzzle.