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Biotechnology is the science of developing or modifying products or processes using organisms and living systems for a specific purpose. This field encompasses the use of artificial selection and hybridization to improve practices like domestication of animals and cultivation of plants. There are various branches of biotechnology such as, red biotechnology, bioinformatics, white biotechnology and blue biotechnology, among many others. Bioanalysis is a sub-discipline of analytical chemistry. It is involved in the quantitative measurement of xenobiotics and biotics in biological systems. Such studies are guided by a number of bioanalytical techniques which include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, etc. This book traces the progress in the field of analytical biotechnology and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques of this discipline. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Greenhouse gases emit and absorb radiant energy, in the thermal infrared zone. Gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, hydrofluorocarbons, ozone and water vapor are the prominent types of greenhouse gases which result in an increase in temperature of the Earth's surface. This effect is called the greenhouse effect. Some gases have an indirect radiative effect. They may break down in the atmosphere producing a greenhouse gas, or undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere thereby changing the concentrations of greenhouse gases. Elevated levels of greenhouse gases can potentially lead to rising sea levels, extreme weather phenomena, negative effects on agricultural productivity and loss of biodiversity. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of greenhouse gases and the recent researches in this field. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students as well as for experts.

Postharvest handling is the process of cooling, sorting, packing and cleaning the crop after harvest. It is a stage of crop production in which the crop is removed from the parent plant or is removed from the ground. At this stage, the crop is vulnerable to quality deterioration. Postharvest treatment determines whether a crop is suitable for food processing or for fresh consumption. The targets of postharvest management are to keep the product cool and its moisture content intact. It also strives to prevent physical damage to delay spoilage. Sanitation is also an important aspect of postharvest management. High-speed cooling, refrigerated and atmosphere-controlled environments are used in large operations to prolong freshness. After harvesting, shelf life is dependent on the overall flavor, taste, texture and appearance. Postharvest technology is crucial for stimulating agricultural production, preventing postharvest losses and improving nutrition. This book provides comprehensive insights in the field of postharvest management. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with postharvest management will benefit alike from this book.

The science and technology of environmental remote sensing refers to the use of aircraft- and satellite-based sensors to gather information about the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, glaciers, etc. It is different from on-site observation, as it does not include making physical contact with the observation site or the object of study. This technology is mostly used in conducting land surveys and guiding investigations in the fields of geology, ecology and hydrology. The different tools of environmental remote sensing are light detection and ranging (LIDAR), laser and radar altimeters, hyperspectral imagers, ultrasound and radar tide gauges, sonar, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the environmental applications of remote sensing. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of environmental remote sensing. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

An alteration in the natural soil environment, which is caused by the presence of xenobiotic chemicals or other factors, is known as soil pollution. The most common reasons for the contamination and degradation of soil are improper disposal of waste, use of agrochemicals, industrial activity, oil spills, intensive farming, acid rain, etc. Changes in plant metabolism, reduction in crop yields, soil erosion, alteration in the metabolism of microorganisms residing in a soil environment, etc. are some of the primary impacts of soil pollution. Bioremediation, mycoremediation, aeration and phytoremediation are some of the chief remediation strategies that can be used as clean-up interventions. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of soil pollution and its impacts. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to mitigation solutions and strategies. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students, as well as experts.

Air quality is deteriorated when harmful particulates, biological molecules and gases are present in excessive quantities in the Earth's atmosphere. Such air has a harmful effect on living organisms, food crops and the built environment. In humans, it may lead to diseases, allergies and even death. The sources of air quality degradation or pollution can be either anthropogenic or natural. Anthropogenic sources include smoke released from fossil fuel power stations and motor vehicles, waste deposition in landfills, controlled burning in agriculture, fumes from hair sprays, paints, varnish, etc. Methane released due to the digestion of food in cattle, smoke and carbon dioxide from wildfires, and radon gas generated due to the radioactive decay of radium within the Earth's crust are some of the natural sources of air pollution. All these processes result in the release of harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, which are responsible for air quality deterioration. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of air quality modeling and assessment. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on air quality degradation have been included in this book. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

The measure of biodiversity or the total variability of life forms on Earth is known as global biodiversity. Extinction and speciation have a substantial effect on global biodiversity. Besides these, some of the major drivers of change to biodiversity are habitat change, pollution, climate change, invasive species and overexploitation. Some of the categories of diversity are ecological, morphological, taxonomic and genetic diversity. Conservation biology is concerned with the study of the phenomena that affect the loss, maintenance and restoration of biodiversity. An understanding of indicator species, keystone species and umbrella and flagship species is vital to the study of biodiversity and its conservation. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of ecological conservation. It also provides comprehensive insights into global biodiversity. This book will serve as a resource guide for ecologists, environmentalists, conservation biologists, researchers, experts and students associated with this field.

