Bøger om Empires & regions

How encounters with the Roman Empire compelled the Jews of antiquity to rethink their conceptions of Israel and the TorahThroughout their history, Jews have lived under a succession of imperial powers, from Assyria and Babylonia to Persia and the Hellenistic kingdoms. Jews and Their Roman Rivals shows how the Roman Empire posed a unique challenge to Jewish thinkers such as Philo, Josephus, and the Palestinian rabbis, who both resisted and internalized Roman standards and imperial ideology.Katell Berthelot traces how, long before the empire became Christian, Jews came to perceive Israel and Rome as rivals competing for supremacy. Both considered their laws to be the most perfect ever written, and both believed they were a most pious people who had been entrusted with a divine mission to bring order and peace to the world. Berthelot argues that the rabbinic identification of Rome with Esau, Israel's twin brother, reflected this sense of rivalry. She discusses how this challenge transformed ancient Jewish ideas about military power and the use of force, law and jurisdiction, and membership in the people of Israel. Berthelot argues that Jewish thinkers imitated the Romans in some cases and proposed competing models in others.Shedding new light on Jewish thought in antiquity, Jews and Their Roman Rivals reveals how Jewish encounters with pagan Rome gave rise to crucial evolutions in the ways Jews conceptualized the Torah and conversion to Judaism.

"Et hovedværk i finsk litteratur" Helsingin SanomatEn stor gruppe drenge tilbringer den lange sommer­ferie i en skov, hvor de har stiftet republikken Matara. Staten, som i høj grad minder om det antikke Rom, er bygget på fastlagte regler og hierarkier. Et stød med et træsværd afstedkommer døden, hvorfra der ikke kan vendes tilbage. Og fremmede bliver behandlet, som så ofte før – nådesløst.Matara hører hjemme på hylden ved siden af sine fjerne og nære slægtninge som fx Fluernes Herre og Kaninbjerget. I Riikonens hænder smelter fuglesangsfyldte forårsskove sammen med drengenes vold og ømhed og forvandles til en opsigtsvækkende roman, der tager børns leg alvorligt på en måde som få andre. Nogle gange fortoner det sig, at man læser en skildring af drenge i leg; andre gange gribes man af frygt; er dette en beskrivelse af virkeligheden?

A partire dagli anni '40, il giornalismo sportivo iniziò a prendere forma nei giornali stampati del Piauí. Con la professionalizzazione del giornalismo, gli editorialisti sportivi, anche senza aver frequentato corsi, sono riusciti a rendere il periodo dal 1963 al 1983 il più prospero per la professione. Con il calcio che ottiene l'appoggio degli agenti politici, i giornalisti trasformano lo sport in un argomento di dibattito sociale. Attraverso i reportage, possiamo costruire un panorama dell'attività nel Piauí basandoci sui comuni di Teresina e Parnaíba, dove il calcio locale ha avuto inizio. Riportando gli eventi sociali, è possibile vedere come il calcio, la stampa e la politica abbiano stabilito un rapporto di complicità. Il "pane e il circo" della società brasiliana durante la dittatura militare, dove il calcio era lo strumento più importante ed efficace nella strategia di controllo sociale, e quanto la stampa vi abbia contribuito.

Seit den 1940er Jahren nahm der Sportjournalismus in den gedruckten Zeitungen von Piauí allmählich Gestalt an. Mit der Professionalisierung des Journalismus gelang es den Sportkolumnisten, auch ohne Ausbildung, die Zeit von 1963 bis 1983 zur blühendsten für diesen Beruf zu machen. Mit der Unterstützung der politischen Akteure verwandelten die Journalisten den Sport in ein Thema für die gesellschaftliche Debatte. Anhand der Berichte können wir ein Panorama der Aktivitäten in Piauí erstellen, das sich auf die Gemeinden Teresina und Parnaíba stützt, wo der lokale Fußball seinen Anfang nahm. Anhand der sozialen Ereignisse lässt sich erkennen, wie Fußball, Presse und Politik eine Beziehung der Komplizenschaft eingegangen sind. Die "Brot und Spiele" der brasilianischen Gesellschaft während der Militärdiktatur, in der der Fußball das wichtigste und wirksamste Instrument in der Strategie der sozialen Kontrolle war, und wie sehr die Presse dazu beitrug.

