Bøger af Mohamed Abdel-Raheem

Desertification has been described as ¿the greatest environmental challenge of our time¿ and climate change is making it worse. While the term may bring to mind the windswept sand dunes of the Sahara or the vast salt pans of the Kalahari, it¿s an issue that reaches far beyond those living in and around the world¿s deserts, threatening the food security and livelihoods of more than two billion people. The combined impact of climate change, land mismanagement and unsustainable freshwater use has seen the world¿s water-scarce regions increasingly degraded. This leaves their soils less able to support crops, livestock and wildlife. In 1994, the UN established the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as the ¿sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management¿. The Convention itself was a response to a call at the UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 to hold negotiations for an international legal agreement on desertification.

Between 1961 and 2009, the world recorded a continued increase in the demand for meat, driven by the fast growth in population, economic improvement, changes in eating habits and rapid urbanization. This has resulted in improved livestock production that is projected to continue even into the future. However, raising animals for food has been identified as a major contributor to climate change. As more meat is produced to satisfy the increasing demand, it is important to understand its effect on climate change, which continues to be a threat to food security. Livestock production contributes 14.5% of the total greenhouse gases (GHGs) that originate directly from the animal in the form of enteric emissions (39%), or indirectly from activities in the meat production value chain like animal feed production and processing (45%), manure decomposition (10%) and slaughter, processing and transportation of animal products (6%). The amount of GHGs emitted in meat production depends on the type of feed and the capability of the animals to digest and utilize feeds, thus minimizing the amount of waste excreted.

Recentemente, i problemi ambientali sono stati esacerbati dalle emissioni nocive dei gas di scarico e dall'aumento dei livelli di anidride carbonica (CO2) derivanti dalla combustione dei combustibili fossili. I combustibili rinnovabili sono un possibile sostituto delle limitate risorse di combustibili fossili, poiché l'uso di combustibili biobased non solo contribuirà a mitigare il consumo di combustibili fossili, ma anche a ridurre le emissioni di gas a effetto serra (GHG), contribuendo così ad affrontare le questioni relative alla protezione dell'ambiente e allo sviluppo sostenibile. L'applicazione di carburanti alternativi nei motori a combustione interna (IC) ha guadagnato interesse nel corso degli anni per il potenziale di riduzione delle emissioni, come la riduzione delle emissioni di particolato (PM). La crisi energetica è uno dei problemi più gravi, che rende il mondo insicuro e non pacifico. La domanda aumenta di giorno in giorno. Le risorse disponibili stanno rapidamente diminuendo e l'indicazione è che presto spariranno. In queste situazioni, è necessario prestare maggiore attenzione alle fonti di energia rinnovabili. I combustibili fossili sono utilizzati su larga scala nel mondo, ma non sono sostenibili perché aumentano il livello di CO2 e accumulano gas serra che rendono l'ambiente insalubre.

Récemment, les problèmes environnementaux ont été exacerbés par les émissions nocives des gaz d'échappement et les niveaux croissants de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) provenant de la combustion des combustibles fossiles. Les carburants renouvelables sont un substitut possible aux ressources limitées en combustibles fossiles, car l'utilisation de carburants d'origine biologique contribuera non seulement à réduire la consommation de combustibles fossiles, mais aussi les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), et aidera donc à résoudre les problèmes liés à la protection de l'environnement et au développement durable. L'application de carburants alternatifs dans les moteurs à combustion interne (IC) a gagné en intérêt au fil des ans en raison du potentiel de réduction des émissions, notamment des émissions de particules (PM). La crise de l'énergie est l'un des plus grands problèmes, qui rend le monde peu sûr et peu pacifique. La demande augmente de jour en jour. Les ressources disponibles diminuent rapidement et, selon certaines indications, elles seront bientôt épuisées. Dans de telles situations, il convient d'accorder une plus grande attention aux sources d'énergie renouvelables. Les combustibles fossiles sont utilisés à grande échelle dans le monde, mais ils ne sont pas durables parce qu'ils augmentent le niveau de CO2 et accumulent des gaz à effet de serre qui rendent l'environnement malsain.

