Bøger af Kemal Yildirim

The Romani people are also known by a variety of other names; in English as gypsies or gipsies (seen by some as a slur, as discussed below) and Roma, in Greek as ¿¿¿¿¿¿ (gíftoi) or ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ (tsiggánoi), in Central and Eastern Europe as Tsingani (and variants), in France as gitans besides the dated bohémiens, manouches, in Italy as zingari and gitani, in Spain as gitanos, and in Portugal as ciganos. The self-designation also varies: in Central and Eastern Europe, Roma is common. The Romani of England call themselves (in Angloromani) Romanichal, those of Scandinavia (in Scandinavian romani dialect) Romanisæl. In German-speaking Europe, the self-designation is Sinti, in France Manush, while the groups of Spain, Wales and Finland use Kalo/ Kale (from kalo meaning "black" in Romani language). There are numerous subgroups and clans with their own self-designations, such as the Kalderash, Machvaya, Boyash, Lovari, Modyar, Xoraxai, L¿utari, etc. In the English language (according to the OED), Rom is a noun (with the plural Romá or Roms) and an adjective, while Romany is also a noun (with the plural Romanies) and an adjective.

The concept of velayat-e faqih (in Farsi, or wilayat al-faqih in Arabic) transfers all political and religious authority to the Shia clergy and makes all of the state¿s key decisions subject to approval by a supreme clerical leader, the vali-e faqih (guardian Islamic jurist). The supreme clerical leader (the faqih) provides guardianship (velayat) over the nation and, in doing so, ensures the top-down Islamisation of the state.Velayat-e faqih, which is rooted in Shia Islam, has historically been applied to justify limited clerical guardianship over a small section of the populace: those who were vulnerable and incapable of protecting their own interests, such as widows, orphans and the disabled. Its current form is a relatively new interpretation of the doctrine that was formulated in the early 1970s by the dissident Iranian cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. While in exile in Iraq in the years building up to Iran¿s 1979 Islamic Revolution, Khomeini developed a theory of Islamic government that sought to transfer the political power of the Iranian state to the Shia ulema, or clergy.

Shabaks live in the Ninewa Plains ¿ that¿s their only home. But with the invasion of ISIS, many families sought refuge in Dohuk or Erbil, and some remain there. Very few Shabaks ended up in Sulaimaniya. Overall, there are no accurate statistics on the number of Shabak refugees just as there are no statistics on the number of Shabaks as a whole. The last accurate census was in 1977. According to UN estimates, the population is between 300,000 and 350,000.The fighting displaced an estimated 96% of Shabaks. As far as known, 60,000-70,000 Shabak IDPs live in the KRI. Some of those, who returned to the Ninewa Plains experienced reverse migration and ended up in Erbil or Duhok due to the lack of economic opportunities.Free Shabak Movement. The party was founded in accordance with the 2015 Iraqi political parties law. Previously, we competed as a list of candidates and not as a party. Then, in 2013, we won a seat in the Ninewa Provincial Council. In 2014, they won a seat in the Iraqi Parliament. They did not win a seat in 2018.

Beginning in the nineteenth century, Feylis Kurds began moving westwards from the Iran-Iraq border region, settling in Baghdad and other Iraqi cities. Due to their connections with trade routes between Baghdad and Iran, they flourished as traders, becoming central players in Baghdad¿s commercial life. Following the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 and the departure of many Jewish trading families, Feylis Kurd merchants moved in to fill the gap, quickly rising to the ranks of the middle and upper classes. They came to control many of the main bazaars in Baghdad, including Shorja and Jamila markets. Despite their economic and social preeminence, Feylis Kurds faced official discrimination from early on. Historically, they had tended to be viewed as Persians, and some had acquired Persian nationality as a means of avoiding conscription in the Ottoman army. In 1924, an Iraqi Nationality Law was introduced, which distinguished between descendants of Ottoman citizens, who were considered ¿original¿ Iraqis and automatically granted Iraqi nationality, and citizens of Persian origin, who had to acquire Iraqi nationality.

Umm Kulthum earned an unshakable reputation by revising her traditional Arab songwriting at a period when, but for the colonial influences and the result of cultural exchanges, the Arab world had surrendered to modern trends. She presented songs that belonged to the Egyptians¿ and Arabs¿ own cultures that had not been copied from others. In the words of Danielson, it brought her respect and manners unique to Egyptian women in this position, where a musician could be marginalized socially. Umm Kulthum, even if she had not been a political personality, performed her art at a time, when politics in the Arab world were very active and shaped by nationalist influences. She surprisingly never avoided expressing the pride she felt for Egyptian culture in a process, where most people were able to criticize the old customs and traditions. According to Philip V. Bohlman, who pointed out Umm Kulthum¿s place in world music, the world that was recalled by the songs of this great artist, who had the paradoxes of fame and symbolism, were not primarily global; it was local, and even if it carried many forms and meanings, it was concrete and personal in the lives of the listeners worldwide.

