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This publication represents the latest Class I (History) to be written for the western slope of Colorado. Our three districts in this region of Colorado now have histories specifically for them. Such works provide a valuable and needed synthesis of history and literature for these areas and also gives our managers data that are used on a daily basis for land-use decision making. Multiple land use is a Bureau mission that is being met. Oil and gas, coal, oil shale and other energy minerals, not to mention rights-of-ways, grazing programs, recreation projects and land-use planning, are all supported by histories such as this. Resource Management Plans and subsequent Environmental Impact Statements that are produced for the Bureau's Area Offices are the foundations for long-term land-use management. The Glenwood Springs, Colorado, Resource Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement is a Bureau pilot document and serves as a management tool for the Glenwood Springs Resource Area. This history, Volley of Opportunity supports the Resource Management Plan. In addition, a history provides background and support for the upcoming Grand Junction Resource Area Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement. The Volley of Opportunity has already been used for Oil Shale Environmental Statements and for the Federal Coal Leasing Program in the Grand Junction, Colorado, District. Truly, such histories are not only multiple-use in scope but are also management tools that provide basic understanding for land use decisions. Additionally, this history represents an ongoing effort to provide the public reader with a work that is not only interesting but is also well researched. In this way, another sector is satisfied. These histories are used by schools, libraries, universities and, of course, the general public. Again, multiple-use is served. Finally, as the Volley of Opportunity was being prepared, it happened that the City of Grand Junction's Centennial would occur in 1982. Coincidentally, the Glenwood Springs Resource Management Plan will be published in November 1982. Since this history serves several purposes, it is appropriate that it also is the Bureau's contribution to Grand Junction's Centennial celebration.

Between 1978 and 1999, excavations in arctic and western Alaska have revealed the presence of Paleoindians during terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene times, ca. 12,000 to 9500 years BP (Before Present). The Type Site for this cultural manifestation, the Mesa Site, is located on the northern flank of the central Brooks Range at N68° 24.72 W155° 48.02, amid rolling foothills that extend northward 40 miles to the Colville River. The site lies atop a mesa-like ridge that rises 180 feet above the floor of the Iteriak Creek valley, offering an unobstructed 360° view of the surrounding treeless countryside. Excavation at the site has produced the remains of more than 450 formal flaked stone tools and over 120,000 pieces of lithic debitage, which comprise an assemblage typical of the "classic" Paleoindian cultures of the North American High Plains. More than 150 of the artifacts are the complete or fragmentary remains of lanceolate projectile points, many of which have been recovered from within the charcoal/soil matrix of discrete hearths which are the central features of numerous activity areas. The age of the occupation is constrained by 44 uncalibrated AMS radiocarbon dates covering the interval 11,700 to 9700 years BP. The site lacks evidence of any widespread postdepositional disturbance and, except for a small, discrete manifestation in Locality A, contains no remains of more recent cultures. The composition of the Mesa artifact assemblage and its obvious technological relationship with the Paleoindian cultures of mid-continent North America mark it as distinctly different from other ancient arctic cultures. The presence of the Mesa Complex demonstrates a previously undocumented cultural diversity in Eastern Beringia at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. This is an interim report. The amount of data generated by the Mesa project is immense. Although we engaged in some analysis and compilation of data as we progressed through the field work, we are not in a position to present this information in its totality. Therefore, limits have necessarily been placed upon the scope of this report so that it can be completed in a reasonable amount of time. While some primary analysis has not been completed, we have enough information to present a report that is more descriptive and introspective than a raw data monograph. In this report, we address the scope of research, order and describe the data analyzed so far, and interpret and summarize the findings to date. This will be accomplished by discussing the following subjects: the culture history of the region and the place of the Mesa Complex within that culture history framework; the natural setting of the site region; the excavation and data collection methods; the description of the site including the natural and cultural stratigraphy, cultural features, localities and activity areas; the flaked stone industry including artifact typology, tool-stone variety, and tool use; the regional Pleistocene faunal assemblage; the regional Pleistocene climate and ecology; and site use.