S 1940-h godow sportiwnaq zhurnalistika nachala formirowat'sq w pechatnyh gazetah Piaui. S professionalizaciej zhurnalistiki sportiwnye obozrewateli, dazhe ne poseschaq kursow, sumeli sdelat' period s 1963 po 1983 god samym procwetaüschim dlq ätoj professii. Posle togo kak futbol poluchil podderzhku politicheskih deqtelej, zhurnalisty prewratili ätot wid sporta w predmet social'nyh debatow. Blagodarq reportazham my mozhem sostawit' panoramu deqtel'nosti w Piaui na osnowe municipalitetow Teresina i Parnaiba, gde zarodilsq mestnyj futbol. Priwlekaq wnimanie k social'nym sobytiqm, mozhno uwidet', kak futbol, pressa i politika ustanowili otnosheniq souchastiq. Hleb i cirk" brazil'skogo obschestwa w period woennoj diktatury, gde futbol byl samym wazhnym i äffektiwnym instrumentom w strategii social'nogo kontrolq, i naskol'ko ätomu sposobstwowala pressa.

Depuis les années 1940, le journalisme sportif a commencé à prendre forme dans les journaux imprimés du Piauí. Avec la professionnalisation du journalisme, les chroniqueurs sportifs, même sans avoir suivi de cours, ont réussi à faire de la période de 1963 à 1983 la plus prospère pour la profession. Le football ayant gagné le soutien des agents politiques, les journalistes ont ensuite transformé le sport en un sujet de débat social. Les reportages permettent de dresser un panorama de l'activité au Piauí à partir des municipalités de Teresina et de Parnaíba, où le football local a vu le jour. En évoquant les événements sociaux, il est possible de voir comment le football, la presse et la politique ont établi une relation de complicité. Le "pain et le cirque" de la société brésilienne pendant la dictature militaire, où le football était l'instrument le plus important et le plus efficace dans la stratégie de contrôle social, et comment la presse y a contribué.

In Miran, it only rains once a year.When the king angered the gods, they cursed both him and his lands.All now suffer for his crimes.This desolate existence is all Quil has ever known, but one she sets out to fix, if only to gain the attention she craves. A dying prince, however, challenges everything she thought she knew.Lira, a goddess above, is desperate to help the humans too, but from a far darker threat. She must face betrayal and heartache before discovering if she's willing to risk everything.Can either save Miran before it's too late?And is a secret garden really the key that could save them all?

"Publio Terenzio Varrone: Luce dalla Storia Antica"Nelle pagine di "Publio Terenzio Varrone", l'autore tessitura un viaggio straordinario attraverso il tempo, riscoprendo la vita e l'opera di una delle figure più enigmatiche dell'antica Roma. Con una narrativa ricca e coinvolgente, si delinea la figura di Varrone non solo come erudito e studioso, ma anche come poeta, sognatore e devoto della dea Sirium.Quest'opera, che si districa tra storia e mito, esplora i profondi legami di Varrone con la sua terra natale, le tradizioni sannitiche e volsciane, e il suo amore per l'antica dea Sirium. La narrazione, intessuta di poesia e leggenda, rivela Varrone come un uomo del suo tempo, ma anche come un pensatore in anticipo sui suoi giorni, un visionario in grado di vedere oltre i confini del visibile e dell'ordinario.Particolarmente commoventi sono i momenti in cui Varrone si confronta con la cultura e la religiosità romana, trovando un equilibrio tra la sua devozione segreta per Sirium e la necessità di navigare nella società romana. La sua vita si rivela essere un mosaico di esperienze, dove l'amore, la saggezza e la spiritualità si fondono in un racconto che trascende l'epoca romana, parlando direttamente al cuore del lettore moderno.Attraverso la scoperta di sogni condivisi con l'Avatar della Dea Siria, Varrone si immerge in un mondo di significati nascosti e simboli, dove il divino e il terreno si incontrano. La sua ricerca di amore e conoscenza lo porta a viaggiare non solo attraverso l'Italia antica, ma anche attraverso i labirinti dell'anima umana."Publio Terenzio Varrone" è più di una semplice ricostruzione storica; è un invito a immergersi in un'epoca lontana, a esplorare le profondità della saggezza antica e a riflettere sul nostro posto nel cosmo. Un'opera che incanta e illumina, offrendo una finestra su un mondo dimenticato, ma ancora vibrante di significati e misteri.