Significance and influenceThat Hume was one of the major figures of his century can hardly be doubted. So his contemporaries thought, and his achievement, as seen in historical perspective, confirms that judgment, though with a shift of emphasis. Some of the reasons for the assessment may be given under four heads:As a writer Hume¿s style was praised in his lifetime and has often been praised since. It exemplifies the classical standards of his day. It lacks individuality and colour, for he was always proudly on guard against his emotions. The touch is light, except on slight subjects, where it is rather heavy. Yet in his philosophical works he gives an unsought pleasure. Here his detachment, levelness (all on one plane), smoothness, and daylight clearness are proper merits. It is as one of the best writers of scientific prose in English that he stands in the history of style. Kant as a German Philosopher in his doctrine of transcendental idealism, argued that space and time are mere "forms of intuition", which structure all experience, and therefore that while "things-in-themselves" exist and contribute to experience, they are nonetheless distinct from the objects of experience.

Côte d¿Ivoire is a country in Western Africa, bordering Ghana in the east, Burkina Faso and Mali in the north, Guinea and Liberia in the west, and the Gulf of Guinea in the south. It has a population of 23,295,302 and covers an area of 322,463 sq. km. The official language is French, although a large number of native dialects are also spoken. (CIA, 11 February 2016). The World Culture Encyclopedia (WCE) explains the origin of the country¿s name: ¿In the fifteenth century, French and Portuguese merchants in search of ivory named the region the Ivory Coast for its abundance of the natural resource. The country changed its name to Côte d'Ivoire in 1985; its official name is the République de Côte d'Ivoire ¿ a reflection of French control of the country from 1843 until independence.¿ (WCE, 2015) With regard to the economic and social situation in Côte d¿Ivoire, an April 2015 report of the Independent Expert on capacity-building and technical cooperation with Côte d'Ivoire in the field of human rights explains: "A thriving economy can provide fertile ground for human rights to flourish."

Rousseaüs ideas of law and civil state are his efforts to improve the government processes in France during the 18th century enlightenment era. The situation of France at this time was not palatable as there were social injustices and inequalities, which characterized the state of nature on the ground. Among the three social classes that existed in France at that time, it was the third estate comprising the third class citizens with less land that paid the highest taxes. The first and second estates consisting of the first and second class citizens were exempted from it. This boils down to the state of nature idea of the strong getting stronger and the weak getting weaker. This gave rise to all the evils that people perpetrated on one another in this state. Although Rousseau formulated his theory after reading and analyzing those of Hobbes and Locke, the scope of his project was not significantly different from theirs¿. He understood society to be an invention, and he attempted to explain the nature of human beings by stripping them of all of the accidental qualities brought about by socialization.

Rousseaüs theory of education emphasized the importance of expression to produce a well-balanced, free thinking child. He believed that if children are allowed to develop naturally without constraints imposed on them by society they will develop towards their fullest potential, both educationally and morally. This natural development should be child-centered and focused on the needs and experiences of the child at each stage of development. Rousseau was naturalist. His philosophy emerged as a reaction against the contemporary social and political set up. He wrote against theatricality, coercion and cruelty during these times. His philosophy concepts of ¿Natural State¿, ¿Natural man and Natural Civilization¿. Natural state means that simple framing community or state without evils, corruption and social classes. Natural man means, man is governed and directed by the laws of his own nature rather than those of social institutions. ¿Civilized man born lives and dies in a state of slavery¿. Rousseau man meddles with them and they become evils. However, Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher, who produced works of unparalleled influence.

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 - 1527) was an Italian statesman and political writer. He was employed on diplomatic missions as a defense secretary for his nation. When here tired from his public life, he wrote one of his famous books, The Prince in 1513, which describes the mechanisms through which political power is gained and maintained. The prince is the most revolutionary work that opens a new chapter as far as the realm of modern political philosophy is concerned. Unlike the conventional understanding about political power during the ancient as well as medieval periods, Machiavelli¿s political analysis does not associate the end of the state power to some extra-political (moral, religious and cultural) standards, so that it has been defined as an end in itself. Accordingly, he confines his inquiries into the means that are best suited to acquire, retain and expand political power. At the final analysis, he separates the discourse on political power as well as the means to acquire and sustain it from basic religious and conventional moral maxims.

Indigenous Peoples¿ cultures have adapted and evolved along with their understanding and appreciation of their world. Indigenous societies have imbued the land with meaning; every feature is named and linked to the history and spiritual lives of the people. The land and waters of the Arctic anchor indigenous societies. They provide resources upon which their cultures continue to survive. However, Indigenous peoples have inhabited the Arctic for thousands of years. The proportion indigenous people are estimated to be about 10 percent of the total population living in arctic areas. There are over 40 different ethnic groups living in the Arctic. Map with fact boxes on Indigenous peoples who are permanent participants at the Arctic Council. Arctic indigenous peoples include for example Saami in circumpolar areas of Finland, Sweden, Norway and Northwest Russia, Nenets, Khanty, Evenk and Chukchi in Russia, Aleut, Yupik and Inuit (Iñupiat) in Alaska, Inuit (Inuvialuit) in Canada and Inuit (Kalaallit) in Greenland. All of the above-mentioned countries except Iceland have indigenous peoples living within their Arctic territory.

