Bøger af Vijay Kumar

This book considers how the main doctoral awarding countries from across the globe examine doctoral degrees. It compares and contrasts their approaches, comments on their robustness and identifies examples of good practice and how these can be implemented.

The current book is focussed on the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are the first pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) discovered in humans. For example, TLR4 was first recognized in humans in 1997 as a PRR recognizing the Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This discovery revolutionized the field of innate immunity and filled the long-standing gap in the pathogen recognition by the immune system. Now, it is well established that humans have 10 (TLR1-TLR10) and mice have 12 (TLR1-TLR13) functional TLRs, excluding TLR10 that is present as a defective pseudogene. TLRs are present as both membrane-bound extracellular (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10) and intracellular (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9) PRRs in humans, which identify different pathogen or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs) and death or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by the host cells. A lot of development in the TLR biology has occurred in last 24 years since there first discovery in humans.The book is intended to describe their role in the host defence, human reproduction, non-infectious sterile inflammatory conditions, including brain immunity and cerebrovascular diseases, signaling mechanisms, adaptive immunity, and their targeting for drug development.

As dentistry moved into the twenty- first century the attention to ethics would have to be even greater. Nowadays ethical standards in modern dentistry are in a tempo with rapid advance. Learning to handle practical ethics issues and developing one¿s professional identity are essential steps in becoming a good dentist. The core issues in dental ethics are the ethics of the dentist patient relationship, patient¿s confidentiality, and the need to obtain informed consent. Although law and ethics have similarities, law may be better defined as the sum total of rules and regulations by which a society is governed. Healthcare malpractice can be challenged under two main categories in the court of law, that is, civil and criminal depending on the nature of offence. A third category lies under Consumer Protection Act (CPA), 1986, where professional services provided by the dentist can be challenged. Records are the most important factors needed to prevail in the lawsuit. Therefore, there is a need for oral health professionals to update their understanding on Ethics, informed consent, CPA and its amendments and professional indemnity insurance.

Endodontics is one of the fastest growing aspect of everyday clinical practice. Linked to the sustained growth of endodontics is the introduction of latest root canal disinfection techniques. This book provides complete insight into utilization of photodynamic therapy in the field of endodontics. The book also provides uses of the therapy in various other fields of dentistry as well as other latest techniques of root canal disinfection.

Image segmentation is important consideration in computer vision. Image segmentation partitions the image into multiple regions. For image segmentation, a number of different methods have been available in the literature. In this book, Ostu Threholding and Watershed Method have been described. In Ostu Method, the image is segmented at different values of threshold and some interesting points have been found. Watershed has also applied on the same image for segmentation. The performance of these methods have been tested using seven well-known performance measures. The effect of image size has also been analyzed on both methods. The analysis of these methods is beneficial for research community.

Bioceramics have an extremely promising future and a broad application scope. A wide variety of bioglass products are used in medicine and dentistry. They offer several advantages when compared to the other available sealers. They also help preserve the natural tooth structure by allowing the user to be more conservative during the endodontic shaping.The physical properties associated with bio-ceramics are very attractive to dentistry. Absolute biocompatibility, osseoconductivity, ability to achieve excellent hermetic seal, formation of chemical bond with the tooth structure, insolubility in tissue fluids, good radiopacity and easy handling characteristics have lead to the widespread use of these materials in the area of endodontic science.

Environmental Applications of Microbial Nanotechnology: Emerging Trends in Environmental Remediation discusses emerging trends and recent advancements in environmental remediation. The book provides environmental applications of microbial nanotechnology that helps readers understand novel microbial systems and take advantage of recent advances in microbial nanotechnologies. It highlights established research and technology on microbial nanotechnology's environmental applications, moves to their rapidly emerging aspects and then discusses future research directions. The book provides researchers in academia and industry with a high-tech start-up that will revolutionize the modern environmental applications of microbial nanotechnology research.

The book entitled Sepsis will provide a great and up-to-date information in this field to students and researchers involved in sepsis research with its chapters targeting host-pathogen interaction at a metabolic level during sepsis pathogenesis, how age affects sepsis pathogenesis and its outcome in old-age population as compared to young population, sepsis-associated acute organ injury mainly targeting acute kidney injury in sepsis, and kallistatin as host-derived immunomodulatory mechanism during sepsis, along with developments in techniques required for early diagnosis of sepsis and sepsis-associated encephalitis, a devastating medical condition observed during severe sepsis. The book is written by experts in their fields associated with sepsis, a critical condition needing great medical attention.

sical fitness comprises two related concepts: general fitness (a state of health and well-being), and specific fitness. Physical fitness has been defined as a set of attributes or characteristics that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity. The above definition from Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General is the most common currently used definition of physical fitness. It was originally used by Caspersen and has been used extensively...शारीरिक तंदुरुस्तीमुळे तुम्हाला जास्त चांगले वाटेल, तुम्ही जास्त चांगले काम कराल व तुम्ही जास्त चांगले दिसाल. हे वाचण्यास सोपे आरोग्य मार्गदर्शक अशा लोकांसाठी आहे, ज्यांना सडपातळ व निरोगी, जगण्यास योग्य रहावयाचे आहे. हे मार्गदर्शक तुमच्या आरोग्यविषयक ज्ञानात भर तर घालतेच, शिवाय शरीर निरोगी राखण्याचे वेगवेगळे मार्गही सुचवते.