Earthquake engineering is a field of engineering, which includes designing, and analyzing structures with respect to seismic loading. The main goal of earthquake engineering is to make structures, which are more earthquake resistant and resilient. The field is rapidly evolving with a major focus on protecting the society, and the environment by minimizing the seismic risk to socially and economically acceptable levels. The field includes concepts like seismic design, failure mode, earthquake-resistant construction, etc. Seismic vibration control devices are used in building structures to reduce the potential impact of earthquakes. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of earthquake engineering and its utmost significance in modern times. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with the study of earthquake engineering will benefit alike from this text.

The branch of biology that studies the interactions between organisms and their environment is known as ecology. Biodiversity, biomass, populations of organisms, distribution, competition and cooperation between different species are the major topics that fall under this field of study. The study of ecology can be structured by organizing the biological world into a nested hierarchy, that ranges in scale from genes to cells, organs, organisms, species and so on, up to the level of the biosphere. The practical applications of this field can be found in natural resource management, conservation biology, city planning, and wetland management, among many others. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of ecology that will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Food processing and preservation is concerned with the transformation of raw or cooked food into products that can be stored, packaged and marketed. The emerging trends in food processing and preservation aim to maintain the nutritional quality of food and minimize food wastage. Some of the common practices of this field include pasteurization, mincing, canning, liquefaction among many others. This book is a comprehensive study of food processing and preservation methods and the suitability of each with reference to the nature of food. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined here. Students and researchers in the areas of food science and food process engineering will find this book a valuable source of information.

The study of the Earth's atmosphere, its processes and the effects of other systems on its atmosphere and vice versa is known as atmospheric science. This field has three significant domains- meteorology, aeronomy and climatology. Atmospheric science uses lasers, radiosondes, rocketsondes, satellites and weather balloons for different studies. The discipline of atmospheric science can be divided into three categories- atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric dynamics and atmospheric physics. Atmospheric chemistry studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere. Some of the issues dealt in this domain include acid rain, global warming and photochemical smog. Atmospheric dynamics studies diverse phenomena such as tornadoes, tropical cyclones, jet streams, thunderstorms, etc. Atmospheric physics strives to model the atmosphere using wave propagation models, statistical mechanics, cloud physics, etc. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of atmospheric science and related fields. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects and the recent researches in this field. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find atmospheric science full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Renewable energy is replenished naturally on a human timescale. It can replace conventional fuels in the major areas of electricity generation, transportation, off-grid energy services and heating. Biofuel is a renewable fuel that is derived from plants or from agricultural, domestic, commercial and industrial wastes. Biofuels can be in a solid, liquid or gaseous form. Gaseous biofuels include biogas and landfill gas, while liquid biofuels include different bioalcohols and oils. Certain solid biomass fuels are wood, agricultural waste and dried manure. Using first, second, third and fourth generation biofuel production procedures, ethanol, propanol, butanol, biodiesel, methanol, green diesel, biofuel gasoline, etc. can be developed for varied fuel applications. Bioethanol and biodiesel have potential applications as a transportation fuel. This book contains some path-breaking studies in biofuels. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Evolutionary biology is a study of the evolutionary processes that have resulted in the biological diversity on Earth. It integrates the concepts and principles of genetics, ecology, paleontology and systematics. Evolutionary processes studied under this domain include natural selection, common descent and speciation. Modern evolutionary biology also delves into the genetic architecture of adaptation, sexual selection, genetic drift, molecular evolution and biogeography. Due to the merger of biological science with applied sciences, many domains of evolutionary biology have emerged such as evolutionary robotics, engineering, economics, architecture and algorithms. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of evolutionary biology. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying evolutionary biology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Human genetics is the study of inheritance in human beings. It is an interdisciplinary science that encompasses the fields of classical genetics, molecular genetics, clinical genetics, cytogenetics, genomics and developmental genetics. The study of human genetics aids in the understanding of genetic diseases and their potential treatments. The concepts of autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance, X-linked and Y-linked inheritance, pedigree analysis and karyotype are significant for understanding genetic differences and inheritance patterns. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as the modern approaches to human genetics. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to human genetics. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

