Bøger om Oceans and seas

This book discusses the diverse practices and discourses of memory politics in Russia and Eastern Europe. It argues that currently prevailing conservativism has a long tradition, which continued even in Communist times, and is different to conservatism in the West, which can accommodate other viewpoints within liberal democratic systems.

This book studies the well-being of the eastern Himalayan forest-dwellers in terms of their capabilities and functioning. It examines the educational and health opportunities afforded to farmers living and working in the Protected Areas of North Bengal, India.

Colonial Formations highlights the critical importance of colonial dynamics at the so-called peripheries of the British Empire.

This volume attempts to examine the many possible causes of Brexit. The conceptual 'peg' on which the volume hangs is that, irrespective of one's views on whether Britain's exit from the EU was a good or a bad thing, Brexit can justifiably be seen as yet another example of a British policy fiasco. Put simply, the British political elite was not at its best.The collective concern of this volume is twofold. First, it advances possible explanations of how the Brexit issue arose. Why was Britain's membership of the EU thought to be so problematic for so many members of the British political elite and ultimately for a majority of voters? How did we get to June 2016 and the Brexit Referendum? Secondly, the volume examines how the issue was managed (or mismanaged) following the referendum result up until the Withdrawal Agreement in March 2019. The contributions to this volume explore these questions by looking at Brexit from different analytical angles. Some authors explore the long-term causes of Brexit, by disentangling the fraught relationship between the UK and the EU, which had provided the Brexit train with steam; others explore the highly conflictual domestic political dynamics in the run-up to the referendum and in the negotiations of a Brexit deal.The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Journal of European Public Policy.

This book offers new insights into the current, highly complex border transitions taking place at the EU internal and external border areas, as well as globally. It focuses on new frontiers and intersections between borders, borderlands and resilience, developing new understandings of resilience through the prism of borders.

Alexander the Great and Propaganda explores the use of propaganda - whether literature, coinage, or iconography - in the court of Alexander the Great, as well as those of his Successors, demonstrating that it was as integral to Hellenistic courts as it was to Imperial Rome. This volume brings together ten essays from leading international scholars in Alexander studies. There is currently no equivalent collection which has a specialist focus of themes or issues relating to the use of propaganda in the courts of Alexander or his Successors. This book will be an invaluable resource for students and scholars of Alexander studies, as well as those studying the use of propaganda across the ancient world, and to the more general reader with an interest in Alexander the Great and his reign.

This book examines the security dynamics of the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, concentrating upon an analysis and evaluation of the air power capabilities of the various powers active in the two regions.

This book explores the Kuki uprising against the British Empire during the First World War in the Northeast frontier of India (then Assam-Burma frontier). It sheds light on how the three-year war (1917-1919), spanning over 6,000 square miles, is crucial to understanding present-day Northeast India.

In this essential guide, the team of expert authors explore the politics of a range of European countries, providing insight into everything you need to know on the subject, from the fundamentals of democratic politics, institutions, and practices of government, to key contemporary challenges.

In recent decades, the vast and culturally diverse Indian Ocean region has increasingly attracted the attention of anthropologists, historians, political scientists, sociologists, and other researchers. Largely missing from this growing body of scholarship, however, are significant contributions by archaeologists and consciously interdisciplinary approaches to studying the region¿s past and present. Connecting Continents addresses two important issues: how best to promote collaborative research on the Indian Ocean world, and how to shape the research agenda for a region that has only recently begun to attract serious interest from historical archaeologists. The archaeologists, historians, and other scholars who have contributed to this volume tackle important topics such as the nature and dynamics of migration, colonization, and cultural syncretism that are central to understanding the human experience in the Indian Ocean basin. This groundbreaking work also deepens our understanding of topics of increasing scholarly and popular interest, such as the ways in which people construct and understand their heritage and can make use of exciting new technologies like DNA and environmental analysis. Because it adopts such an explicitly comparative approach to the Indian Ocean, Connecting Continents provides a compelling model for multidisciplinary approaches to studying other parts of the globe.Contributors: Richard B. Allen, Edward A. Alpers, Atholl Anderson, Nicole Boivin, Diego Calaon, Aaron Camens, Saša ¿aval, Geoffrey Clark, Alison Crowther, Corinne Forest, Simon Haberle, Diana Heise, Mark Horton, Paul Lane, Martin Mhando, and Alistair Patterson.