In seiner unverkennbaren eigenen Art und Sprache erzählt uns Steffen die Geschichte seines Lebens, wie er in Ostdeutschland aufwuchs, zum Uhrmacher ausgebildet wurde und sich in der Theaterszene wiederfand, dann seine atemberaubende Flucht in den Westen, seine bayrische Sozialisierung im Münchner Barmilieu der 1990er, seine Reisen und tiefe Verbindung mit östlicher Kultur und schließlich einer Neuorientierung, die, durch Krankheit geprägt, das Äußere nach innen verlegt, aber dadurch nicht an Originalität und Abenteuer einbüßt.Das vorliegende Werk beschreibt mit schonungsloser Ehrlichkeit die Entwicklung und den Reifeprozess eines liebenswerten Menschen, dessen Anderssein nicht allein, aber auch nicht zuletzt, in seiner Sexualität Ausdruck findet.

W. Fred Bowen is a retired educator who lives part-time in Canada and Switzerland. Since he was very young, while growing up in Montana, one of his many interests has been the pre-history of the aboriginal peoples of prairies. He has been fascinated by the artifacts left behind by these people and curious about how they were able to exist in a harsh and difficult world. Head Smash In, written predominantly for younger readers, is his first story about that world. Combining his arrowhead collecting hobby with his knowledge based on years of research, Mr. Bowen has created an entertaining and thought-provoking story of North America's earliest habitants.

Discover the ruins of the Parthenon, one of the most famous and beautiful places in the world! Athens, Greece, is best known for the Parthenon, the ruins of an ancient temple completed in 438 BC to honor the goddess Athena. But what many people don't know is that it only served as a temple for a couple hundred years. It then became a church, then a mosque, and by the end of the 1600s served as a storehouse for munitions. When an enemy army fired hundreds of cannon balls at the Acropolis, one directly hit the Parthenon. Much of the sculpture was destroyed, three hundred people died, and the site fell into ruin. Today, visitors continue to flock to this world famous landmark, which has become a symbol for Ancient Greece, democracy, and modern civilization. Includes black-and-white illustrations and a foldout color map!

A riveting biography of Alexander the Great's final years, when the leader's insatiable desire to conquer the world set him off on an exhilarating, harrowing journey that would define his legacy. By 330 B.C.E., Alexander the Great had reached the pinnacle of success. Or so it seemed. He had defeated the Persian ruler Darius III and seized the capital city of Persepolis. His exhausted and traumatized soldiers were ready to return home to Macedonia. Yet Alexander had other plans. He was determined to continue heading east to Afghanistan in search of his ultimate goal: to reach the end of the world. Alexander's unrelenting desire to press on resulted in a perilous seven-year journey through the unknown eastern borderlands of the Persian empire that would test the great conqueror's physical and mental limits. He faced challenges from the natural world, moving through deadly monsoons and extreme temperatures; from a rotating cast of well-matched adversaries, who conspired against him at every turn; and even from his own men, who questioned his motives and distrusted the very beliefs on which Alexander built his empire. This incredible sweep of time, culminating with his death in 323 BC at the age of 32, would come to determine Alexander's legacy and shape the empire he left behind. In Alexander at the End of the World, renowned classicist and art history professor Rachel Kousser vividly brings to life Alexander's labyrinthine, treacherous final years, weaving together a brilliant series of epic battles, stunning landscapes, and nearly insurmountable obstacles. Meticulously researched and grippingly written, Kousser's narrative is an unforgettable tale of daring and adventure, an inspiring portrait of grit and ambition, and a powerful meditation on the ability to learn from failure.

