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This Research Report is part of the National Institute of Justice's (NIJ's) Reducing Gun Violence publication series. Each report in the series describes the imple- mentation and effects of an individual, NIJ-funded, local- level program designed to reduce firearm-related vio- lence in a particular U.S. city. Some studies received cofunding from the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Community Orient- ed Policing Services; one also received funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Jus- tice Department's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delin- quency Prevention.

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) is a law enforcement organization within the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). ATF is dedicated to the reduction of violent crime, prevention of terrorism, and protection of our Nation. ATF investigates and prevents crimes that involve the unlawful manufacture, sale, possession, and use of firearms and explosives; acts of arson and bombings; and illegal trafficking of alcohol and tobacco products. ATF regulates the scope of firearms and explosives business activities-from manufacture and/or importation through retail sales; screens and licenses qualified entities that engage in commerce in these commodities; and specifies the form and content of their business records. ATF has established certain standards for the safe storage of explosive materials to which Federal explosive licensees and permittees must adhere.

This Research Report is part of the National Institute of Justice's (NIJ's) Reducing Gun Violence publication series. Each report in the series describes the implementation and effects of an individual, NIJ-funded, local-level program designed to reduce firearm-related violence in a particular U.S. city. Some studies received cofunding from the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services; one also received funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

This Research Report is part of the National Institute of Justice's (NIJ's) Reducing Gun Violence publication series. Each report in the series describes the imple- mentation and effects of an individual, NIJ-funded, local- level program designed to reduce firearm-related vio- lence in a particular U.S. city. Some studies received co- funding from the U.S. Depart- ment of Justice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services; one also received funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Preven- tion and the Justice Depart- ment's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

This Research Report is part of the National Institute of Justice's (NIJ's) Reducing Gun Violence publication series. Each report in the series de- scribes the implementation and effects of an individual, NIJ-funded, local-level pro- gram designed to reduce firearm-related violence in a particular U.S. city. Some stud- ies received cofunding from the U.S. Department of Jus- tice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services; one also received funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The National Institute of Justice (NIJ), a component of the Office of Justice Programs, is the research agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Created by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended, NIJ is authorized to support research, evaluation, and demonstration programs, development of technology, and both national and international information dissemination.

The technology Assessment Program is sponsored by the Office of Development, Testing, and Dissemination of the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.

The advent of DNA typing and its use for human identity testing has revolutionized law enforcement investigations in recent years by allowing forensic laboratories to match suspects with minuscule amounts of biological evidence from a crime scene. Equally important is the use of DNA to exclude suspects who were not involved in a crime or to identify human remains in an accident. The past decade has seen numerous advances in the DNA testing procedures, most notably among them the development of PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-based DNA typing methods.

This report by Stewart Wakeling, Miriam Jorgensen and Susan Michaelson, and Manley Begay reports that crime is increasing dramatically in Indian Country, but little is known about how the unique context of Indian Country - the culture, geography, and economy, for example - affects law enforcement policies and practices. This research report summarizes the findings from the authors' exploratory report on policing on American Indian reservations.

Whenever a crime is committed, law enforcement officers are usually the first to arrive on the scene and to interact with victims. Law enforcement officers have more contact with crime victims than any other criminal justice professional. This makes their role critical and puts them in a unique position to assist victims immedi- ately after the crime and encourage and facilitate victim participa- tion in the criminal justice system. The initial response to a victim will have a long-lasting impact on that individual's view of the justice system and participation in the investigation and prosecution of the crime. The first response also is a key factor in whether or not a victim ultimately accesses needed services and assistance, such as crisis intervention, counseling, financial compensation, information, referrals to community programs, and help in navigat- ing the justice process.

The Congress hereby declares that the purpose of this title is to protect interstate and foreign commerce against interference and interruption by reducing the hazard to persons and property arising from misuse and unsafe or insecure storage of explosive materials. It is not the purpose of this title to place any undue or unnecessary Federal restrictions or burdens on law-abiding citizens with respect to the acquisition, possession, storage, or use of explosive materials for industrial, mining, agricultural, or other lawful purposes, or to provide for the imposition by Federal regulations of any procedures or requirements other than those reasonably necessary to implement and effectuate the provisions of this title.

The Congress hereby de- clares that the purpose of this title is to provide support to Federal, State, and local law enforcement officials in their fight against crime and violence, and it is not the purpose of this title to place any un- due or unnecessary Federal restrictions or burdens on law-abiding citizens with re- spect to the acquisition, possession, or use of firearms appropriate to the purpose of hunting, trapshooting, target shooting, personal protection, or any other lawful activity, and that this title is not intended to discourage or eliminate the private ownership or use of firearms by law- abiding citizens for lawful purposes, or provide for the imposition by Federal regulations of any procedures or require- ments other than those reasonably nec- essary to implement and effectuate the provisions of this title.

The spread of HIV/AIDS has lent new urgency to the issue of substance abuse because of the high risk for transmission posed through injection drug use and sexual contact with individuals who themselves have injected drugs. With the likelihood of arrest far greater among heavy drug users than among people who do not use drugs, a critical public health concern is also a concern of criminal justice.

The International Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (I-ADAM) program began just over 2 years ago. I-ADAM in Eight Countries: Approaches and Challenges is the first look at the general results of this international experiment. The compendium provides an update-a kind of status report-on the state of I-ADAM's implementation.

The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) furnishes technical support to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) program to support law enforcement and criminal justice in the United States. OLES's function is to develop standards and conduct research that will assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies.

