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This book contains more than 100 exercises for learning how to program programmable logic controllers (PLCs). At the same time, the exercises provide knowledge of how equipment, machines and small plants can be automated.There are exercises at beginner level with logic, counters, and timers. Then there are exercises with ARRAY, STRUCT, STRING, as well as exercises with mathematics, functions, function blocks, program design, sorting, FIFO, and data collection. Some exercises include selecting sensors, sequence techniques, manual/automatic operation, and data communication to a robot, frequency converter, or vision camera.The exercises start with easy ones and get harder as you go along. You can begin with simple exercises and gradually move on to more challenging ones that require a range of methods and programming skills. The exercises are based on relevant, real-world automation problems.The exercises can be solved in all types of PLCs, regardless of brand, hardware, or model. There are enough exercises for at least 400 hours of homework!The book is designed for use in educational programs or training that include PLC programming, such as automation technician, electrician, automation engineer, or mechatronics engineer. Of course, the exercises can also be used for other educational programs that teach basic programming or automation.The author is an experienced engineer and senior lecturer with over 30 years of experience in software development. He has been teaching PLC programming at the Dania Academy in Denmark for more than seven years.

This book is an introduction to the programming language Ladder Diagram (LD) used in Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC).The book provides a general introduction to PLC controls and can be used for any PLC brands.With a focus on enabling readers without an electrical education to learn Ladder programming, the book is suitable for learners without prior knowledge of Ladder.The book contains numerous illustrations and program examples, based on real-world, practical problems in the field of automation.CONTENTS- Background, benefits and challenges of Ladder programming- PLC hardware, sensors, and basic Ladder programming- Practical guides and tips to achieve good program structures- Theory and examples of flowcharts, block diagrams and sequence diagrams- Design guide to develop functions and function blocks- Examples of organizing code in program modules and functions - Sequencing using SELF-HOLD, SET / RESET and MOVE / COMPARE- Complex code examples for a pump station, tank control and conveyor belt- Design, development, testing and simulation of PLC programsThe book describes Ladder programming as described in the standard IEC 61131-3. PLC vendors understand this standard in different ways, and not all vendors follows the standard exactly. This will be clear through material from the vendor. This means that some of the program examples in this book may not work as intended in the PLC type you are using. In addition, there is a difference in how the individual PLC type shows graphic symbols and instructions used in Ladder programming.Note: This is a book for beginners and therefore advanced techniques such as ARRAY, LOOPS, STRUCT, ENUM, STRING, PID and FIFO are not included.