Bøger af World Health Organization(WHO)

Draws together twenty-two WHO guidelines relevant to the quality assurance and control of pharmaceutical products. Most of these guidelines have appeared as annexes in various reports of the WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Others are published here for the first time. By making these available in a single reference work, the book facilitates access to the complete body of WHO guidelines and recommendations issued to assist national drug regulatory and control authorities, particularly in developing countries. When viewed together, the collected guidelines also underscore the need for a comprehensive system of quality assurance and illustrate its various technical and administrative components in a logical way. The book has nine chapters organized to reflect the sequence of administrative and technical procedures needed to ensure that drugs meet acceptable standards of quality, safety, and efficacy. Chapter one sets out guiding principles for small national drug regulatory authorities. The second and most extensive chapter, on product assessment and registration, gives guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines, the stability of drug dosage forms, the stability testing of products containing well established drug substances, and registration requirements to establish the interchangeability of multisource (generic) pharmaceutical products. Other chapters present recommendations for quality assurance in pharmaceutical supply systems, use of the International Pharmacopoeia to control the identity, purity and quality of products, and the development of simplified tests for verifying the identity of pharmaceutical products. A chapter on laboratory services contains proposed models for a first-stage laboratory for drug surveillance, and a medium-size drug control laboratory. The remaining chapters provide guidelines for international trade in pharmaceuticals, recommendations for dealing with the new threat posed by counterfeit products, and advice on training programmes for personnel conducting drug analysis for regulatory purposes.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to acrolein, a chemical produced in large quantities and used as an intermediate in the synthesis of several chemicals, most notably acrylic acid and its esters and DL-methionine, an essential amino acid used as a feed supplement for poultry and cattle. Acrolein also has direct application as an aquatic biocide used against algae, molluscs, and herbs in recirculating process water systems, irrigation channels, cooling water towers, and water treatment ponds. Acrolein accounts for about 3 to 10% of total automobile exhaust aldehydes, 1 to 13% of total wood-smoke aldehydes, and up to 7% of the aldehydes in cigarette smoke. The report notes that exposure of the general population occurs mainly via air, with mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke representing the most important source. Other sources of exposure include inhalation of air polluted by vehicle exhausts, direct contact with acrolein-treated water, and consumption of alcoholic beverages and certain food items. Concerning effects on the environment, the report cites studies documenting adverse effects on crops grown on soil irrigated by acrolein-treated water, and a very high toxicity for bacteria, algae, crustacea, and fish, with bacteria being the most sensitive species. Acrolein is noted to threaten aquatic life at or near sites of industrial discharge or spills and in areas where acrolein is used as a biocide.