Recentemente, as questões ambientais têm sido exacerbadas pelas emissões nocivas de gases de escape e pelos níveis crescentes de dióxido de carbono (CO2) resultantes da combustão de combustíveis fósseis. Os combustíveis renováveis são um possível substituto para os recursos limitados de combustíveis fósseis, uma vez que a utilização de combustíveis de base biológica não só ajudará a atenuar o consumo de combustíveis fósseis, como também reduzirá as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa (GEE), contribuindo assim para resolver questões relacionadas com a protecção do ambiente e o desenvolvimento sustentável. A aplicação de combustíveis alternativos em motores de combustão interna (IC) tem ganho interesse ao longo dos anos devido ao potencial de redução de emissões, como a diminuição das emissões de partículas (PM). A crise energética é um dos maiores problemas, levando o mundo a tornar-se inseguro e não pacífico. A procura está a aumentar de dia para dia. Os recursos disponíveis estão a diminuir rapidamente e, ao que tudo indica, em breve desaparecerão. Nestas situações, é necessário dar mais atenção às fontes de energia renováveis. Os combustíveis fósseis são utilizados em grande escala no mundo, mas não são sustentáveis porque aumentam o nível de CO2 e acumulam gases com efeito de estufa que tornam o ambiente insalubre.

Climate change is the single biggest health threat facing humanity, and health professionals worldwide are already responding to the health harms caused by this unfolding crisis. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that to avert catastrophic health impacts and prevent millions of climate change-related deaths, the world must limit temperature rise to 1.5°C. Past emissions have already made a certain level of global temperature rise and other changes to the climate inevitable. Global heating of even 1.5°C is not considered safe, however; every additional tenth of a degree of warming will take a serious toll on people¿s lives and health.While no one is safe from these risks, the people whose health is being harmed first and worst by the climate crisis are the people who contribute least to its causes, and who are least able to protect themselves and their families against it - people in low-income and disadvantaged countries and communities.

Climate change is often seen as something that occurs in the atmosphere. After all, when plants photosynthesise, they draw carbon out of the atmosphere. But atmospheric carbon also affects the soil, because carbon that is not used for above-ground plant growth is distributed through the roots of a plant, which deposit carbon in the soil. If undisturbed, this carbon can become stable, and remain locked away for thousands of years. Healthy soils can thus mitigate climate change. When it comes to carbon storage, not all soils are equal. The most carbon-rich soils are peatlands, mostly found in northern Europe, the UK and Ireland. Grassland soils also store a lot of carbon per hectare. In contrast, the soil in warm and dry areas in southern Europe contains less carbon. In some parts of Europe, higher temperatures may lead to more vegetation growth and more carbon stored in the soil. However, higher temperatures could also increase decomposition and mineralisation of the organic matter in the soil, reducing organic carbon content. In other areas, the carbon-containing organic matter in stable peatlands is prevented from decomposing due to the low levels of oxygen in the water.

Climate change refers to significant, long-term changes in the global climate. The global climate is the connected system of sun, earth and oceans, wind, rain and snow, forests, deserts and savannas, and everything people do, too. The climate of a place, say New York, can be described as its rainfall, changing temperatures during the year and so on. Genetically modified (GM) crops can help reduce agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition to possible decreases in production emissions, GM yield gains also mitigate land-use change and related emissions. Wider adoption of already-existing GM crops in Europe could result in a reduction equivalent to 7.5% of the total agricultural GHG emissions of Europe. Moreover, sustainable agriculture and biodiversity benefit most from crop diversity. Under today¿s changing weather caused by climate change, crop diversity increases the resilience and long term survival of the farming system since, in 50 seeds of the same species, some will adapt better to warmer climates than others. With fewer seeds, the odds of having climate-adaptable seeds get reduced.

This book contains scientific information on combating animals and insects affected on animal production. Ectoparasite control can be one of the most expensive and time consuming parts of being a livestock farmer. It is important to raise healthy animals for food and supplies. When working hard to prevent and fight ectoparasites from harming livestock, many factors need to be considered, such as, the time of year, the type of animal and the conditions where it lives and is raised. It is important to realize that ectoparasites are not only an annoyance; they can also transmit diseases and have an impact on the bottom line. Flies are the most common ectoparasites affecting cattle in warmer climates like Texas, Florida and Louisiana. Flies that cause irritation and economic loss include the house fly, the heel fly, the horn fly and the stable fly. Horn flies are very costly to control but cannot be ignored; horn flies consume up to a pint of blood each day. Flies can be controlled or limited with the use of sprayers, dust bags, back rubs, ear tags and mineral blocks.

