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Mémoire (de fin d'études) de l¿année 2018 dans le domaine Economie politique - Théorie et Politique monetaire, , langue: Français, résumé: Toute économie qui se veut dynamique et prospère a toujours aspiré a plusieurs objectifs au nombre des quels la croissance économique, le plein emploi, la stabilité des prix ainsi que l¿équilibre budgétaire et extérieur qui constituent les quatre objectifs fondamentaux que pour suit tout le gouvernement. D¿aucun n¿ignorent le rôle important que joue la monnaie au sein de l¿économie a travers ses trois fonctions essentiel qüelle remplit à savoir : intermédiaires des échanges, unité de compte et réserve de valeur.S¿inscrivant ainsi à cette logique, la monnaie nationale ne saurait remplir convenablement ses fonctions essentielles si elle ne jouit pas d¿une certaine stabilité dans ses rapports d¿échange contre les produits et les autres biens. La solidité et la croissance du système financier en dépendent. Un regard vers le passé de notre histoire montre qüentre les années 1990 et 1996, le système monétaire du Congo a été marque précisément par un disfonctionnement qui a entamé fortement la valeur de la monnaie nationale. Les manifestations le plus évidentes de cette crise de la monnaie furent l¿hyperinflation, la dollarisation de l¿économie, la crise aigue des liquidités dans les banques, la perte de crédibilité de la Banque Central et le rejet de certains signes monétaires par la population.
Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2018 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: A, University of Bedfordshire, language: English, abstract: Most petroleum-producing countries have enacted local legislation and content to regulate international Oil and Gas companies. However, there is a dearth of literature focusing on local content policies. Due to the gap in the literature, the research focused on exploring the contents and the impacts of the LCP implementation in Norway and Ghana. These two petro-states have been chosen because they emphasis the contrast between a developing country which initially did not have the means to develop a regulatory framework for local content (Ghana) and a developed country which did (Norway). The aim of the study was to determine the economic impact of the implementation of local content policies in Oil and Gas producing countries, using Ghana and Norway as examples. There are a number of major conclusions from the research. First, very high minimum targets for local employment can lead to the creation of skill gaps in some areas while only achieving increases in some job categories; mostly the semi-skilled and the unskilled positions. Secondly, considering the unemployment, there appears to be no relationship between the unemployment percentage and the quality of the local content policies. Third, where National Oil Company takes the lead in the fostering of local content policies, better results are achieved in terms of skills transfer, increased local sourcing and better training programs. Moreover, mandatory cooperation through JVs and partnerships leads to greater technology spill over from the foreign companies to the local companies. Coupled with the above, higher government spending by there would be an increase in the local supply of both non-specialised and specialised products to the oil and gas industry. Finally, the successful LCPs require the provision of fiscal incentives to the local firms, as well as empowering the national oil company to foster technical skills transfer and fostering training. Moreover, some contextual situations such as political stability, HDI in terms of the educational attainment and R&D spending were linked to better outcomes of the LCPs. Based on the findings and the analysis from the research, it is recommended that policy makers and legislators in countries that want to develop local content policies should focus on coordination and getting input from the oil and gas operators, provision of incentives to the local businesses
Seminar paper from the year 2019 in the subject Business economics - Trade and Distribution, grade: A, , language: English, abstract: Ethiopia is the single largest African producer of coffee with about half of its production going for export. It plays a central role in Ethiopiäs economy and as the country¿s leading export is an important source of foreign exchange. The coffee bean export business reserved for Ethiopia citizens. Out of the total number of coffee exporting companies, 93 percent are private companies, 5% are coffee growing farmers' cooperatives, and 2 % are governmental enterprise. The extent to which cooperatives and private, including previous Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise (EGTE) now named Ethiopia Trading Business Corporation (¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿) and state farms, play a role in coffee exports from Ethiopia. Currently coffee generates less than 35 percent of the total export earnings. For the last several years its relative predominance in the export sector is decreasing because of increased contribution of other agricultural products like horticulture and floriculture. Consequently, only a little over 26% percent of the total export earnings is contributed by coffee during the year of 2011 (FDRE, 2011). This is the lowest share earned from export of coffee in the history of economy.
