Bøger af Donald A. Schon

De problemer, som professionelle praktikere står overfor, er kun sjældent entydige og klare. De er som oftest komplekse uden et endegyldigt facit. Dygtig professionel ageren afhænger mindre af faktuel viden eller rigide beslutningsmodeller end af evnen til at reflektere, før der skrides til handling, når etablerede teorier ikke slår til. Alligevel underviser de fleste professionsuddannelser kun de studerende i standardiserede videnskabsteorier, og hvordan man løser regelrette problemer, og derved går fremtidige professionelle praktikere glip af evnen til at tackle de vanskelige problemer, som de vil blive konfronteret med i den virkelige verden.

Why are controversies about such issues as abortion, welfare, persistent poverty, and environmental destruction so intractable? As anyone who has ever engaged in or tried to settle an argument on highly charged issues knows, facts rarely persuade in such situations. This innovative approach to intractable policy controversies shows how "reframing" the issues can succeed where simply appealing to facts often fails. In "Frame Reflections", two of his country's leading organizational theorists and policy analysts show how disputes that in abstract debate or negotiation seem insoluble can sometimes be resolved pragmatically by those who actually have to design and implement the specific programs. The authors illustrate their theory through a detailed examination of three specific programs: the evolution of early retirement programs in Germany; a statewide project for the homeless in Massachusetts; and the development of Project Athena, a large-scale experiment in the use of computers in undergraduate education at MIT. Policy stalemates are inevitable. Yet we know that people sometimes do change their minds, even in situations that at first appeared hopeless. How that happens is the subject of this pathbreaking book.

Critically reappraises ideas about learning and development advanced by Albert O. Hirschman in the 1950s and 1960s. The essays - prepared for an MIT faculty seminar - show how these innovative ideas bear on the theory, policy, and practice of development in the 1990s.

Building on the concepts of professional competence that he introduced in his classic The Reflective Practitioner, Schon offers an approach for educating professional in all areas that will prepare them to handle the complex and unpredictable problems of actual practice with confidence, skill, and care.