Vaccines differ from other medical drugs in two important ways. The first is that they are designed to prevent disease, rather than treat it. They do this by priming a person¿s immune system to recognize specific disease-causing bacteria, virus or other pathogen. This ¿memory¿ can last years, or in some cases for life, which is why vaccination can be so effective, stopping people from getting sick rather than waiting until disease occurs. The second is that vaccines by their nature tend to be biological products, rather than chemical like most drugs. This not only means that the processes involved in making them are usually more complex and expensive, but also that they tend to be less stable than chemicals and more vulnerable to temperature changes. Because of this, vaccines normally need to be refrigerated to keep them within a specific temperature range. The type of vaccine will determine how low a temperature the vaccine needs to be stored at. Most vaccines need to be kept refrigerated or frozen, but intranasal vaccines are now being developed that can be stored at room temperature.

Sugar¿beet, Beta vulgaris is one of the most important economic crops in Egypt. Therefore, farmers are encouraged to increase sugar beet production in order to increase the requirements for local sugar production. Sugar-beet plants are liable to infestation by a variety of insects. Some of these insects are key pests of regular occurrence and cause serious damage to their host plants that leads to reduction of crop yield, in both quantity and quality. Sugar is a strategic commodity to many countries of the world, since it comes right after wheat. It has strategic importance to many countries in Europe, Africa, (Abdel-Raheem, 2000, 2005).

There is currently insufficient information to confirm any link between nicotine in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19. WHO urges researchers, scientists and the media to be cautious about amplifying unproven claims that tobacco or nicotine could reduce the risk of COVID-19. WHO is constantly evaluating new research, including that which examines the link between tobacco use, nicotine use, and COVID-19. The harms of tobacco use are well-established. Tobacco causes 8 million deaths every year from cardiovascular diseases, lung disorders, cancers, diabetes, and hypertension. Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from many respiratory infections. In the COVID-19 pandemic, questions have been asked about clinical outcomes for smokers, and whether they are equally susceptible to infection, and if nicotine has any biological effect on the SAR-CoV-2 virus (the virus that causes COVID-19). At the time of writing, one clinical trial to test the effects of nicotine has been announced, but no trial registration record was found as of 12 May 2020.

Antioxidants are substances that may protect your cells against free radicals, which may play a role in heart disease, cancer and other diseases. Free radicals are molecules produced when your body breaks down food or when you're exposed to tobacco smoke or radiation. Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E and carotenoids, may help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Other naturally occurring antioxidants include flavonoids, tannins, phenols and lignans. Plant-based foods are the best sources. These include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, herbs and spices, and even cocoa. As a bonus, fruits, vegetables and whole grains high in antioxidants are also typically high in fiber, low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and good sources of vitamins and minerals. So enjoy the variety. Several vital organs like the heart, lungs and the brain are vulnerable to oxidative injury. Brain in particular is vulnerable because of its high content of oxygen, high metabolic rate and elevated levels of polyunsaturated lipids - the target of lipid peroxidation. Several antioxidant supplements are available to treat neural injury with oxidative stress.

Ceratitis capitata is a highly invasive species. It has a high dispersive ability, a very large host range and a tolerance of both natural and cultivated habitats over a comparatively wide temperature range.It has a high economic impact, affecting production, control costs and market access. It has successfully established in many parts of the world, often as a result of multiple introductions. Frequent incursions into North America require expensive eradication treatments and many countries maintain extensive monitoring networks.Ceratitis capitata is considered a major tephritid fruit fly pest of economic importance attacking more than 300 different hosts, primarily temperate and subtropical fruits. The medfly as it is commonly called has invaded many countries and caused major economic losses for fruit farmers. C. capitata has the ability to tolerate cooler climates better than most other species of fruit flies. It lays its eggs under the skin of fruit, usually around already broken skin. Due to this reproduction habit, C. capitata thrives in agricultural areas where fruit is left out and becomes damaged.

Nanomaterials today offer a wide range of promising platform classes and applications mainly in food sector and hygiene, which offer prolonged antimicrobial activity with hopeful negligible toxicity, compared to their counterparts of common known antimicrobial agents that display short-term activity and environmental toxicity. The outcomes of this investigation recommend that nano-based products with vital properties and acceptable/minimum risks for the users, if launched first into the market can drive the reception of other applications introduced later on. Fungi are a diverse kingdom of organisms that produce a variety of economically valuable byproducts, such as enzymes, antioxidants, antibiotics, anti-cancer agents, etc. Therefore, the conservation of these economically important fungal isolates must cover a broad range of research to give the mycologists a flexible concept and attract more public attention to the potential applications of the fungal natural products in the near future.