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2018 im Fachbereich Politik - Region: Afrika, Note: 1,7, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Bislang galt das Interesse in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung nur sekundär den regionalen Integrationsprozessen afrikanischer Staaten. Regionale Integrationsgemeinschaften afrikanischer Staaten unterscheiden sich zunächst historisch betrachtet in den Beweggründen ihrer Kooperation, da Regionalisierungsprozesse im südlichen Afrika anfänglich poltischen Charakter aufwiesen. Denn regionale Zusammenschlüsse sollten der Überwindung neokolonialer Abhängigkeiten und Strukturen dienen, indem auch erste Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen in Form von Staatengründung koloniale territorialen Trennlinien auflösen sollten (Zeuner, 2005). Erst im zweiten Schritt wurde eine wirtschaftliche Kooperation angestrebt, um sich einerseits am globalisierten Weltmarkt behaupten und andererseits aktuelle Problematiken wie Nahrungsmittelsicherheit und Armut bekämpfen zu können.Die Entwicklungsgemeinschaft Southern African Development Community weist einen solchen Regionalisierungsverlauf auf und wird als der Hoffnungsträger für die Entwicklung im südlichen Afrika bezeichnet. Der Gründungsvertrag dieser Gemeinschaft sowie die stetige Weiterentwicklung des institutionellen Gefüges induzieren erste wesentliche Indikatoren für die mögliche Entwicklung zu einer verstärkt politischen Gemeinschaft. Denn obwohl Vertrag der SADC die Errichtung einer politischen Union nicht explizit als Ziel der Entwicklungsgemeinschaft vorgesehen ist, besteht ein allgemeiner Konsens darüber, dass zur Erreichung der integrationspolitischen Ziele Schaffung politischer Komplementarität und gemeinsamer Werten grundlegend sind (Mair/Peters-Berries, 2001).Ob der wirtschaftlich orientierte Zusammenschluss SADC zu einer politischen Gemeinschaft heranwachsen könnte, soll mit Hilfe der von Stanley Hoffmann aufgestellten förderlichen Bedingungen zur erfolgreichen Errichtung einer politischen Gemeinschaft analysiert werden. Somit kann auf Grundlage des klassischen Ansatzes des Intergouvernementalismus, sowie anhand einer geschichtlichen Analyse der Entwicklungsgemeinschaft SADC eine Aussage über die Weiterentwicklung dieser gemacht werden.
Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2019 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 3.68, , language: English, abstract: The Balanced Score Card (BSC) is one of the most popular Public service reform initiatives in Ethiopia that tries to translate a company¿s strategic direction and objectives into actionable initiatives and measurements. The major purpose of this study was to assess the status and challenges faced while implementing the balanced scorecard reform initiative in ERC. Descriptive method of research with a mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative theme was applied. Out of the non-probability sampling purposive sampling has been used. Relevant data for the study was collected using questionnaire and semi structured interview and 81 questionnaires (30% from the total population of 270) were distributed, from this 79 (97.5%) were collected. Then, data collected through questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS Version 24 software and presented by table, bar graph and pie chart. Interview and document analysis were also made to complement the information obtained. The major findings of the study revealed that employees understanding on the vision and strategic objectives and employees positive perception regards to BSC initiative relevance is a good opportunity for ERC. whereas, lack of committed management and employee, manpower skill gap and lack of training, ineffective communication with employees, lack of monitoring and evaluation system are the variables that are statistically significant and have influence on balanced scorecard reform implementation at the Corporation. Therefore, it is recommended that ERC should strength the commitment of management and employee by providing adequate and continuous refreshment training on the concept of Balanced Scorecard.
