Bøger af Taimur Rahman

Military spending is not considered a productive activity that can contribute positively to GDP, however It effect indirectly through degreasing the risk and provide stability, moreover since its considered a major expenditure in many countries, it could indirectly affect the economy by increasing income level as well as production of military goods and service. This study explored the fact whether economy grows with the rise of military spending or vice versa. The research work comprises of various independent variables including military spending, and explored their effect of on economic growth and per capita income over 85 countries for the last 20 years i.e. from 1998 to 2017. Models suggested that the impact of defense expenditure (DE) on economic growth is negative since left less money to invest in other areas like infrastructure, health, education and production of routine goods. One notable change depicted in the interaction effect of military spending and arms exports, it have a positive and significant effect, showing a positive complementarities between the two. This shows that military spending itself have a negative effect but if it is complemented by arms exports, that spending turns favorablefor GDP in both the models. Hence in most refined model, it is clearly evident that arms exports were not only good for GDP level and growth, but it would also make the military spending infavorable to economy. Hence, results imply that for developed countries, military spending in the presence of arms export is an effective foreign policy tool to securing economic growth and maintaing political stability and strong rule of law.

This work on the class structure of Pakistan is based on the framework of historical materialism. It sketches the history of the region that is now Pakistan and analyzes the class structure from the time of the Mughal Empire, through the distortions of the colonial era and the transition to capitalism, to the class structure of contemporary Pakistan. It avoids over-schematic arguments, attempting to proceed from facts rather than from any ideal forms. The studydevelops three propositions: First, that the mode of production of pre-colonial South Asia was qualitatively distinct from European feudalism; second, that the colonial path of capitalist development of South Asia resulted in a socio-economic formation that combined features of the Asiatic and capitalistmodes of production, which this study terms Asiatic capitalism; third, that in Pakistan manufacturing and services are dominated by petty commodity production and small-scale capitalism. The author concludes by outlining the implications for Pakistan's politics, society, and culture.