Discover 35 five-star hiking trails near Asheville, North Carolina, including popular routes and hidden gems.Peaceful waterfalls, dramatic mountain vistas, bountiful nature preserves, and, of course, the Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park—there’s no better place to hit the trails than the Asheville area. This diverse geographical region offers a variety of easy, moderate, and strenuous hikes. Travel through history at Mount Pisgah via Buck Spring Lodge. Take in the scenery at Big Firescald Knob. Bring the kids to Bearwallow Mountain.Explore 35 of the region’s best, five-star trails with this easy-to-carry and easy-to-use guidebook. In the updated edition, acclaimed author and record-setting hiker/backpacker Jennifer Pharr Davis presents everything you need to know about spectacular outings that lead to mountain panoramas, majestic waterfalls, remote wilderness, amazing wildlife, and more.Inside you’ll find:Descriptions of 35 five-star hiking trails for all levels and interestsGPS-based trail maps, elevation profiles, and detailed directions to trailheadsInsight into the history, flora, and fauna of the routesRatings for scenery, difficulty, trail condition, solitude, and accessibility for childrenSave time and make the most of your hiking adventures. From easy strolls in the deep woods to thrilling treks atop mountains, experience the best of Asheville’s breathtaking scenery and varied terrain. Lace up, grab your pack, and hit the trail!

The latest adventure from our indomitable hero and his friends!A strange new philosophy is gaining popularity amongst the Roman soldiers, spearheaded by the charismatic Isivertuus. When its enchanting influence reaches the Gauls, everything they once held dear is turned upside down.As news of the dire situation reaches Asterix and Obelix, they embark on a thrilling quest to confront Isivertuus and restore the indomitable spirit of the Gauls. Armed with their trademark humour, bravery, and trusty magic potion, can our heroic duo save the Chief's wife and break the spell of the White Iris?

¿Sabía que la mayor expansión territorial de la antigua Roma tuvo lugar durante el reinado de su primer emperador, quien además fue el mandatario que más tiempo gobernó de todos los anteriores a la caída del Imperio romano de Occidente?El Imperio romano alcanzó su apogeo en los dos primeros siglos tras la caída de la República romana, expandiendo su territorio y ampliando su influencia mucho más allá de las fronteras de Europa. Durante esa época se alcanzó una especie de paz global, que los historiadores denominan la Pax Romana. Pero, ¿qué es exactamente la Pax Romana y cómo se profundiza en este enorme tema en constante expansión?Como muchos otros segmentos de la historia romana, la Pax Romana está plagada de periodos un poco confusos, información contradictoria procedente de fuentes contemporáneas y fascinantes hallazgos arqueológicos. En este libro descubrirá lo que hizo funcionar a Roma durante esos doscientos años de relativa paz.A lo largo de las páginas de este tomo, usted obtendrá pequeñas pinceladas de los reinados de muchos emperadores que hicieron de la Pax Romana lo que fue. Descubra los efectos a largo plazo de la Pax Romana y cómo consiguió consolidar el Imperio romano como el imperio al que muchas civilizaciones posteriores intentaron emular.Entre otras cosas, adquirirá nuevos conocimientos sobre los siguientes hechos:Cómo evolucionó el imperio a partir de la antigua república y quiénes fueron los hombres que propiciaron los cambios.Qué hizo único el reinado de cada emperador.Cuáles fueron algunas de las épocas más turbulentas durante este período general de paz.Quiénes fueron los mejores emperadores durante la Pax Romana y cuáles fueron considerados los peores.Qué papel desempeñaron las provincias y la expansión territorial en el crecimiento y desarrollo del imperio.Cómo se estratificaba la Roma imperial.Qué cambios sociales se produjeron con la abolición de la república y la vuelta a un modelo monárquico.Cómo vivían los romanos durante la Pax Romana .El papel del ejército romano en el mantenimiento de la paz.Qué importancia tenía el Senado y si su papel se vio disminuido o reforzado durante ciertos periodos de la Pax Romana.¡Y mucho más!

