Bøger af Zukhriddin Tillanazarov

Les relations de crédit reposent sur des bases méthodologiques claires qui existent dans l'économie. Les opérations sur le marché des capitaux d'emprunt, qui en sont les principaux éléments, sont menées sur la base de certains principes. Ces principes ont été mis en évidence dès la première étape du développement des relations de crédit et ont ensuite été clairement reflétés dans la législation nationale et internationale en matière de crédit. Le crédit en tant que catégorie économique repose sur plusieurs principes. Il s'agit des principes de remboursement du prêt, d'échéance du prêt, de garantie du prêt, de ciblage et de solvabilité. Le principe que nous voulons examiner est celui de la sécurité du prêt. Grâce à ce principe, le lien entre la valeur et la production matérielle dans le développement de l'économie du crédit est assuré. L'essence même de ce principe est que chaque soum de fonds bancaires participant au cycle économique doit être assorti d'un certain montant d'actifs matériels. Tout prêt accordé par les banques aux secteurs économiques doit être garanti par des actifs complets ou certains coûts.

Le contrôle est une composante de la gestion et un processus qui comprend l'observation, l'analyse et la vérification de la mise en ¿uvre de la fonction et de l'objectif de l'État dans la gestion de l'État. Le contrôle est la dernière partie du cycle de gestion et marque le début d'un nouveau cycle de gestion. Le contrôle, en tant que fonction de gestion, surveille l'activité de l'objet géré, permet d'évaluer l'objectif et l'efficacité des décisions prises et d'identifier les écarts par rapport aux résultats de leur mise en ¿uvre et d'y apporter des corrections. Ainsi, le contrôle est effectué à un stade du cycle de gestion qui permet de savoir si la réalité est conforme ou non aux plans acceptés. Si les circonstances des écarts sont négatives, la raison de leur apparition et les coupables seront déterminés, ainsi que les mesures visant à les corriger. La fonction de contrôle est donc multiforme et comprend l'analyse de la situation réelle afin de comparer le travail effectué avec l'objectif fixé, d'évaluer l'activité contrôlée et de prendre des mesures pour corriger les déficiences identifiées.

Die Kreditbeziehungen beruhen auf klaren methodischen Grundlagen, die in der Wirtschaft vorhanden sind. Die Operationen auf dem Kreditkapitalmarkt, die seine Hauptelemente sind, werden auf der Grundlage bestimmter Prinzipien durchgeführt. Diese Grundsätze wurden in der ersten Phase der Entwicklung der Kreditbeziehungen hervorgehoben und später in der nationalen und internationalen Kreditgesetzgebung klar zum Ausdruck gebracht. Der Kredit als wirtschaftliche Kategorie hat mehrere Grundsätze. Es handelt sich um die Grundsätze der Kreditrückzahlung, der Kreditlaufzeit, der Kreditsicherheit, der Zielsetzung und der Zahlungsfähigkeit. Das Prinzip, das wir betrachten wollen, ist die Sicherheit des Kredits. Mit Hilfe dieses Prinzips wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Wert- und Sachproduktion in der Entwicklung der Kreditwirtschaft sichergestellt. Der Kern dieses Prinzips besteht darin, dass jeder am Wirtschaftskreislauf teilnehmenden Summe an Bankmitteln ein bestimmter Betrag an Sachwerten gegenüberstehen muss. Die von den Banken an die Wirtschaftssektoren vergebenen Kredite müssen durch volle Vermögenswerte oder bestimmte Kosten gesichert sein.

Die Kontrolle ist ein Bestandteil des Managements und ist ein Prozess, der die Beobachtung, Analyse und Überprüfung der Umsetzung der staatlichen Funktion und des Zwecks im staatlichen Management umfasst. Die Kontrolle ist der letzte Teil des Managementzyklus und markiert den Beginn eines neuen Zyklus im Management. Die Kontrolle als Funktion des Managements überwacht die Tätigkeit des verwalteten Objekts, ermöglicht es, den Zweck und die Wirksamkeit der getroffenen Entscheidungen zu bewerten und Abweichungen von den Ergebnissen ihrer Umsetzung festzustellen und ihre Korrekturen vorzunehmen. Auf diese Weise wird die Kontrolle in einer solchen Phase des Managementzyklus durchgeführt, dass die tatsächliche Realität mit den angenommenen Plänen übereinstimmt oder nicht. Wenn die Umstände der Abweichungen negativ sind, werden die Gründe für ihr Auftreten und die Schuldigen ermittelt und Maßnahmen zu ihrer Korrektur festgelegt. Die Kontrollfunktion ist also vielschichtig und umfasst die Analyse der Ist-Situation, um die geleistete Arbeit mit dem gesetzten Ziel zu vergleichen, die kontrollierte Tätigkeit zu bewerten und Maßnahmen zur Behebung der festgestellten Mängel zu ergreifen.

