Bøger af Muhammad Arif

The minor fruits of plants Carissa carandas, Spondias mangifera and Solanum torvum are a store house of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and other valuable nutritional source for medicinally important compounds. This book covers pharmacognostical study of plant fruits including morphological; microscopical; histochemical; loss on drying; ash value; extractive value; crude fibre contents; fluorescence analysis; preliminary phytochemical screening; qualitative chemical tests. Some phytoconstituents were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the fruit and characterized on the basis of spectroscopic (UV, IR, 1H, 13C NMR and MS) and screened for adaptogenic activity using anoxia stress tolerance, swimming endurance and Cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression model.

The objective of this study is to investigate new approaches that may overcome the issuesof phase separation and high dislocation density in InxGa1¿xN materials with high indiumconcentration, for the realization of high efficiency InxGa1¿xN based solar cells.Two novel approaches are proposed that may overcome the basic challenges involvedin the InxGa1¿xN heterojunction solar cells. The first approach consists in the growthof a thick multi-layered InGaN/GaN absorber, called Semibuk approach. These GaNinterlayers need to be thick enough to be effective and thin enough to allow carrier trans-port through tunneling. The InxGa1¿xN layers need to be thick and numerous enoughto absorb efficiently the incoming light beam, and thin enough to remain fully strainedand without phase separation. The second approach consists in the growth of InxGa1¿xNnano-structures for the achievement of high indium content thick InxGa1¿xN layers. Itallows the elimination of the preexisting dislocations in the underlying template. It alsoallows strain relaxation of InxGa1¿xN layers without any dislocations, leading to higherindium incorporation and reduced piezoelectric effect.The objective of this study is to investigate new approaches that may overcome the issuesof phase separation and high dislocation density in InxGa1¿xN materials with high indiumconcentration, for the realization of high efficiency InxGa1¿xN based solar cells.Two novel approaches are proposed that may overcome the basic challenges involvedin the InxGa1¿xN heterojunction solar cells. The first approach consists in the growthof a thick multi-layered InGaN/GaN absorber, called Semibuk approach. These GaNinterlayers need to be thick enough to be effective and thin enough to allow carrier trans-port through tunneling. The InxGa1¿xN layers need to be thick and numerous enoughto absorb efficiently the incoming light beam, and thin enough to remain fully strainedand without phase separation. The second approach consists in the growth of InxGa1¿xNnano-structures for the achievement of high indium content thick InxGa1¿xN layers. Itallows the elimination of the preexisting dislocations in the underlying template. It alsoallows strain relaxation of InxGa1¿xN layers without any dislocations, leading to higherindium incorporation and reduced piezoelectric effect.

The present investigations were made effect the effect of NPK application in different proportions on the growth and yield of two maize varieties (Zea Mays L.). The research was conducted on a sandy loam soil at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (factorial) with a net plot size of 3X5m. Different levels of NPK were 0-0-0 (F0), 100-50-35 (F1), 175-80-60 (F2), and 250- 110-85 (F3) kg per ha. Two maize varieties, Golden (V1) and Sultan (V2) were used as source of trial. The crop was sown on well prepared seed bed keeping R X R distance 60 cm and P X P distance at 23 cm. The whole of the phosphorus and potash along with half of nitrogen fertilizers in form of DAP, Sulphate of potash and Urea respectively, were applied at sowing and the remaining amount of nitrogen fertilizer was applied at tasseling stage of the plant. All other cultural practices were kept normal and uniform in all the treatments. The data on desired parameters were collected by using standard procedures.

Agriculture plays a key role in the economy of Pakistan with its share nearly one-fourth to GDP. The growth of production in agriculture largely depends on the transfer of technology to the farming community. The present study was designed to determine the effectiveness of public sector extension after decentralization in district Muzaffargarh. For this purpose all the extension staff working in the Department of Agricultural Extension served as study respondents. The data were collected with the help of a pre-tested interview schedule.