"Ecosystem management" is a term used frequently in land managing agencies today. It signals a shift in focus from managing resources separately on the landscape, to managing resources holistically as interconnected parts of environmental systems. The notion that components of an environment function together and affect one another is not new, but the manner in which it is being emphasized by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is changing the way our resource management professionals approach their work and interact with each other. The BLM's cultural resource program is uniquely equipped to provide the kind of information, and the long-term perspective, that can help land managers understand how the ecosystems they manage have changed through time, how human land uses have modified them over the past hundreds or thousands of years, and how present-day land use proposals are likely to affect the health of those ecosystems. We can and should learn from the successes and mistakes of the past to help us more effectively manage our resources in the present and plan responsibly for the future. The document you are reading is a contribution to responsible ecosystem management. This is the second ethnoecology study funded by the BLM. The first such study was published as No. 7 in the Arizona BLM cultural resource series. Both studies were conceived of and overseen by an inter-disciplinary team in our Safford District. The funding for both studies was contributed by several resource programs in keeping with their cross-program benefits. With the publication of El Rio Bonito, Safford District has once again led the way in applying cultural resource information to the management of other resources.

One of the more interesting developments in the field of archaeology in the recent past is the emergence of predictive modeling as an integral component of the discipline. Within any developing and expanding field, one may expect some initial controversy that will, presumably, diminish as the techniques are tested, refined, and finally accepted. We are still very much in the initial stages of learning how to go about using predictive modeling in archaeology, and this book represents an effort by some of the leading experts in the field to present a comprehensive and detailed examination of this approach to understanding how people in the past used the landscape in which they lived.

This volume represents a bridge between Colorado's prehistoric past and the time of Anglo-American settlement in our state. Few people realize that hundreds of years before the discovery of gold in Colorado during 1859, a highly developed European civilization had explored and settled the area now known as New Mexico and Colorado. Spanish conquistadors roamed the plains in the mid-1500s. They came here permanently in 1598 and founded the second oldest city in North America. This long cultural heritage was overshadowed when Colorado [and New Mexico] became part of the United States during the mid-1800s. This publication is neither prehistory nor purely western history. It reveals an aspect of our past that is sometimes overlooked and often forgotten. This volume represents a modest contribution to the Columbus Quincentennial year. It is fitting that during this 500th anniversary of the "discovery" of the New World, Spanish contributions to our western heritage are recognized.

The Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations states, references, or supplements policy for Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and National Park Service fire and fire aviation program management. Original source policy is stated or referenced throughout this handbook. This handbook attempts to quote verbatim, rather than to paraphrase policy that is stated elsewhere. It also attempts to limit duplication of source policy when a reference will suffice. Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations is intended to comply with and support the Review and Update of the 1995 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy (January 2001) and the Guidance for Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy (February 13, 2009) and other existing federal policy. The Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations provides fire and fire aviation program management direction for Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service managers.

The Bureau of Land Management sponsored this report on the history of ecological change in Aravaipa Canyon and adjacent lands in order to gain a better understanding of alterations in the study area's natural environment and of the reasons for which it came to be in its present condition. The report attempts to record a century of land change and resource use along with the decisions and thought processes of the individuals and agencies which shaped Aravaipa's landscape. Before the initiation of this study, as old-timers from "the Aravaipa" passed away and documents were lost or discarded, the history of formative natural events (floods and freezes), the stories of individual family land use and residents' changing attitudes, the history of influential outsiders and government agencies were slowly disappearing. Fortunately, this report has preserved some of this valuable information. The report includes information on five separate aspects of land change. First, it gives a chronological history of landscape and species changes which have resulted from human occupation and settlement. Second, it offers a chronological history of landscape and species changes which resulted from natural causes, a task which centered on interpretation of the area's scanty weather data, a comparison of local data with more complete records from nearby locations, and a comparison between records and local recollections. Third, the report offers a chronological history of social and economic development in the Aravaipa area. This focuses on the mineral, soil, water, floral and faunal wealth of the study area, its discovery, abundance, availability, and allocation to trade or home use. Since the ability to make a living and the ability to use natural resources cannot be unraveled, the report also describes Aravaipa's in-migrations and out-migrations, population patterns and community structure. Fourth, the report attempts to assess the degree to which outside influences affected the social and economic lives and the production and consumption strategies of Aravaipa's resource users. Since Aravaipa settlers functioned as part of a larger political economy, this report is also a chronology of the impact of external capital, new technologies, political events on the state and national level, and the imposition of and reaction to a variety of governmental and agency regulations. Finally, the report discusses the world view and land ethic of Aravaipa residents. Throughout Aravaipa's history, residents were forced to make choices which reconciled their values with the harsh necessities of life. What one group considered edible food, another group abhorred. What one group considered reasonable and humane trapping, hunting or predator control, another group thought unreasonable and cruel. A moderate stocking rate for one rancher appeared too low or too high to another. The desire to record these changes in values required the cooperation of informants and led to the use of the method called ethnoecology. For the purposes of this report, ethnoecology has supplied the major tool for investigating perceptions of the environment and decisions about natural resources. The report attempts to place the informants' values and recollections within a broader framework of environmental change indicated by field observations and more academic evaluations.