This report is presented as part of the outcome of the Department of Justice's investigation of the Baltimore City Police Department (BPD). After engaging in a thorough investigation, initiated at the request of the City of Baltimore and BPD, the Department of Justice concludes that there is reasonable cause to believe that BPD engages in a pattern or practice of conduct that violates the Constitution or federal law. BPD engages in a pattern or practice of: (1) making unconstitutional stops, searches, and arrests; (2) using enforcement strategies that produce severe and unjustified disparities in the rates of stops, searches and arrests of African Americans; (3) using excessive force; and (4) retaliating against people engaging in constitutionally-protected expression. This pattern or practice is driven by systemic deficiencies in BPD's policies, training, supervision, and accountability structures that fail to equip officers with the tools they need to police effectively and within the bounds of the federal law. We recognize the challenges faced by police officers in Baltimore and other communities around the country. Every day, police officers risk their lives to uphold the law and keep our communities safe. Investigatory stops, arrests, and force-including, at times, deadly force-are all necessary tools used by BPD officers to do their jobs and protect the safety of themselves and others. Providing policing services in many parts of Baltimore is particularly challenging, where officers regularly confront complex social problems rooted in poverty, racial segregation and deficient educational, employment and housing opportunities. Still, most BPD officers work hard to provide vital services to the community.

The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research and development organization of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) and Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications.

The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research and development organization of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Office of Law Enforcement Standards and Information Technology Laboratory. CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications.

The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research and development organization of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Office of Law Enforcement Standards and Information Technology Laboratory. CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, and the Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT project is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications.

The tool blocked all commands from the write category sent to a protected drive. However, the tool did not block some commands from the miscellaneous category that are either undefined (invalid) or outmoded and not routinely used by current software. These commands in current BIOS implementations do not write to a hard drive, but in the future they could be defined such that they would change the contents or accessibility of a protected drive. In the test specification, these commands are therefore included in categories that should be blocked.

The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research and development organization of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) and Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation's Electronic Crimes Program, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications.

The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the National Institute of Justice, the research and development organization of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Office of Law Enforcement Standards and Information Technology Laboratory. CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, and the Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT project is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications.

This guide provides practical, detailed information about preventing international kidnapping and increasing the chances children who have been kidnapped to or wrongfully retained in another country will be returned. This publication also offers descriptions and assessments of the civil and criminal remedies available in international parental kidnapping cases, explains applicable laws and identifies both public and private resources available when an international abduction occurs or is threatened. It also prepares parents for the legal and emotional difficulties they may experience.

The rapid, widespread adoption of new technology often outpaces society's development of a shared ethic governing its use and the ability of legal systems to deal with it. The handling of digital evidence is a perfect example. Although computers have existed for more than 60 years, it has been only since the late 1980s, as computers have proliferated in businesses, homes, and government agencies, that digital evidence has been used to solve crimes and prosecute offenders. For example, for years, evidence in child pornography cases was found in magazines and consisted of traditional photographs. During the mid-1990s, the Internet changed that. Now it is rare to find a child pornography case that involves anything other than digital images and printouts of those images. Once the province of "computer crime" cases such as hacking, digital evidence is now found in every crime category. Too often, though, law enforcement agencies and the judiciary are ill-prepared to deal with the issues created by the increasing use of this evidence. Some judges, attorneys, and jurors may harbor doubts about the reliability and significance of digital evidence. To prevent misunderstandings at trial, concepts must be explained in simple terms with carefully selected analogies and visual aids. Prosecutors should not assume that investigators understand how to avoid creating confusion at trial. Technically sophisticated investigators or examiners should not assume that prosecutors fully grasp the problems encountered in recovering and analyzing the evidence. Prosecutors, investigators, and examiners should share their knowledge of technical problems and discuss strategies. Addressed to law enforcement and prosecutors, this report is subject to several important limitations and, therefore, is only a guide. First, it identifies and briefly addresses some of the key issues related to digital evidence. More extensive treatment can be found in resources referenced throughout the guide and in appendix A. Second, many issues discussed are subject to laws that vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Third, the technology and law in this area are rapidly evolving. Finally, this guide does not address the acquisition of digital evidence from outside the United States.

This publication is the fourth edition of the "Prosecuting Intellectual Property Crimes" Manual and provides significant updates to the comprehensive 2006 edition. It examines in depth all areas of prosecuting intellectual property crimes and incorporates a number of recent changes to the case law, statutes, and sentencing guidelines. Throughout, the material is presented in a way that is intended to provide the most practical use to prosecutors.

The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the National Institute of Justice, which is the research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Office of Law Enforcement Standards and Information Technology Laboratory. CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (DOJ), the Cyber Crime Center (U.S. Department of Defense), the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation's Electronic Crimes Program (U.S. Department of the Treasury), and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the U.S. Secret Service (U.S. Department of Homeland Security). CFTT's objective is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications.

The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research and development organization of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Office of Law Enforcement Standards and Information Technology Laboratory. CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications.

Researchers have begun to look at the inner workings of drug courts and to investigate how key functional drug court components, singly and in combination, affect outcomes. When the evidence base resulting from such research is sufficiently strong to support meaningful conclusions about effectiveness, research can be translated into practice.

In 1997, public safety communications in Indiana formed a quilt of incompatibility. Some agencies like the Indiana State Police were on a 30-year-old lowband VHF system, others were on highband, UHF, and different types of 800 MHz systems. Interoperability was the excep- tion. The reality of the 1990s was that there were not enough funds for every public safety agency to have all the personnel and equipment necessary to handle every situation that might arise. What the times demanded and the public deserved was an integrated communications system. Modern trunking voice and mobile data technology made it possible for different agencies to share a single communication system in which they communicated with whom they needed at a particular time. Because television does not show agencies that are unable to talk to one another, the public believes that such a communications system exists today. When most people are informed of the current communications situation, the most common response is, "You mean they can't do it now?"

The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research and development organization of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) and Information Technology Laboratory. CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications.