Bøger af Raja Sree R Subramaniam

Literature Review from the year 2016 in the subject Psychology - Clinical Psychology, Psychopathology, Prevention, grade: A, University of Derby, course: Psychology, language: English, abstract: Whether it is war-traumatized soldiers, refugees, victims of sexual assault or victims of catastrophic life events, the psychiatric consequence of the posttraumatic stress leading to a mental disorder if left untreated can be debilitating. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in countries that have suffered war and political conflicts such as Northern Ireland, Uganda and Palestine ranged between twenty to seventy percent.Analysis of epidemiological surveys by the World Mental Health, between 2012 until 2015 for non-war related traumatic event reported 54% of lifetime prevalence in Europe, 56.1% in Italy and 60.6% in Northern Ireland. Given the potential economic and psychosocial impact of PTSD, efforts to identify biomarkers of risk, disease and treatment of PTSD is of significant public health importance.The psychiatric codification of PTSD has made possible for patients to access medical care and treatment. Likewise, mental health professionals were able to predict reliably, distinguish and diagnose trauma-associated disorder from other major mental illness. However, the issue of whether PTSD owes its existence to environmental context, individual differences and learning or whether it is entirely neurobiological determined has been debated fiercely.Findings from the neuroimaging and translational research provide evidence that supports the neurobiological theories of etiology but yet to find a specific biomarker for PTSD. In fact, research outcome strongly suggest PTSD is a result of interaction between biological, individual predisposition and environmental context.

Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Psychology - Developmental Psychology, grade: B, , language: English, abstract: The primary aim of the proposed study is to understand how individuals¿ reports of attitudes towards mate selection change over a period of 1,095 days or approximately a three-year period. The secondary aim is to identify significant differences in the attitude about mate selection among four groups of religion: Islam, Buddhist, Christian and Hindu. The findings from this study would provide a strategy for the establishment of educational and counselling programs.The research questions are:What variables in attitudes about mate selection continue to evolve among the four groups of religions?How do the four groups of religion vary in their attitudes about mate selection over time?

Seminar paper from the year 2015 in the subject Psychology - Consulting and Therapy, grade: 61, University of Derby, course: Psychology, language: English, abstract: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders estimated 9-11 % of the general population experience traumatic distress and about half of the people who experienced trauma continue to develop Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety disorder for which cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is employed to treat or prevent maladaptive behaviour, beliefs and thought processes. According to the diagnostic criteria for PTSD, individuals exposed to trauma experience three distinct types of persistent post-trauma symptoms. The arousal symptom clusters describe re-experiencing traumatic moments, nightmares, flashbacks and sleep-disturbances. The second clusters of symptoms describe physiological responses such as helplessness, anger outbursts, concentration problems, hyper vigilance and exaggerated startle responses. The third cluster of symptoms describes avoidance and emotional numbing symptoms that leads to avoidance of people, trauma reminders, emotional dissociation and trouble recalling trauma events.The persistent PTSD symptoms detrimentally affect mental health, social behaviour and occupational functioning. The issue whether PTSD symptoms own their existence to biological and learning or whether they are entirely cognitively determined has been the subject of much debate. Each approach provides evidence supporting fear activation and problems in emotion regulation leading to various symptoms of PTSD but these findings do not settle the issue for the maintenance of persistent symptoms of PTSD. In fact, it is posited that individual differences in the appraisal of trauma events and emotion regulation strategies determine the maintenance of the PTSD symptoms. Hence, the existing cognitive-behaviour therapy for PTSD was conceptualised to provide clinicians and therapists with an evidence-based framework that addresses individualised case formulation and treatment needs. The purpose of this essay is to discuss and evaluate the theoretical findings and treatment models, which contributed to the understanding of persistent symptoms of PTSD.

Seminar paper from the year 2016 in the subject Psychology - Consulting and Therapy, grade: B, University of Derby, course: Psychology, language: English, abstract: This essay evaluates the therapist¿s relational and interviewing skills in conducting CBT assessment critical in establishing, developing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with the client.Research suggested that therapist interpersonal skills facilitate therapy processes and good client-therapist collaboration. Therapeutic relationship is a helpful and positive relationship, whereby a client is reliant on the therapist¿s help. The helper relational skills include empathy; genuine, receptive, good communicator and can reflect client¿s feelings and thoughts accurately without prejudice. In a person-centered approach, the therapist creates therapeutic conditions based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) framework and evidence based treatment models. Unlike other talking therapies, the person-centered CBT instills client¿s collaboration and determination in making choices about the therapeutic process. The declarative, procedural and reflective (DPR) model provides theoretical guidelines for CBT therapists important in acquiring and maintaining the technical and relational skills throughout their profession. The DPR framework is an information-processing model, within which interpersonal flexibility, conceptual knowledge and technical skills are core components vital in establishing developing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with the client. Client-therapist inter-personal variables, perspectives about CBT and cultural differences risk causing ruptures in the collaborative efforts. Hence, a good interviewing skill that conveys empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard can be used to clarify underlying problems, build confidence, trust, commitment to therapy and motivation to carry out CBT tasks and treatmen. Reflective practices and Socratic supervision help therapists to identify their strength, limitations and respond effectively.