Bu kitabdan ¿ld¿ olunan bütün g¿lir xeyriyy¿çiliy¿ veril¿c¿k. Genetik tap¿nt¿lara, arxeoloji, tarixi, linqvistik faktlara v¿ q¿dim aliml¿rin, tarixçil¿rin v¿ co¿rafiyaç¿lar¿n ¿¿had¿tl¿rin¿ ¿saslanan bu ¿s¿r türk xalqlar¿na v¿ onlar¿n keçmi¿in¿ yeni bir bax¿¿ g¿tirir. ¿s¿r iki cildd¿n ibar¿tdir. Birinci cild q¿dim akkadlarla, ¿umerl¿rl¿ qohum olan türk xalqlar¿n¿n Bibliya m¿n¿¿yin¿ dair yeni sübutlar aç¿r. Kitab German xalqlar¿n¿n, midiyal¿lar¿n v¿ skifl¿rin türk ¿slini sübut edir. Farsdak¿ Behistun yaz¿s¿n¿n de¿ifr¿ edilmi¿ mixi yaz¿lar¿ onlar¿n ¿trafl¿ leksiko-qrammatik t¿hlili il¿ yanä¿, midiyal¿lar¿n türk m¿n¿¿li olmas¿ v¿ onlar¿n dili il¿ bäl¿ inqilabi faktlar¿ i¿¿qland¿r¿r. Bu cildin böyük bir hiss¿si skifl¿r¿ v¿ onlar¿n tör¿m¿ tayfalar¿n¿n ¿ks¿riyy¿tin¿, o cüml¿d¿n Skifiyada v¿ ondan k¿narda yerl¿¿¿n As, Turkai, Sakai, Parfiya, Baktriya, Hun, Sarmat, Getai, Kelt, ¿ber, Qall, German v¿ Trakiya kimi tayfalara h¿sr edilmi¿dir. ¿kinci cildd¿ dig¿r skif-trakiya xalqlar¿ - troyal¿lar, ¿n m¿¿hur illiriyal¿lar, spartal¿lar, frigiyal¿lar, etrusklar, pelasqlar d¿ daxil olmaqla, qohum tayfalar¿n ¿trafl¿ t¿snifat¿ il¿ t¿qdim olunur. ¿ki böyük Trakiya xalq¿n¿n - etrusklar¿n v¿ frigiyal¿lar¿n dill¿rinin d¿rin leksiko-qrammatik t¿hlili onlar¿n türk m¿n¿¿yini mü¿yy¿n edir. Kitab h¿mçinin Frigiya koloniyas¿ olan q¿dim erm¿nil¿rin tarixini aç¿qlay¿r, onlar¿ müasir erm¿nil¿rd¿n f¿rql¿ndirir v¿ Hay kimi tan¿nan müasir erm¿ni xalq¿n¿n xronoloji, tarixi m¿lumat¿n¿ onun ilk tarixçisi Movses Xorenatsiya istinad ed¿r¿k verir. 20 q¿dim ¿lifban¿n müqayis¿li t¿hlili onlar¿n ortaq türk kökünü üz¿ ç¿xar¿r. ¿h¿miyy¿tli bir arxeoloji, m¿d¿ni, siyasi, linqvistik v¿ genetik d¿lil bir çox yerli amerikal¿lar¿n türk bälan¿¿c¿na i¿ar¿ edir.