På sin togrejse gennem Mecklenburg-Vorpommern inviterer Jørn Ørnstrup læseren med til steder, som han kender godt. På sin lystvandring gennem byerne fortæller han om kulturlivet og besøger caféer og restauranter. Ligesom han fortæller om de forfattere og kunstnere, som har præget stederne, og om de politiske begivenheder, som har fundet sted der.Ned gennem Østeuropa:”Jørn Ørnstrup er i sin reporter-uniform en yderst troværdig skikkelse og ansvarsfuld forvalter af det stof, som glider forbi hans nethinde. Intet undslipper den lup, han har lagt over spændende byer i Østeuropa.”Svend Klarskov på SKassisk.dkTurist i Tyskland:”Som at gå med Jørn Ørnstrup. Det er altså blot en kop kaffe på en gammel café, men vi får lige historien om forfølgelse af jøder og anderledes tænkende mennesker hen over to diktaturer.”Berlin-guide.dkLængslernes land:”Hvis du aldrig har været i Portugal, men overvejer at holde ferie i Europas sydvestligste hjørne, skulle du læse en ny bog om Portugal. Den giver unægtelig appetit på turen - og en masse nyttig baggrundsinformation.”Jørgen Lind i Frederiksborg Amts AvisUddrag af bogenNoget af det første, man lægger mærke til, når man slentrer hen ad Strandpromenaden i Heringsdorf, er stedets mange, flotte, gamle villaer. I dag er mange af dem omdannet til pensionater og hoteller.Det fortælles, at den tyske kejser Wilhelm 2. kom her regelmæssigt fra slutningen af 1800-tallet og frem til slutningen af 1. Verdenskrigs udbrud i 1914. Kejseren blev så glad for øens tre små badebyer, at han ophøjede dem til Kaiserbäder, dvs. kejserlige badebyer. Indtil da havde de tre små byer blot været fiskerlejer. Heringsdorf betyder jo ”fiskerlandsby”. Men i begyndelsen af 1900-tallet tog udviklingen fart. Usedom begyndte at tiltrække den tyske adel og meget velhavende berlinere. Die Badewanne von Berlin kaldte man dengang stedet. Efterhånden som badekulturen greb om sig, ændrede stederne sig til elegante badebyer. Der blev opført store villaer. Kunstnere, forfattere og kulturpersonligheder slog sig ned på øen. Her kunne de finde ro og inspiration.Om forfatterenJØRN ØRNSTRUP er cand.phil. i nordisk sprog og litteratur og medlem af Danske Rejsejournalister. På sine mange rejser har han gennem årene skrevet kultur- og rejseartikler for bl.a. Jyllands-Posten, Sjællandske Medier og Dagbladenes Bureau. Han har tidligere udgivet en lang række rejsebøger. Deriblandt Længslernes land, På café i Wien, Indtryk fra Østtyskland og Omveje til Baskerlandet.

Si alguna vez ha sentido curiosidad por la antigua Roma y la época de César, pero la información disponible lo abruma, esta cómoda biografía de la vida de Julio César puede ser justo lo que estaba buscando. Al adoptar un enfoque amplio y específico, este libro ofrece al lector una buena panorámica del siglo I a. e. c. y, al mismo tiempo, se centra en los detalles del famoso líder en su ascenso desde el barrio humilde de su juventud hasta llegar a ser nombrado dios por el pueblo romano. El libro está narrado de forma cronológica y directa, de modo que el lector puede conocer la vida de César en pequeños fragmentos informativos sin generar confusión. La vida de César transcurrió en medio de turbulentas intrigas militares y políticas. Pero también estuvo rodeado de numerosas figuras conocidas de la historia. El entrelazamiento de sus historias no solo hace que la lectura sea apasionante, sino que también da al lector mucho que cuestionar, criticar y reflexionar. Con este libro quedará satisfecha su curiosidad y, con un poco de suerte, le inspirará para aprender aún más. Con prácticas comparaciones con el mundo moderno, la vida de Roma y el mundo antiguo serán más tangibles y más fáciles de imaginar que nunca. Ya es hora de que César salga de las estanterías polvorientas, de los libros de historia y entre en nuestras mentes como el hombre vivo, brillante, astuto, valiente e intrigante que fue. Emprenda un viaje sin igual por las calles de la antigua Roma, desde la carnicería hasta el trono, con el famoso gobernante como guía. Este es el libro que necesita si alguna vez se ha preguntado lo siguiente: ¿Estuvieron casados César y Cleopatra?¿Tuvo César hijos?¿Qué tamaño tenía la República romana?¿Fue siempre tan confusa la política?¿Por qué nos importa Julio César? ¿No era solo uno de tantos?¿Fue César realmente secuestrado por piratas?¿Cómo era la vida en casa y en la guerra en la antigua Roma?No se pierda la aventura en alta mar, el peligro en los campos de batalla y el amor en el antiguo Egipto. ¡Haga clic en el botón añadir a la cesta para saber más sobre Julio César!