The book examines the political situation on the ethnically divided island of Cyprus and the part that AKEL, the Cyprus communist party, is playing in the ongoing conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. The Progressive Party of Working People (Greek: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿ (¿¿¿¿), Anorthotikó Kómma Ergazómenou Laoú (AKEL); Turkish: Emekçi Halk¿n ¿lerici Partisi) is a Marxist¿Leninist, communist political party in Cyprus. AKEL is one of the two major parties in Cyprus, and it supports an independent, demilitarized, and non-aligned Cyprus, and a federal solution of the internal aspect of the Cyprus problem. It places particular emphasis on a rapprochement with the Turkish Cypriots. It supported entry into the European Union with certain reservations.

Africa is a vast continent with a diversity of cultures. Rather than see this as an impediment to development, the continent should take advantage of this rich cultural diversity in its quest for economic development and should change the attitudes of its people towards work, interpersonal trust, time, youth and women. There are probably as many different definitions of culture as there are different cultures. According to Zimmermann (2015), ¿culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habitats, music and arts¿. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2016) has adopted a broad definition, stating that culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by [a human] as a member of society." Some scholars maintain that culture is closely entwined with economic development, others fervently disagree, arguing that the effects of geography and climate are the most significant factors in shaping global economic development.

Posthumanism or post-humanism (meaning "after humanism" or "beyond humanism") is a term with at least seven definitions according to philosopher Francesca Fernando. Posthumanism is a philosophical perspective of how change is enacted in the world. As a conceptualization and historicization of both agency and the ¿human,¿ it is different from those conceived through humanism. Whereas a humanist perspective frequently assumes the human is autonomous, conscious, intentional, and exceptional in acts of change, a posthumanist perspective assumes agency is distributed through dynamic forces of which the human participates but does not completely intend or control. Posthumanist philosophy constitutes the human as: (a) physically, chemically, and biologically enmeshed and dependent on the environment; (b) moved to action through interactions that generate affects, habits, and reason; and (c) possessing no attribute that is uniquely human, but is instead made up of a larger evolving ecosystem. There is little consensus in posthumanist scholarship about the degree to which a conscious human subject can actively create change, but the human does participate in change.

This book concentrates on Lebanese poet and philosopher Kahlil Gibran's views on government, state, and politics. Included are excerpts from two of Gibran's works, 'The New Frontier' and 'The Prophet¿ that emphasize his views against social injustice and highlight his ideas of a 'unity of being'. A brief history of Gibran's life explains how he struggled to merge the Eastern philosophy of his native Lebanon with the Western progressiveness of his adopted America. Gibran, Rihani, and Naimy became citizens of the US and wrote both in Arabic and in English. As ambassadors of their homeland to the West, they celebrated the glorious past of the Arab world, but attacked what they considered its backward present. In America, they were impressed with the values of freedom and democracy in addition to scientific progress, but rejected what they saw as an excessive materialism at the expense of spirituality. He became well known for his paintings, but far better for his writings, and many critics attribute his outstanding profile to the fact that his effect has been significant in both East and West. Gibran, became one of the United States¿ most popular author.

This book looks at the work of Edward W. Said, specifically his book 'Orientalism,' as making Said representative as a spokesperson for Arab concerns. Edward W. Said was born in 1935 in Palestine, then under British rule, to a Palestinian Arab Christian father and a Lebanese Greek Orthodox mother. He lived in Palestine and Egypt until he was 12 and then his family sent him to the US. After getting his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Princeton, he earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in English Literature from Harvard University. In 1963, he joined Columbia University¿s Comparative Literature faculty and taught there until his death in 2003. He also worked as a visiting scholar at Yale University and John Hopkins University. The origins of Orientalism Snake charmers, carpet vendors, and veiled women may conjure up ideas of the Middle East, North Africa, and West Asia, but they are also partially indebted to Orientalist fantasies. To understand these images, we have to understand the concept of Orientalism, beginning with the word ¿Orient¿ itself.

The debate over modernity in Chile has normally focused on practical and empirical rather than on theoretical aspects. José Joaquín Brunner has suggested that the publications on modernization in Chile often account for specific experiences of modernity, which aim to build up policy strategies for the achievement of such forms of modernity. Gerard van der Ree points out that this tendency is due to two characteristics of Chile¿s intellectuals: firstly, they perceive modernity as achievable, and thus they conduct the debate on practical rather than philosophical or theoretical terms. From other hand, they often participate actively in national politics and thus encourage a policy-oriented intellectual creation.