Bu kitabdan ¿ld¿ olunan bütün g¿lir xeyriyy¿çiliy¿ veril¿c¿k. Genetik tap¿nt¿lara, arxeoloji, tarixi, linqvistik faktlara v¿ q¿dim aliml¿rin, tarixçil¿rin v¿ co¿rafiyaç¿lar¿n ¿¿had¿tl¿rin¿ ¿saslanan bu ¿s¿r türk xalqlar¿na v¿ onlar¿n keçmi¿in¿ yeni bir bax¿¿ g¿tirir. ¿s¿r iki cildd¿n ibar¿tdir. Birinci cild q¿dim akkadlarla, ¿umerl¿rl¿ qohum olan türk xalqlar¿n¿n Bibliya m¿n¿¿yin¿ dair yeni sübutlar aç¿r. Kitab German xalqlar¿n¿n, midiyal¿lar¿n v¿ skifl¿rin türk ¿slini sübut edir. Farsdak¿ Behistun yaz¿s¿n¿n de¿ifr¿ edilmi¿ mixi yaz¿lar¿ onlar¿n ¿trafl¿ leksiko-qrammatik t¿hlili il¿ yanä¿, midiyal¿lar¿n türk m¿n¿¿li olmas¿ v¿ onlar¿n dili il¿ bäl¿ inqilabi faktlar¿ i¿¿qland¿r¿r. Bu cildin böyük bir hiss¿si skifl¿r¿ v¿ onlar¿n tör¿m¿ tayfalar¿n¿n ¿ks¿riyy¿tin¿, o cüml¿d¿n Skifiyada v¿ ondan k¿narda yerl¿¿¿n As, Turkai, Sakai, Parfiya, Baktriya, Hun, Sarmat, Getai, Kelt, ¿ber, Qall, German v¿ Trakiya kimi tayfalara h¿sr edilmi¿dir. ¿kinci cildd¿ dig¿r skif-trakiya xalqlar¿ - troyal¿lar, ¿n m¿¿hur illiriyal¿lar, spartal¿lar, frigiyal¿lar, etrusklar, pelasqlar d¿ daxil olmaqla, qohum tayfalar¿n ¿trafl¿ t¿snifat¿ il¿ t¿qdim olunur. ¿ki böyük Trakiya xalq¿n¿n - etrusklar¿n v¿ frigiyal¿lar¿n dill¿rinin d¿rin leksiko-qrammatik t¿hlili onlar¿n türk m¿n¿¿yini mü¿yy¿n edir. Kitab h¿mçinin Frigiya koloniyas¿ olan q¿dim erm¿nil¿rin tarixini aç¿qlay¿r, onlar¿ müasir erm¿nil¿rd¿n f¿rql¿ndirir v¿ Hay kimi tan¿nan müasir erm¿ni xalq¿n¿n xronoloji, tarixi m¿lumat¿n¿ onun ilk tarixçisi Movses Xorenatsiya istinad ed¿r¿k verir. 20 q¿dim ¿lifban¿n müqayis¿li t¿hlili onlar¿n ortaq türk kökünü üz¿ ç¿xar¿r. ¿h¿miyy¿tli bir arxeoloji, m¿d¿ni, siyasi, linqvistik v¿ genetik d¿lil bir çox yerli amerikal¿lar¿n türk bälan¿¿c¿na i¿ar¿ edir.

This is the story of a British icon: Boudicca - humiliated widow of Prasutagus - who led British tribes into rage-fuelled war with the Roman Empire.Boudicca is a legendary figure today, as the mother determined to avenge her ravaged children and the warrior who rose up to protect her land from the assault of a rampaging enemy. Many identify with her as an icon of womanly strength; she has even been described as a Margaret Thatcher without the handbag. Yet what of the true woman behind the legend? Did she really draw together a disparate tribal nation against a ruthless Roman occupier? And if so, how? In Boudicca: The Warrior Queen, MJ Trow strips away modern and ancient myths to reveal the flesh-and-blood woman who terrified Rome.In the summer of AD 60 Boudicca united several British tribes and led them in revenge attacks on the Roman towns of Colchester, London and St Albans, burning and destroying with a ferocity that has left a permanent scar on the archaeological landscape. Many people died in the flames of Roman settlements and, had the Iceni and their allies not been defeated, the entire course of British history would have been altered.This book takes us on a journey through the Roman archives, the archaeological record and Celtic mythology to a new understanding of Boudicca - the warrior queen who took on the might of the greatest power of the ancient world and very nearly won. it is required reading for all with an interest in British and/or ancient history.MJ Trow is a historian, biographer and crime novelist. His books include the well-known Lestrade and Maxwell series as well as non-fiction such as Who Killed Kit Marlowe? and Vlad the Impaler.His son, Taliesin Trow, who provided the archaeological focus for Boudicca: The Warrior Queen, is a graduate in history and archaeology whose other works include Sir Martin Frobisher: Seaman, Soldier, Explorer.