The influx of ¿living¿ young people has led businesses to become online (¿digital¿). Humanity has entered the era of global changes. Recently, the main spheres of human activity were economics and management, science and security, but now they are beginning to acquire a new form and content. Humanity has become different, which is leading to changes in social relations. One of the characteristics of the future world is that digital technologies will continue to penetrate our lives. This is explained by progress in the fields of microelectronics, information technology and telecommunications. Thus, digitization is an objective, inevitable process that cannot be stopped. One of the most serious risks accompanying digitization is mass unemployment among medium and low-skilled professionals. The middle class may shrink dramatically because these jobs will be automated first and replaced by intelligent robots.

The history of the formation of corporate governance dates back to the Middle Ages and even earlier. it can be said that it started during the times. The first shares in the world were issued in 1553 by the "Moscow-England Company", a merchant association that had trade relations with the Moscow state. They very quickly began to gain significant priority: they acquired rights such as duty-free trade, the creation of trade networks in Russian territories, and even the use of Anguilla money in business. The British government, together with the Moscow state, provided the companies with the monopoly right of trade. In the middle of the 18th century, almost all foreign merchants traded with Russia through Moscow companies. The monopolistic position of the companies made them rich. These were the times when Russian merchants gradually became poor. As a result, Shokh Alexei Mikhailovich ordered all members of the companies to leave the Moscow state, using the political situation related to the assassination of King Charles.

In practice, views on taxes have historically been formed under the influence of objective and subjective factors. The analysis of the definitions given to taxes is necessary first of all to justify their economic and social nature, to define the economic role of taxes and tax principles that are the basis of tax legislation, and to determine the place of personal income tax in the tax system. Because, with the emergence of the state, taxes were considered one of the necessary requirements of economic relations in society.The classical principles of the tax system are the basis of the tax system of almost all countries. These are the principles of fairness, accuracy, convenience and economy.The first principle is the principle of equity, which means that the income of all individuals should be taxed and distributed equally. Although A. Smith understood justice as taxation of citizens' income on the basis of commonality and proportionality, he considered that rich people should be taxed in a progressive way.

In the conditions of modernization of the economy, regardless of the form of ownership, managers and employees of economic entities should have high-level professional training, economic and legal knowledge, and experience. Today, in our Republic, the above factors are insufficient. If we analyze this issue more broadly, as we know, many economic and social reforms have been carried out in our Republic since we gained independence, and today they are being deepened. As a result of these reforms, a legal base suitable for the conditions of the market economy and many necessary conditions for effective activity in all sectors of our economy were created. In addition, in order to ensure the free development of economic entities in our economy, private ownership, entrepreneurship in general, to protect their rights, to prevent unjustified interference of supervisory bodies in their activities, to reduce various inspections, normative documents were adopted.

Customs bodies also perform other tasks provided for by legal documents. Customs bodies perform the tasks assigned to them in cooperation with other bodies of state administration and local bodies of state power. These bodies are obliged to assist the customs authorities in the implementation of customs control and in the fight against violations of customs legislation. In order to fulfill the tasks assigned to them, the customs bodies exchange information on the existing materials on detected violations with other bodies and organizations, as well as other information in accordance with the procedure established in legal documents and agreements.For all the normative documents issued by the customs authorities within the scope of their powers, it is necessary to agree with the relevant ministries and agencies and to register them according to the procedure established in the legal documents.

Control is a component of management and is a process that includes observation, analysis, and verification of the implementation of the state function and purpose in state management. Control is the final part of the management cycle and marks the beginning of a new cycle in management. Control, as a function of management, monitors the activity of the managed object, making it possible to assess the purpose and effectiveness of the decisions made and identify deviations from the results of their implementation, and make corrections. Thus, the control is carried out at such a stage of the management cycle that whether the actual reality is by the accepted plans or not. If the circumstances of the deviations are negative, then the reason for their occurrence and the culprits will be determined, and measures aimed at their correction will be determined. Thus, the control function is multifaceted and includes the analysis of the actual situation to compare the work performed with the set goal, evaluate the controlled activity, and take measures to correct the identified deficiencies.

The efficiency of enterprise management, the less time spent on the formation and implementation of goals, the higher. This includes, in addition to the experience and qualifications of the head of the enterprise (manager) and other persons responsible for the performance of management functions, organizational and technical measures for the reduction of time spent on management practices and work procedures, the mechanization and automation of management processes, and the rational organization of making and implementing management decisions. is achieved by applying a set of measures. In order to correctly make a decision aimed at achieving a positive result, it is necessary to foresee the possible results of making this decision, to correctly evaluate various options of development prospects. This determines the main strategic tasks of enterprise management. Among them are not only maximum profit, but also renovation and modernization of production, production of modern products that meet the needs of consumers, determining the directions of activity taking into account today's and future perspectives.