Bøger udgivet af Academus Publishing, Inc.

This book covers the fundamental problems of the interaction of hydrocarbons with the biosphere. Hydrocarbons are a global phenomenon of our planet. In the biosphere, hydrocarbons are ubiquitous and appear in a variety of forms. Hydrocarbons in the form of oil and gas have been released from Earth's core to its surface for thousands of years; nevertheless, no evidence exists that in the early days hydrocarbons were antagonists of the biosphere. In ancient times, humans perceived numerous oil occurrences as part of the environment. Since the 20th century, humanity's demand for fuel and energy and chemical resources has grown continuously. Oil and hydrocarbons were found on all inhabited continents and under the surrounding seas more often. The expansion of hydrocarbons into the biosphere has gradually come into collision with the naturally established ecological balances. Oil, natural gas, and products of their refining processes have had a pervasive negative impact on the environment. The global nature of these processes has made oil and gas environmental ecology a pressing scientific challenge affecting all other areas of ecology.

Recovered information in diffraction of X-rays adopting is new to structure states of polycrystal. Shear phase transformations in metals — at the macroscopic and microscopic levels — become a clear process. Visualizing the advances is produced by program included in package delivered. Mathematical models developing, experimental design, optimal statistical estimation, simulation the system under study and evolution process on loading serves as instrumentation. To reduce advanced methods to research and studies problem-oriented software will promote when installed. Automation programs passed a testing in the National University of Science and Technology “MISIS” (The Russian Federation, Moscow). You score an advantage in theoretical and experimental research in the field of physics of metals.

Major problems of processing technology of shungite rocks are illustrated in the book; ultimately new integrated technological classification of all shungite rock types, which has allowed to expand their application sphere by far, is given. On the basis of proposed classification, the technological evaluation methodology has been carried out and its theoretical substantiation is given. It is shown that sulfides and carbonates, contained in the shungite rock, should be exposed to chemical leaching process. For the first time, physico-chemical parameters of leaching process technology of sulfides have been established; deformation mechanism of sulfides during their drying has been figured out. It is proved that by the charring way, paroptesis and autoclave processing the series of valuable products can be obtained from the shungite rocks: liquid glass, sodium carbide, calcium chloride, metallic calcium, lime, cement. The book can cause significant scientific and practical interest for wide range of specialists, working in the sphere of natural resource enrichment that allows to recommend it for scientists and technical school teachers. It can also work as a valuable guidebook for engineers-technologists, projectors and employees of spheres allied with enrichment, and, thanks to availability and systematics narration of scientific research and technological bases of shungite raw processing - for technical students of mining specializations.