Bøger af Atinderpal Kaur

Urinary tract infection (UTT) is the infection of urinary tract organs which involves kidneys, bladder and ureters. Tt occurs due to the entry and multiplication of bacteria inside the urinary tract. UTT's initiate with the advent of micro-organisms usually from urethra, causing infection in the bladder and if left untreated it may lead to chronic kidney infection. On the basis of location of infection, UTT is divided into two types: lower UTT and upper UTT. Lower UTT involves the infection of urinary bladder and urethra known as cystitis and urethritis, respectively. Upper UTT involves the infection of ureters and kidneys which is also known as pyelonephritis. Tn the world, UTT comes at the second number among the commonly occurred infections (for any organ). Every year more than I50 million patients of UTT are identified in the whole world and many of them die as a result of infection developed by bacteria which are resistant towards the antibiotics. Usually both types of bacteria, Gram positive as well as Gram negative are responsible for causing UTT, but around 95% of infection is occurred due to the attack of Gram negative bacteria. Among these pathogens, infection is majorly caused by Escherichia coli (85% cases) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10% cases), while Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas spp. also cause infections. The infection is initiated due to adherence of adhesins, which are special proteins produced by E. coli bacteria. These adhesion proteins adhere to and attack the epithelial cells present on the inner lining of the urinary bladder