Scientific Study from the year 2019 in the subject Cultural Studies - Miscellaneous, grade: A, , course: Archology and musume, language: English, abstract: As the findings of the study, clearly reveal that all of the research participants were recognized that , even if people of Wolaita has a divers possession of in its cultural ,historical and religious heritages , the museum has poor collection Therefore, the museum and its stakeholders from these valuable heritage resources the should have clearly define stakeholder engagement policy and collocate different aspects me trials for the museum ; The governing bodies have the overall responsibilities for the museum better performance. Therefore, the governing bodies of the should be dedicate, culture and heritage lovers; Ethiopia has many cultural and historical heritages among which museums are worth mentioning. There are several regional and national museums in the country. Most of them have numerous collections such as artifacts, photographs, cultural goods and clothes, traditional weapons, charts and maps that attract many visitors or tourists. Many museums are used as a means of generating good revenue while some are not used well for the same purpose. It may be difficult to generalize about the situation of museums in having conducted a case study on Wolaita Sodo Museum. However, our country¿s tourism policy still needs some sort of special attention. Future Absence of well-developed profile, its inappropriateness to people¿s with disabilities, lack of good promotion strategy and absence of light source to some sections of the museum are some problems which are looking for urgent response unless the museum will not able to generate good revenue from it. A further research on this area should be carry out in a way that it can help tourism experts, employees of the museum and other concerned bodies to develop good strategies to improve the present practices and to mitigate the existing challenges. This, in return, will help the city to generate revenue and develop from the sector.
Scientific Study from the year 2020 in the subject Politics - Topic: Public International Law and Human Rights, Wolkite University, course: Political Science and Internationhal Relations, language: English, abstract: This paper examines the constitutional and legal derogations or limitations to which the enjoyment of Human Rights could be subjected, during a period of a State of Emergency in Ethiopia and explores Ethiopia's compatibility to International Human rights standards. The scope of the Research is general and broad because of which it was not possible to identify and elaborate on each and every legislation and provisions that are inconsistent with constitutional and international human rights principles and propose recommendations. For example, regarding how courts, national human right institutions and etcetera are handling domestic application of international human rights instruments is not the scope here. The research approach for this study was qualitative one. As a matter of the fact that the issue of human rights is subtle and the lack of adequate data system of the legal system, a multi-methodology approach was deployed. Data collection tools employed is a Document analysis, qualitative interview and Literature review. The study concludes that the declaration of emergency and the resultant derogation of human rights has been the normal form of exercise of state of sovereignty in Ethiopia. In addition to the governing norms and principles the country use as a precondition to justify the need to take emergency measures and giving power to the concerned organ, a proper institutional and procedural mechanism of checking and necessary control against a possible abuse of emergency powers is vital.
Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2014 in the subject African Studies - Linguistics, grade: 16, INES Ruhengeri Institute of Applied Science (INSTITUTE OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS), course: Languages and applied linguistics, language: English, abstract: At the end of his languages and applied linguistics studies, the researcher decides to carry out the research about Linguistic communication challenges encountered by tourist visiting Musanze District under the case study of VNP Area, with the aim of making an assessment of linguistic skills and the level of customers¿ satisfaction in Tourism and hospitality industry. This goal was achieved under the following objectives: To identify linguistic communication challenges encountered by tourists when they are being offered Tourism and hospitality services, To identify the effects of linguistic communication challenges on Tourism and hospitality, To suggest promising solutions to address linguistic communication challenges identified in Tourism and hospitality. As far as hypotheses are concerned the researcher assumed firstly that since Rwanda, a multilingual country with a single and common mother tongue, Tourists are likely to encounter linguistic communication challenges. Secondly, unsatisfied tourists classify Rwanda as a tourists¿ nonattractive area and thirdly, training by competent language professionals is one of the strategies to address language problem. The population of this research is a set of 165 Tourists who were purposively selected from the area of the study and 58 service providers who by quota sampling were segmented into 28VNP tourists guides,15 tours guides/drivers,5 community guides, and 10 hotel ,bar restaurant as staff who necessarily interact with tourists. According to the findings, 86 tourists (52%) tourists experienced language challenges related to: the lack of knowledge of international languages, cultural identification by 99 tourists or 60% while nature interpretations related problems were questioned by 66 tourists or 40%. This has negative impact on 91 tourists or 55% to pay unjustified bills, 41 or 25% who lose properties and 33 tourists or 20% experience financial loss; it also inconvenience staff through losing job as said by 20 service providers or (50%), the lack of promotion as said by 15 (30%) and the lack of motivation as it was said by 10 or (20%). Finally, 111 tourists (67%) suggest training by language specialists while 54 tourists (33%) suggest intensive interaction with native speakers to address language related problem. Briefly, this research brought victims of language communication challenges altogether on a round table so as to promote language communication improvement for customers satisfaction.