This publication presents an overview of the archaeology of the Central High Plains. The volume provides baseline information about the archaeology of the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) Canon City [Colorado] District, the V.S.D.A. Forest Service's Regions II and III and the BLM's Albuquerque [New Mexico] District. This work describes the archaeology of portions of five states and represents a large geographic area ranging from the Continental Divide to the plains of Kansas and Nebraska. A major feature of this work is the fact that it is one of the first such projects that was jointly prepared by the BLM and the Forest Service. Because much of the land managed by these two agencies is adjoining or is in the same geographic region, it was logical to create a document that both groups could use. The Forest Service and BLM also agreed that this database should cover two BLM states and two Forest Service regions, again making this project one of the first of its kind. One of the primary objectives of both the BLM and the Forest Service is to study and, as needed, preserve significant cultural resources located on public lands, Evidences of our past cover large areas of the national forests and the public domain, In order to provide for the orderly and careful evaluation of these places, this baseline narrative gives our specialists and our managers information by which to wisely conserve our national cultural heritage. This volume will provide our managers and the professional community with a study that should become the standard reference for this region.

Culture resource overviews such as this bring together much of the available information on prehistoric and historic peoples and present day Native American groups along with their associated environments. The purpose behind these studies is to provide background information for the management of and research into these prehistoric, historic, and contemporary resources. This overview is one of seven covering the southern California deserts undertaken as part of a comprehensive planning effort by the Bureau of Land Management for these deserts. Overviews aid in the day-to-day management of cultural resources and in the completion of environmental analyses and research projects. Its general value to the public in the fields of education and recreation-interpretation must also be stressed. Usually cultural overviews are completed prior to beginning the field assessments of prehistoric and historic remains and contemporary ethnic values. In this case, however, the nature of the planning effort was such that both field-work and literature search were completed at approximately the same time. The complementary field report by Gary Coombs (1979) in this series is titled "The Archaeology of the Western Mojave". Portions of the field report are discussed in this overview. The final report manuscript was submitted by Environmental Research Archaeologists in May of 1979 following contract initiation one year earlier. The authors are to be congratulated for their time-consuming efforts in bringing together relevant information on lands administered by the Bureau and considerable data concerning the surrounding private land. This work should prove popular with both the lay-reader and professional as it presents new ideas and interpretations of existing data which is sure to stimulate further interest and work. Its value to the management of cultural resources has already been realized in part and will no doubt continue

This volume represents the fourth in a series of five Class I Overview histories prepared by the Colorado State Office, Bureau of Land Management. The purpose of these works is to develop a synthetic history of a given area in order to provide our managers and staff specialists with a baseline overview of the history in a district. We have prepared these documents district by district, and they are regularly used by BLM personnel for orientation, training, and literature searches by professional consultants. In addition, these Class I's are basic to the operation of BLM's Cultural Resource Management Program, because they provide the background that is required for field examination and evaluation of historic properties located on Bureau lands in Colorado. The overview is also used for the preparation of Resource Management Plans and Environmental Impact Statements. This work is the first time an author has attempted to write a broad view of northeastern Colorado, covering the area from the Continental Divide to Kansas and from Wyoming south to near Colorado Springs. This massive region represents a quarter of Colorado and contains the vast majority of Colorado's historic sites and events. That Steve Mehls was able to cover this huge area, within very strict page limits is a testament to his ability to abstract the important events in our history. It must be noted that the major cities, like Denver, Colorado Springs, Boulder, Fort Collins, and Greeley are only mentioned. This is because there is no public land in these places and the Bureau's mandate is to manage the public lands, not private estate. Therefore, some of northeastern Colorado's history is briefly noted, with the emphasis placed on the interaction between the Federal Government and its role in the settlement of the West.