The book is presented in English and Russian. The full name is THE ARMENIAN HISTORY,NARRATED BY THE ARMENIAN HISTORIAN OF THE 7TH CENTURY. = ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿, ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ 7 ¿¿¿¿.When publishing the English-Russian translation of the manuscript by Sebeos, we adhered to the same principles that guided us in translating "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatsi. We considered it our duty to convey the most accurate meaning of the original, retain its expressions, and present our readers with a translation that, if possible, would replace the original for them.About Sebeos himself, we have the most insufficient information. Chamchyan (II. 345) and O. Shakhatuni (Description. I.285) called him "a bishop in the domain of Bagratuni", and they claimed that Sebeos was present at the Dvin Council, convened by Nerses III in 645. O. Sallantian, in his chronological table, called him a writer of the 7th century. This fact is confirmed by the very work of Sebeos, describing the events that took place in the 7th century, where the author notes: "We heard this all from the men captured by the Tajiks. They, as eyewitnesses, themselves told us about this all." (part III, ch. 30)His entire work is divided into three parts. The first part speaks of the Babylonian origin of the Armenians and their founder Haik, the firstborn in Babylon. The second part provides a synchronistic table of the Armenian, Persian, and Greek kings until the annihilation of the Persian kingdom. The third part consists of 38 chapters. Along with a brief description of the deeds of the Persian kings and the destruction of the Persian kingdom, it reports the constant power struggles among the Armenians that split them into two main sections: one serving the Greeks (Byzantines), and another - the Persians. There were also the Armenians who left both to serve the Turkic Khagan, and later - the Arab invaders.Like Movses Khorenatsi, Sebeos was very honest in relaying the historical matters and did not sugar-coat the facts pertaining to the Armenian people. He noted that, due to their short-lived allegiances and love-hate relationships with the Greek, Persian, and Turkic powers, the Armenians were deemed to be troublemakers. In his letter to the Persian king, the Greek king suggested getting rid of the Armenians by sending them away from their lands: "This is a stubborn and rebellious people. (They) live among us and stir up trouble. Let us (do this -) I shall assemble mine and send them to Thrace; you, too, gather yours and order them to be taken to the east. For if they die, then the enemies will die, and if they kill anyone, they will kill the enemies; and we will live in peace. As long as they remain in their own country, we cannot rest until then." (part III, ch.6)Sebeos did not mince the words about the Armenians who escaped "the Ismailite slavery" in lieu of "their slavish obedience to the Greeks". According to Sebeos, the Armenians were known as the Haiots both to the Persian and Greco-Byzantian kings. (part III, ch.2)The creation of Sebeos was considered completely lost for a long time. The Armenian Archbishop Shakhatuni was the first to find it in the dusty cellars of the Echmiadzin library. Since 1851 when the book by Sebeos was published as "History" in Constantinople, it has become available to all Armenists, some of whom had already used it in their writings. Other scholars also employed it, citing quotations from it, so that the work by Sebeos in a short time became indispensable for students of the history of the East of the 6th - 7th centuries.

All the proceeds from this book will be given to charity.Primarily based on the genetic findings, backed by the archeological, historical, linguistic facts and testimonies of the ancient scholars, historians, and geographers, this work brings a fresh perspective into a stagnated view of the Turkic nations and their past. This book has 2 volumes.The first volume reveals breaking new evidence about the biblical origins of the Turkic nations who were related to the ancient Akkadians, Sumerians. The book unshrouds the Turkic pedigree of the Germanic nations, the natives of Media, and the Scythians. The deciphered cuneiforms of the Behistun inscription in Persia, along with their detailed lexico-grammatical analysis shed light on the revolutionary facts about the Turkic origin of the Medes and their language.A large portion of this volume is devoted to the Scythians and most of their derivative tribes, including those located in Scythia and beyond, such as the As, Turkai, Sacai, Parthians, Bactrians, Huns, Sarmats, Getai, Celtic, Iberian, Gallic, Germanic, and Thracian tribes.The second volume casts light on the remaining Scytho-Thracian nations - the Trojans with a detailed classification of the related tribes, including the most renowned Illyrians, Spartans, Phrygians, Etruscans, Pelasgi. The in-depth lexico-grammatical analyses of the languages of two major Thracian nations - Etruscans and Phrygians ascertain their Turkic origin. The book also demystifies the history of the ancient Armenians who were a Phrygian colony, sets them apart from the modern Armenians, and gives a chronological, historical account of the modern Armenian people, also known as the Hai, under the authority of their first historian Movses Khorenatsi.The comparative analysis of 20 ancient alphabets reveals their common Turkic root. A crucial archeological, cultural, political, linguistic, and genetic evidence points to the Turkic beginning of many Native Americans.