Essay from the year 2018 in the subject African Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (Department of Animal Sciences), language: English, abstract: This review was aimed to indicate the dairy cattle production system including small holder, pastoral and agro pastoral, urban and per urban and intensive dairy cattle production system, breeding practice including mating system (natural mating and AI), breeding objective and reproductive and productive traits of dairy cattle in Ethiopia. Now in Ethiopia most farmers use natural, unplanned and uncontrolled mating system by using breeding from communal grazing and a few farmer use AI for improvement of breed and production by upgrading the genetic makeup of indigenous breed of cattle. Therefore, in Ethiopia, there is a need to use breeding objectives in line effective breeding policies for both AI and natural service for sustainable and effective animal breeding practice. There should be appropriate animal breeders, policy designers and stalk holders have to give due attention to transform the existing traditional breeding practices targeting towards dairy productivity and production with careful consideration of genetic conservation of local cattle breeds.
Yoruba mythology is often studied and yet many questions remain about the ancient gods and goddesses, or Orishas, of West Africa. As the Orisha stories were passed down orally through the centuries, there evolved many variations of the characters, their name spellings, and their relationships to one another. This coloring book is designed to help you explore answers about their nature while enjoying the relaxation and fun of coloring! Plunge into this educational coloring book, featuring:-20 stunning pictures of various Yoruba gods and goddess for you to color-Detailed and informative information of the Yoruba faith on every page-Text designed to help relax and inspire-For adults and children-Huge variety of styles and designs-For artists of all levels, beginner to expert-8.5 x 11 inches book size
The topic of this book as a result of a master's thesis has three main objectives. The first objective is to examine and analyze the causes, patterns, and structures that lead to conflicts between citizens and states. The development of peace mediation processes requires an analysis of the conflict history as well as of the conflict-triggering events in order for a sustainable peace to be realized in the post-conflict period.Therefore, this book describes the general structures and causes that lead to violent conflicts and also considers the conflict history in order to develop a theoretical model as a useful tool for improving the mediation process (the second objective).The final objective of this book is to apply the theoretical model to a specific violent conflict. The violent conflict in Kenya after the elections of 2007 is very well documented. This conflict was mediated successfully under the leadership of former Secretary of the United Nations Kofi Annan along with other members of the African Union. By refining and applying the theoretical model including the mathematical simulations, it was possible to draw attention to the enormous impact of long-term causes, the origins of which are attributable to the phase preceding the concrete conflict. Changes in citizens' trust in their political leaders harbor an enormous risk of conflict escalation, including violence. The theoretical model can also depict the significant impact of trust on citizen-state conflicts. By using simulations, it could be shown that the theoretical model is stable enough to accept different assessments in the input parameters and that these differences do not relevantly affect the main results based on those parameters in the analysis of the conflict escalation potential. When using the tool in the post-conflict period, it was demonstrated that if the long-term causes of the conflict history are not part of the political changes in the years after the peace agreements, the sustainability of peace is not maintainable and new violent conflicts can occur at any time due to unexpected and specific triggering events.
This book distinguishes the forces that motivate capitalism in South Africa. Focusing on the rise of the Anglo American Group of companies, and on the social and political conditions that surrounded and influenced that process, the author presents a picture of capitalist monopoly driven by exploitation and control of the African workforce.