132 species of insect and mite pests associated with date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) grown worldwide. These species are distributed among eight insect orders and 30 families, besides one order of mite comprising nine families. Most of the species (52) were reported on the leaf (frond), while 26 species were associated with the roots and trunk. Green fruits with their stalks and stored dates hosted 27 species each. Coleoptera represented 41% of the listed pest species, followed by Hemiptera (20%), Acari (16%) and Lepidoptera (12%). Although the number of date palm pest species seems to be high, only a few species are considered major pests of economic importance. The major pests include the red palm weevil, (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), old world date mite (Oligonychus afrasiaticus), lesser date moth (Batrachedra amydraula), Dubas date bug (Ommatissus lybicus), green pit scale (Palmaspis phoenicis), carob moth (Ectomyelois ceratoniae), date palm longhorn beetle (Jebusaea hammerschmidti), and almond moth (Cadra cautella). The review also lists 90 species of predators and parasitoids representing nine orders and 23 families, indicating their potential role in date palm pest.

Climate change has always happened on Earth but its rapid rate and important magnitude occurring now are of great concern. Climate change occurs as a result of an imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation in the atmosphere. The global warming associated with climate change is different from past warming in its rate. It is anticipated that there will be a rise in global mean temperatures of up to 5.4°C by 2100. There is overwhelming evidence showing that human activities have contributed to climate change over the past century while changes in solar activity and volcanic eruptions have played a minor role. Over the last several decades, humans have engaged in large-scale transformation of natural systems causing a net accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Climate change is recognized as a serious threat to ecosystem, biodiversity, and health. It is associated with alterations in the physical environment of the planet Earth and affects life around the globe.Adaptation to the consequences of climate change and prevention of aggravation of climate change are key challenges for the society.

The majority of plant viruses that cause disease in agricultural crops rely on biotic vectors for transmission and survival. The largest class of plant virus-transmitting vectors is insects but other vectors include mites, nematodes and chytrid fungi. For a comprehensive depiction of plant virus groups and their known associated vectors. The best-characterized plant viral insect vectors are aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, planthoppers and whiteflies. The different modes of viral transmission by vectors include non-persistent, semi-persistent and persistent, whereby the transmission window to disseminate the virus to a new host plant after feeding on an infected plant by the vector lasts from seconds to minutes, hours to days, or days to weeks, respectively. Non-persistent plant viruses are retained in the insect stylet. Semi-persistent viruses are internalized in the insect by binding to chitin lining the gut, but do not appear to enter tissues. Persistent viruses are taken up into and retained by insect tissues and are characterized by invading the salivary glands.

Extension is a term which is open to a wide variety of interpretations. Each extension agent probably has his own understanding of what extension is. This understanding will be based on past experience and the particular type of extension service in which the agent is working. In other words, there is no single definition of extension which is universally accepted or which is applicable to all situations. Furthermore, extension is a dynamic concept in the sense that the interpretation of it is always changing. Extension, therefore, is not a term which can be precisely defined, but one which describes a continual and changing process in rural areas. The term extension may be examined by looking at a number of statements that have been written about it. Extension is an informal educational process directed toward the rural population. This process offers advice and information to help them solve their problems. Extension also aims to increase the efficiency of the family farm, increase production and generally increase the standard of living of the farm family. The objective of extension is to change farmers' outlook toward their difficulties.

Responsible for 80% of the food we eat and 98% of the oxygen we breathe, plants are a pillar of life on earth. But they are under threat. Up to 40 percent of food crops are lost to plant pests and diseases each year according to the FAO. When disease outbreaks occur, the impacts can be devastating. In the 1840s, the Irish potato famine, caused by the fungal disease late blight, killed around one million people and caused another million to emigrate. The recent invasion of desert locusts throughout the horn of Africa ¿ the worst in decades ¿ shows how vulnerable crops are to pests as well. The desert locust is one of the most destructive pests in the world, with one small swarm covering one square kilometer eating the same amount of food per day as 35,000 people. The outbreak could even provoke a humanitarian crisis, according to the FAO. Climate change is one factor driving the spread of pests and diseases, along with increasing global trade. Climate change can affect the population size, survival rate and geographical distribution of pests; and the intensity, development and geographical distribution of diseases.