Bøger af Émile Biémont

NEW VERSION This book introduces readers to the astonishing civilisation of the Incas. Its novelty lies in its general but highly informative synthesis of their history and astronomy through the accounts of contemporary chronicles and recent archaeological findings. Richly illustrated with the author's own photographs, it will attract the attention of seasoned travellers interested in ancient civilisations and keen to discover what people were capable of achieving so long ago, but also any reader interested in the history and prehistory of South American peoples, including students or university researchers wanting to know more about the pre-Columbian civilizations of Peru. The Inca civilisation was in fact the culmination of cultural contributions from a dozen or so complex pre-Columbian civilizations, such as those of Chavín, Nazca, Wari, or Tiwanaku. Intensely spiritual, the Inca people attributed metaphysical powers to all manner of objects and places they considered sacred, but at the same time the numerous alignments in their buildings show that they result from careful observations of the Sun, the Moon, and the stars at different times of the year. Indeed, the Incas were an essentially agrarian people, so time measurement and calendar devices were essential for the purely pragmatic problem of planning agricultural tasks during the tropical year. The book sets out to describe the Incas in their historical and geographical context, avoiding specialization or excessive technicality, but retaining a certain scientific rigor, and including a detailed consideration of their interest in the sky and astronomy. OLD VERSION The aim of this book is to transport the reader to the heart of the marvelous and fascinating history of the Andean peoples.This work synthesizes information about the Inca civilization and those which preceded it and highlights for these cultures the intimate relationships between the life of the peoples and the observation of the sky. The novelty of this work lies in the general character of the synthesis, avoiding specialization or excessive technicality but retaining the scientific rigor. The text immediately immerses the reader in the surprising cultural diversity of Peru. It quickly becomes apparent that limiting the history to only the Inca Empire would amount to considering only part of the historical diversity of this society and would neglect a major part of its richness.The prestigious Inca civilization was in fact the culmination of the cultural contributions of a dozen astonishing and complex pre-Columbian civilizations such as those of Chavín, Nazca, Wari or Tiwanaku. A major part of the book is focused on the study of the sky and on astronomy, which was of considerable importance in the peruvian universe. If these populations devoted themselves to observing the Sun, the Moon or the brightest planets, they also observed certain "dark" constellations appearing clearly in contrast against the bright background of the Milky Way which played an important role in the cosmic conception of the pre-Columbian worlds. The study of numerous architectural alignments testifies to the fact that these result from astronomical considerations such as the observations of the Sun and other stars (the Pleiades for example) at privileged moments (solstices and equinoxes) of the year. The importance of time measurement and calendar devices used for correct planning of agricultural tasks during the different seasons of the tropical year is also emphasized. The observation of the Sun certainly played a key role in the Inca civilization, particularly for determining the privileged moments of the astronomical year in relation to the agrarian rhythms associated with the tropical year. The history of the Inca people is imbued with an astonishing and pervasive spirituality that is discussed in great detail. These people in fact attributed metaphysical power to objects and places considered sacred which were integrated into a system of privileged directions radiating from the Cuzco temple of the Sun. On reading the various chapters of this book, the reader will undoubtedly retain the dominant idea that Peru has a long, eventful and fascinating history of very rich cultures and civilizations. This book is aimed at a rather wide and cultivated audience, passionate about history, ethnology, and astronomy of south american cultures. It is also intended for students or university researchers interested in the pre-Columbian civilizations of Peru.