Was verbindet eine Benediktinerschwester, einen Marketingmanager, einen Musiker, eine MBA-Absolventin, einen Kfz-Mechaniker, einen Korb-flechter, eine Agrarwissenschaftlerin, einen Ingenieur, eine Sozialpädagogin, und einen Logistikexperten?Sie alle stammen aus Namibia und haben Deutschland als Heimat gewählt. Ihr klarer Blick für die Zwischentöne der deutsch-namibischen Verhältnisse überrascht und versöhnt zugleich und zeigt gerade dadurch, wie ein Dialog zwischen zwei Ländern mit wechselvoller gemeinsamer Geschichte funktionieren kann.
Academic Paper from the year 2019 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict Studies, Security, grade: 60, Obafemi Awolowo University, language: English, abstract: This paper, drawing on academic and policy literature, as well as security and civil society reports attempts to interrogate the contributions of civil society in Nigeria to eliminating violent extremism and insecurity in the polity. Tracing the contributions of civil society in Nigeria on peace and security overtime, the paper also considers what incentives the national government can provide to encourage these strategic moves and how the civil society can work with national and international institutions to support the war against terror and insecurity of all kinds in the country. Nigeria undoubtedly is one of the hotbeds of conflict in Africa today. Apart from the intractable Boko-Haram insurgency which has claimed thousands of lives and condemned several others to Internal Displaced Person Camps scattered throughout the country; the Southern Kaduna conflict; violent clashes between the Fulani Herdsmen and Farmers all over the country, renewed surge in kidnapping in major cities and villages, agitations in the Niger Delta as well as calls for succession in the former Biafra Republic, among others, all deserve urgent intervention, a multifaceted approach from stakeholders. One fundamental cause of this dilemma is the absence of good governance in the polity. Recent studies however have shown that the interventions by Civil Society in peace and security areas have been largely dominated by foreign foundations and the civil society is still shy of participating actively in stemming this ugly trend for various reasons.
Etude Scientifique de l¿année 2019 dans le domaine Droit - Autres systèmes juridiques, Comparaison de droits, , cours: Droit constitutionnel congolais, langue: Français, résumé: Cet article a pour objectif toute équivoque au de l¿attribution de la régulation de la vie politique qüexerce le Chef de l¿Etat et celle qüexerce la Cour constitutionnelle. Ainsi donc, il y a une différence entre l¿attribution de la régulation du Chef de l¿Etat et celle de la Cour constitutionnelle. Le Chef de l¿Etat exerce alors une régulation politique tandis que la Cour constitutionnelle exerce la régulation juridique. C¿est parce que l¿article 69 de la Constitution expressément cette compétence au Chef de l¿Etat, ce qui laisserait aux autres que pour la Cour constitutionnelle, cette compétence ne lui est pas reconnue. Cependant, même si cette compétence n¿est pas expressément prévue par la Constitution mais elle est considérée comme inhérente à toute juridiction constitutionnelle.