Pipes is a widely recognized authority on Russia and is currently Baird professor of History at Harvard University. This is the final volume in his magisterial history of the Russian Revolution, covering the period from the outbreak of the Civil War in 1918 to Lenin's death in 1924.

Die Institution des antiken griechischen Symposions wird in der bisherigen Forschung wie folgt charakterisiert: Es handle sich dabei um eine aristokratische Einrichtung, die ausschließlich Männern vorbehalten war. Doch erlaubt dieses dominierende Deutungsmodell tatsächlich, dem griechischen Trinkgelage epochenübergreifend gerecht zu werden? Um dies zu überprüfen, bot es sich an, von den ersten Zeugnissen zum Symposion auszugehen. Gegenstand des Buches sind daher Text- und Bildzeugnisse des 8.-6. Jahrhunderts v.Chr. Dreh- und Angelpunkt war dabei der sogenannte "Nestorbecher" von der Insel Ischia, ein Trinkgefäß, dessen dreizeilige, poetisch geformte Inschrift als erstes Testimonium für das spezifisch griechische Trinkgelage anzusehen ist. Ausgehend von diesem im ersten Kapitel behandelten Objekt und seinem kulturellen Kontext werden dann in den übrigen drei Kapiteln, gerade auch in Bezug auf das Verhältnis zwischen Schriftgebrauch und Symposion, drei Problembereiche analysiert, mit dem Ergebnis, dass das frühgriechischen Trinkgelage von vielerlei Mischungen bestimmt wird, die im Zeichen der Gottheiten Dionysos und Aphrodite stehen und Männer wie freizügige Frauen betreffen, ohne dass diese Institution auf Aristokraten beschränkt war.

This issue of Austrian Studies assembles articles that represent the great variety of travel writing by authors from Austria and the Habsburg lands. Contributions investigate examples of 'heroic' exploratory travel of the 19th century and its colonialist implications, journalistic and impressionistic narratives from the fin-de-siècle to the 1940s, and private and 'official' notation by prominent and lesser known authors. Writings of classical modernism demonstrate how optimistic, horizon-expanding travel endured, but also how changing political circumstances and cultural norms undermined the confident optimism of traditional travel narratives. Diversifying perspectives, including those of female travellers, as well as new means of expression and aesthetic innovation progressively challenged old certainties. The range of the genre of travel writing is illustrated by contributions on Bohemian spas, the medium of the Lied cycle and notations by emigrants in transit, while the legacy of the COVID-19 pandemic and the future of travel in a climate-changed world are to the fore in analyses of travel writing today.Volume 31 of Austrian Studies is edited by Florian Krobb and Caitríona Leahy.

