Bøger af Alfred Galswells

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a form of demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). A patient with this disease can experience neurological symptoms such as autonomic, visual, motor and sensory problems. Some common symptoms associated with MS are ataxia, nystagmus, muscle spasms, problems with speech or swallowing, optic neuritis, pain and Uhthoff's phenomenon. The three prominent features of multiple sclerosis are formation of lesions in the CNS, inflammation, and the destruction of myelin sheaths of neurons and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These characteristics coordinate in a complex manner to induce the breakdown of nerve tissues. The clinical assessment or diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is based on differential diagnosis, a method to rule out other conditions that might generate similar signs and symptoms. There are certain treatments available for managing multiple sclerosis which include medications that modify the progression of MS. These medications can be in the form of injectable medications, oral medications and infusion medications. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to the assessment and treatment of multiple sclerosis. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) refers to a neurodegenerative disease. It has been characterized as a chronic immune-mediated disease, with strong neurodegenerative mechanisms in the progressive phase of the disease. Progressive multiple sclerosis is an advanced form of MS, categorized through the slow accumulation of disability over time without relapses. It is often manifested as a neurological development of one or more symptoms. Secondary progressive MS (SPMS) develops after an early relapsing course of the disease, whereas primary progressive MS (PPMS) develops gradually over time. Inflammation can also occur in PMS as aggregates of inflammatory cells in the meninges that includes a follicle-like presence. The diagnosis of PMS might be challenging, as it may remain unnoticed by physicians or patients for a long period. There are presently no recognized therapies for progressive forms of MS. This book aims to understand the clinical perspectives of multiple sclerosis. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the causes, diagnoses and management of multiple sclerosis. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is referred as the most prevalent demyelinating disease, where the insulating covers of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain are destroyed. This injury impairs the capability of the parts of nervous system to transmit signals. This leads to a variety of signs and symptoms such as mental, physical and occasionally psychiatric issues. Problems with coordination or sensation, double vision, muscle weakness and blindness in one eye are some of the major symptoms. The etiology of MS is unknown; but numerous risk factors have been linked to its pathogenesis, comprising a link between environmental agents and genetic vulnerability. The breakdown of myelin sheaths of neurons, creation of lesions in the central nervous system and inflammation are the three basic characteristics of MS. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the etiology and pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this disease. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Neuroinflammation is the chronic inflammation of the nervous tissues. Its initiation could be due to different triggers of the immune system such as traumatic brain injury, infection and autoimmunity. During neuroinflammation, innate immune cells within the central nervous system, known as micrologia, are activated. Central nervous system is generally protected by a blood-brain barrier, but circulating peripheral immune cells can surpass it sometimes, which results in the immune response. Neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Different approaches, evaluations and advanced studies on neuroinflammation have been included in this book. A number of latest researches are present to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Inflammation is the biological response towards pathogens and damaged cells exhibited by the body tissues. The inflammation of the nervous tissues is known as neuroinflammation. It may occur in response to a number of causes such as infection, toxic metabolites or traumatic brain injury. Brain and spinal cord, that make the central nervous system, have immune cells known as microglia. These cells are activated during neuroinflammation. It usually refers to the chronic inflammation of the central nervous system, instead of acute inflammation. During chronic inflammation, there is a sustained activation of glial cells and recruitment of other immune cells into the brain. Some other causes of chronic neuroinflammation are ageing, air pollution, passive smoking, spinal cord injury and microbes. This book traces the progress in the field of neuroscience in relation to the management and mechanisms in neuroinflammation. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various aspects of this disease. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics in this disease.