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2018 im Fachbereich VWL - Umweltökonomie, Note: 1,0, Universität Hamburg, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Im dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, welche Verteilungswirkungen mit einer Abschaffung der Subventionierung fossiler Kraftstoffe ¿ insbesondere Benzin ¿ in Nigeria einhergehen. Die Subventionierung von fossilen Brennstoffen, insbesondere Benzin, verursacht schwerwiegenden ökonomischen, ökologischen und sozialen Schaden. Obwohl von den Subventionszahlungen in Nigeria vorranging die reichen Bevölkerungsgruppen profitieren, hätte eine unkompensierte Abschaffung schwerwiegende Folgen für den ärmeren Bevölkerungsteil und würde die Armut signifikant steigern. Eine gezielte Kompensationsstrategie in Form von Transferzahlungen und langfristige Investitionen sind nötig, um diese negativen Effekte abzumildern. Voraussetzung für das Gelingen dieser Kompensation ist die Reduzierung der Korruption und Misswirtschaft der Regierung.Dafür wird in Abschnitt 2.1 zunächst ein Überblick über das Land Nigeria gegeben, und in Abschnitt 2.2 die aktuelle Subventionssituation auf der Welt und in Nigeria vorgestellt. Dabei wird anhand der Studie von Soile & Mu besonders auf die ungleiche Verteilung von Benzinsubventionen eingegangen. In Kapitel 2.3 werden das Konzept der Pareto-Verbesserung und die Hauptsätze der Wohlfahrtsökonomik erklärt, um nach der Diskussion in Teil 3, welche Verteilungswirkung eine Abschaffung der Benzinsubvention in Nigeria hat, zu überprüfen, inwieweit sich die theoretischen Modelle in der Realität anwenden lassen. Als Grundlage für die Diskussion dient die Studie von Rentschler aus dem Jahr 2016. Er untersucht den sozialen Effekt einer Abschaffung auf die einzelnen Bundesstaaten Nigerias. Speziell für Nigeria ist es wichtig, nicht nationale Durchschnitte vor und nach der Reform zu vergleichen, sondern auf die verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen einzugehen und zwischen städtischen und ländlichen Gegenden zu unterscheiden, da die Einkommens- und Wohlfahrtsverteilung in Nigeria sehr ungleich ist (siehe Kapitel 2.1). Es wird gezeigt, dass eine unkompensierte Subventionsabschaffung, obwohl von der Subvention vor allem die reichen Haushalte profitieren, in allen Bundesstaaten die Armutsraten steigert. Rentschler untersucht verschiedene Kompensationsstrategien, mit denen die negativen Effekte einer Abschaffung abgemildert werden können, stößt aber auf das Problem, dass umfassendere Daten nötig sind, um vor allem die ärmeren Haushalte vor größerer Armut zu bewahren.
Scientific Essay from the year 2019 in the subject Social Work, University of Benin, language: English, abstract: One unique feature of the social work profession is the centrality of the person-in environment perspective. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature of social work services to internally displaced persons (IDPs). This research is a qualitative study, conducted with 15 social workers in Nigeria. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview with the participants in Abuja. Results show that social work services are largely inadequate to address the broad range of needs, issues, and concerns of displaced persons. Feasible suggestions that consider the intersectionality between people and their social environment are offered to social workers.
In this book you find photos nearly all taken by Wilma Rösch on an extraordinary trip with the Austrian soul-sister menshioned in WR¿s Book TRAVELARTIST and her adopted Ethiopian twins.The report is a rymed ballade.In diesem Buch finden Sie Fotos, fast alle aufgenommen von Wilma Rösch, von einer außergewöhnlichen Reise mit der österreichischen Seelenschwester, welche in WRs Buch TRAVELARTIST erwähnt wird und deren adoptierten äthiopischen Zwillingen.Der Reisebericht ist ein gereimtes Gedicht.
The award-winning author Patrice Nganang chronicles the fight for Cameroonian independence through the story of a father's love for his family and his land and of the long-silenced secrets of his former life.For the first time, Nithap flies across the world to visit his son, Tanou, in the United States. After countless staticky phone calls and transatlantic silences, he has agreed to leave Bangwa: the city in western Cameroon where he has always lived, where he became a doctor and, despite himself, a rebel, where he fell in love, and where his children were born. When illness extends his stay, his son finds an opportunity to unravel the history of the mysterious man who raised him, following the trail of crab tracks to discover the truth of his father and his country. At last, Nithap's throat clears and his voice rises, and he drifts back in time to tell his son the story that is burned into his memory and into the land he left behind. He speaks about the civil war that tore Cameroon apart, about the great men who lived and died, about his soldiers, his martyrs, and his great loves. As the tale unfolds, Tanou listens to his father tell the history of his family and the prayer of the blood-soaked land. From New Jersey to Bamileke country, voices mingle, the borders of time dissolve, and generations merge. In A Trail of Crab Tracks, the third part of a magisterial trilogy by Patrice Nganang, the award-winning author creates an epic of war, inheritance, and desire, and of the relentless, essential struggle for freedom.
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