This publication represents the first portion of the Craig District's Class I overview for archaeology. Over the last several years, Craig District, beginning with the Little Snake Resource Area, developed an overview system that contains an extensive computer database, a compilation of site data, and a narrative overview. This document is that narrative. In it, Halcyon La Point explores the pre-history of the Little Snake area, while also compiling data that has heretofore, been largely scattered. The primary contribution of this work is the consolidation of much data into a highly readable and coherent synthesis of the pre-history of northwestern Colorado.

One of the most important tools in archaeology for interpreting the past is a scientifically controlled method of excavation that is used to reveal important sites. The Yarmony Pit House excavation demonstrates how an archaeological site that seemingly might not be spectacular on the surface can yield extremely significant data. This project, undertaken by the Bureau of Land Management and Eagle County, Colorado, represents a major study of a unique archaeological site. Pit house complexes are not particularly common in north central Colorado, so when one is discovered and analyzed, the data gathered is very important. This report represents the culmination of several years of work at the Yarmony Pit House site. It provides valuable data and interpretation for a place that was occupied by humans some 7,000 years ago.

This presents the second in a series of cultural resource reports. This study concerns historic sites and values located on and around public lands in Colorado. It was derived from a prototype study that is an integral part of the Bureau of Land Management's Cultural Resource Management Program. A major objective and mandate of the Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior, is to preserve and study cultural resources, particularly historic and prehistoric properties. Evidences of our history and heritage cover large areas of public domain under BLM jurisdiction.

This document presents the first major study of the prehistory of North Park, the northernmost of the three intermontane basins in Colorado. The archaeological investigations were conducted by the University of Colorado for the Bureau of land Management to determine areas suitable for leasing and mining coal. These data have also provided baseline information for the preparation of a land use plan encompassing North Park. Investigations conducted in 1977 and 1978 reveal a long and rich prehistory in North Park, where a number of prehistoric cultures utilized the natural resources available in this region. The record of these peoples is a valuable and fragile legacy of their efforts to survive in a harsh environment.

One of the most critical concerns for land managers and professional archaeologists is vandalism or unwarranted destruction of vestiges of the nation's historic and prehistoric cultural resources. Though illegal since 1906, the attrition of archaeological sites and data on public lands has been and continues to be a serious problem. This study undertakes analysis of the factors affecting vandalism to archaeological sites in the Bureau of Land Management's Sacred Mountain Planning Unit, located in southwestern Colorado. The study area has long been known for its many spectacular prehistoric ruins and, as a consequence, relic or artifact collecting has been a common pastime since the 1880s. In order to define factors associated with vandalism from which recommendations for improved management and conservation of the area's ruins could be made, several phases of inquiry were outlined. These include: 1) a review of activities which are deleterious to cultural resources; 2) an overview of cultural resource destruction in the project area; 3) a compilation of known site data through the use of certain variables thought to be important to the problem; 4) a field implementation phase designed to verify the trends and factors identified in the known site file data; and 5) interviews with known collectors of antiquities living in the area. As a result of these efforts, quantitative data are offered to support previous ideas that in the project area archaeological site density, distribution, and visibility, along with relatively easy access, are the principal factors associated with vandalism to cultural resources. Other factors of secondary importance include the local and family traditions of artifact collecting, and a commercial or profit motive. Recommendations to management center on actions related to the need for demonstrable intent to prosecute violators of extant antiquities laws, expansion of existing preventative programs, and continued and increased emphasis on public education approaches. This study of vandalism to archaeological resources represents a new management approach by the Bureau of land Management in protecting our cultural heritage. The intent of the work was to use different sources of information such as data on known vandalized sites and interviews with former or current artifact collectors to determine the source, type, and extent of the vandalism problem in southwestern Colorado. The result of this study has allowed the BLM to make better and more productive use of its limited protection funds. Our protection effort is now emphasizing three areas: public education on the heritage value of cultural resources, interpretation and stabilization of the more visible and important resources, and the use of patrol and law enforcement to deter vandals from further destruction of these nonrenewable heritage values.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.