Den økonomiske vækst i Jugoslavien aftager med udgangen af 1960erne. Samtidig øges den politiske undertrykkelse og censur. En ny forfatning i 1974 skal imødegå den økonomiske og politiske krise, men i stedet slipper det nationalistiske monster ud af flasken.Titos død i 1980 efterlader et Jugoslavien i chok. Hans ideal om Broderskab og Enhed kollapser og erstattes af en falsk nationalistisk sandhed om Dem og Os: Serbere mod kroater, muslimer mod ortodokse. Alle mod alle.Familien Tsirkul oplever på egen hånd de etniske og religiøse spændinger, og i 1990 starter nedsmeltningen med krigene i Slovenien og Kroatien. For familien Tsirkul er krigens brutalitet stadig noget, der finder sted i det fjerne, men snart når krigen til Bosnien, og tragedien rammer.Belejringen af Sarajevo fra april 1992 til februar 1996 presser familien til det yderste. Alle drømmene om frihed og demokrati, vækst og udvikling fortæres af de løgne, der er fortalt under kommunismen.Kan fredens genkomst i 1996 genskabe drømmene om et uovervindeligt Sarajevo?Om forfatterenMorten Kvistgaard (f. 1955) har arbejdet som økonom i Rusland og på Balkan i mere end 30 år.Fortællingerne i romanen er fiktion, mens det historiske bagtæppe er faktuelt. Hændelsesforløbet er inspireret af virkelige personer og deres oplevelser samt af historiske begivenheder, som de fandt sted i Jugoslavien i den periode, romanen dækker.Fortæret af løgne – Den jugoslaviske tragedie 1970 til 1996 er fjerde og sidste bind om familien Tsirkul og Balkans turbulente tid fra 1912 til 1996.