This book highlights the significant role that production artists played when Russian cinema was still in its infancy. It uncovers Russian cinema's connections with other art forms, examining how production artists drew on both aesthetic traditions and modernist experiments in architecture, painting and theatre as they explored the new medium of cinema and its potential to engender new models of perception and forms of audience engagement.Drawing on set design sketches, archival documents and film-makers' memoirs, Eleanor Rees reveals how less-canonical films such as Behind the Screen (Kulisy ekrana, 1919) and Palace and Fortress (Dvorets i krepost¿, 1923), were remarkable from a design perspective, and also provides new readings of well-known films, such as Children of the Age (Deti veka, 1915) and Strike (Stachka, 1925). Rees brings to light information on significant but understudied figures such as Vladimir Egorov and Sergei Kozlovskii, and highlights the involvement of well-known figures such as Lev Kuleshov and Aleksandr Rodchenko. Unlike the majority of late Imperial directors and camera operators, many early-Russian production artists continued to work in cinema in the Soviet era and to draw on practices forged before the 1917 Revolution. In spanning the entire silent era, this book highlights the often overlooked continuities between the late-Imperial and early-Soviet periods of cinema, thus questioning traditional historical periodisations.

Tutankhamon var kun 8 år, da han blev konge i oldtidens Egypten. Han døde som 19-årig og her kan du læse den spændende historie om, hvordan det gik til, da en engelske egyptolog fandt og udgravede Tutankhamons grav i 1922.LÆS OM hvordan den engelske egyptolog Howard Carter ledte i fem år før det lykkedes ham at finde Tutankhamons grav.Graven indeholdt kongens mumie, rigt udsmykkede kister og mange kostbare skatte og har siden været omgærdet af meget mystik.Teksten er lettilgængelig med et enkelt sprog og overskuelige sætninger. Bogen er gennemillustreret i farver.LÆS OM appellerer til børn, der foretrækker faglitteratur – også når der skal læses for sjov.Lix 24,7, ml 8,3, lo 16,4

"First published in 2016 in Great Britain by Faber & Faber Ltd."--Title page verso.

Originally published: New York: Atria Books, 2015.

Um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts verfügten die deutschen Bergleute mit den Knappschaftsvereinen über ein eigenes institutionalisiertes Sozialversicherungssystem, dessen historische Wurzeln bis zurück ins Mittelalter reichen und das insbesondere auch beispielgebend für die Ausgestaltung der Bismarckschen Sozialversicherung war. Mit Blick auf die Periode zwischen Knappschaftsgesetz einerseits und Gründung der Reichsknappschaft andererseits (1854-1923) untersucht diese Arbeit ein versicherungsökonomisches Problem, über das bereits die zeitgenössischen Beobachter der Knappschaftsvereine intensiv diskutierten: Wie ist die optimale Größe eines Sozialversicherungsträgers zu bestimmen und zu implementieren? Gibt es überhaupt eine "optimale" Größe oder gilt nicht vielmehr "je größer, desto besser"? Diese Fragen am historischen Beispiel zu untersuchen, ist Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

From award-winning author Gary D. Schmidt, a warm and witty novel in the tradition of The Wednesday Wars, in which a seventh grader has to figure out how to fulfill an assignment to perform the Twelve Labors of Hercules in real life?and makes discoveries about friendship, community, and himself along the way.Herc Beal knows who he's named after?a mythical hero?but he's no superhero. He's the smallest kid in his class. So when his homeroom teacher at his new middle school gives him the assignment of duplicating the mythical Hercules's amazing feats in real life, he's skeptical. After all, there are no Nemean Lions on Cape Cod?and not a single Hydra in sight.Missing his parents terribly and wishing his older brother wasn't working all the time, Herc figures out how to take his first steps along the road that the great Hercules himself once walked. Soon, new friends, human and animal, are helping him. And though his mythical role model performed his twelve labors by himself, Herc begins to see that he may not have to go it alone.

What happened to Anastasia's sister Maria?1918: Pretty, vivacious Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia, the nineteen-year-old daughter of the fallen Tsar Nicholas II, lives with her family in suffocating isolation, a far cry from their once-glittering royal household. Her days are a combination of endless boredom and paralyzing fear; her only respite are clandestine flirtations with a few of the guards imprisoning the family?and she never realizes her innocent actions could mean the difference between life and death.1973: When Val Doyle hears her father's end-of-life confession, ?I didn't want to kill her,? she's stunned. So she begins a search for the truth?about his words and her past. The clues she discovers are baffling?a jewel-encrusted box that won't open and a camera with its film intact. What she finds out pulls Val into one of the world's greatest mysteries: What truly happened to Grand Duchess Maria?

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.