Ved indgangen til 1946 lever drømmene hos familien Tsirkul og det jugoslaviske folk, hvor freden er vundet efter nazisternes besættelse. Petr og Laura venter deres første barn, mens landet omstiller sig fra krig til fred og fra kongedømme til kommunisme. Petr kæmper med fortrængte dæmoner fra krigens tid. Igor vender tilbage til Sarajevo efter mange år i New York og skildrer det jugoslaviske samfundseksperiment i kunstcirklen Krug.Med Titos kommunisme følger omstillingen fra bondesamfund til moderne industrisamfund, men Jugoslaviens brud med Sovjetunionen i 1948 og Sovjetunionens overfald på Ungarn og Tjekkoslovakiet ryster familien Tsirkul. Den politisk aktive datter Amira tager del i den kritiske studenterbevægelse, men der opstår sprækker i det kommunistiske Utopia med politisk forfølgelse af dissidenter.Drømmene om vækst og politisk frihed lever stadig, men tvivlen om kommunismens lyksaligheder melder sig. Om forfatterenMorten Kvistgaard (f. 1955) har arbejdet som økonom i Rusland og på Balkan i mere end 30 år.Fortællingerne i romanen er fiktion, mens det historiske bagtæppe er faktuelt. Hændelsesforløbet er inspireret af virkelige personer og deres oplevelser samt af historiske begivenheder, som de fandt sted i Jugoslavien i den periode, romanen dækker.Da drømmene levede –Jugoslaviens vej mod socialisme 1946 til 1969 er tredje bind af tetralogien om familien Tsirkul og Balkans turbulente tid fra 1912 til 1996.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2023 im Fachbereich Weltgeschichte - Frühgeschichte, Antike, Note: 2,8, Université du Luxembourg (Institut für deutsche Sprache, Literatur und Interkulturalität), Veranstaltung: Didaktik des Reisens, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Arbeit erforscht den durch die Eroberungszüge Alexanders des Großen ausgelöste kulturellen Wandel.Stellt man heutzutage die Frage, was die Kultur eines Menschen ist, so verführt es einen wohl intuitiv zu einer Beantwortung, die den Begriff in Zusammenhang mit einer Nationalität oder Ethnie setzt. Diese Applikation des Kulturbegriffs auf ein bestimmtes Kollektiv ruft die Möglichkeit der Abgrenzbarkeit hervor , indem sich beispielsweise die französische Kultur von der deutschen unterscheidet. Erstmals gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, mit der Entstehung des Nationalismus in Deutschland, wurde der Begriff zur Distinktion von anderen Staaten verwendet, während sich "Kultur" zuvor eher auf den Einzelmenschen bezog. Mit dem 20. Jahrhundert erweiterte sich die Perspektive und bezog nunmehr die "historische Spezifität der Lebensweise" mit ein. Der Kulturbegriff ließe sich nun, so der Kulturtheoretiker Stefan Rieger mit Herder, auf Gruppierungen jeglicher Größenordnungen applizieren und diene zur Definition charakteristischer Handlungsvorgänge sowie Formen der Lebensgestaltung, unter der Prämisse, dass jede Gruppe ihre eigene besitzt.Dass Kultur nicht als derart abgeschlossenes Konstrukt verstanden werden kann, wie es diese Definitionsversuche nahelegen, soll in dieser Arbeit anhand des ausgelösten kulturellen Wandels durch die Eroberungszüge Alexanders des Großen im 4. Jh. v. Chr. gezeigt werden. Dazu soll dieser Komplex im Lichte der interkulturellen Forschung betrachtet werden, um die Frage zu beantworten, ob das, was man heutzutage als eine partikuläre Kultur annimmt, nur ein Produkt aus früheren kulturellen Vermischungen ist. Dazu soll in einem ersten theoretischen Teil die Forschung rund um Interkulturalität, Postkolonialismus und die Manifestation kulturellen Austauschs näher erläutert werden, um gemachte Beobachtungen auf das Kernthema um Alexander zu applizieren. Dieses soll zunächst damit eröffnet werden, den Charakter des Alexanders und seine Motivationen näher zu erläutern, welche als Grundstein für die stattgefundenen kulturellen Wechselwirkungen fungierten. Konkretisierungen seines Einflusses werden in einem Passus zur Münzprägung näher erläutert, die Auskunft darüber liefert, wie das Herrschervorbild des makedonischen Königs noch lange nach seiner Zeit rezipiert wurde.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2023 im Fachbereich Weltgeschichte - Frühgeschichte, Antike, Note: 5,5, Universität Zürich (Historisches Seminar), Veranstaltung: Kulturgeschichte Griechenlands im 5. und 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Wie gebraucht Herodot den Begriff des "Barbaren"? In erster Linie beschreibt er Menschen damit, die nicht "Griechen" sind. Auch bezeichnet er so den Feind in den Perserkriegen des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Doch er schreibt nicht abwertend über diese Perser, auch nicht über alle anderen "Barbaren". Herodot ist neugierig, offenbart eine hohe Objektivität, zeigt Toleranz und steht sogar für die Respektierung der Sitten der "Barbaren" ein. Das zeigt die Analyse der in den Historien Herodots enthaltenen Beschreibungen der Völker und der Kriegshandlungen in der vorliegenden Seminararbeit. Den damaligen Gegensatz zwischen "Griechen" und "Barbaren" stellt der antike Autor zudem auffällig differenziert dar. Er verabscheut zwar die Tyrannei bei den "Barbaren", aber ansonsten zeigt er eine offene Bewunderung für viele "barbarische" Gepflogenheiten und Errungenschaften. Wieso Herodot nicht einfach dem damaligen Athener Narrativ des "barbarischen" Gegners erliegt, wäre eine spannende Frage für eine nächste Forschungsarbeit.