The study of climate and weather conditions averaged over a period of time is within the domain of climatology. It studies a number of analog techniques for weather forecasting and various climate models for the future projections of weather and climate systems. Climatology studies are approached from different dimensions like paleoclimatology, paleotempestology and historical climatology. Paleoclimatology strives to understand past climates by studying records of ice cores and tree rings. Paleotempestology determines the frequency of hurricanes over millennia using similar records. Climate indices are used for the characterization of the different climatic mechanisms that contribute to daily weather. They are based on the twin objectives of simplicity and completeness. Some of such indices are El Niño-Southern Oscillation, North Atlantic oscillation, Madden-Julian oscillation, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around climatology. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on climatology have been included herein. Climatologists, meteorologists, researchers and students associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that uses biological systems, organisms and their derivatives to develop products and processes for specific use. It was traditionally used for the domestication of animals and cultivation of plants, as well as for their enhancement by using artificial selection and hybridization. Modern biotechnology integrates techniques of genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture for developing products such as biodegradable plastics, biofuels, vegetable oil, as well as for the manufacture of beer and milk products. Besides these, bioleaching, bioremediation and biological weapons production are upcoming applications of biotechnology. The major branches of biotechnology are bioinformatics, blue biotechnology, green biotechnology, red biotechnology and white biotechnology. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to biotechnology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this field. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

The proteome is the complete set of proteins that are produced by a living organism or system. It is subject to modification due to changes in requirement and stresses that an organism undergoes. The study of proteins is under the discipline of proteomics. Protein detection with antibodies, antibody-free protein detection, hybrid technologies and high-throughput proteomic technologies are prominent methodologies that are used for the detection and analysis of proteins. The study of proteomics has aided in new drug-discovery and in the understanding of complex plant-insect interactions. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of proteomics. The various advancements are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Proteins are large biomolecules or macromolecules, which perform various functions within organisms such as DNA replication, catalyzing metabolic reactions, transport of molecules and response to stimuli. The scientific study of proteins is under the domain of proteomics. It encompasses the study of protein composition, structure and activity patterns. Some of the fundamental experimental techniques used in proteomics are 2D electrophoresis, protein microarrays, mass spectrometry and two-hybrid screening. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of proteomics. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The prevention, diagnosis and treatment of all animal disorders is under the domain of veterinary medicine. Animals suffer from a variety of diseases and psychological disorders. Farm animals, laboratory animals and pet animals are prone to disorders. Some common eating disorders in animals are activity anorexia, thin sow syndrome and pica. The understanding of behavioral disorders is difficult due to a lack of comprehension of animal communication and psychology. Obsessive compulsive disorder, addiction, depression, stress, self-aggression, etc. are examples of behavioral disorders. Besides these, animals also suffer from a variety of diseases mediated by different pathogens such as virus, bacteria and fungi. Genetic diseases in animals include complex vertebral malformation, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, foal immunodeficiency syndrome, etc. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of animal disorders. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Bioengineering is a branch of engineering that uses the principles of biology and technological tools of engineering to design economically viable products. It approaches the creation of products by mimicking or manipulating biological systems. The design of medical devices and diagnostic equipment, bioenergy solutions, biocompatible material, etc. are within the scope of bioengineering. It also has applications in varied areas of engineering, biotechnology, genetic modification of plants and microorganisms. The major branches of bioengineering are biomedical engineering, biochemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, bionics, biomimetics, etc. The topics included in this book on bioengineering are of the utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The study of seed is undertaken by the branch of seed science. The seed is an embryonic plant that is enclosed within a protective covering. It is formed during reproduction in seed plants, including gymnosperms and angiosperms. Seeds are of immense economic significance to humans. They can be used as edibles such as cereals, legumes and nuts. Seeds are also used for extracting cooking oils, food additives, spices and beverages. They have also been used for medicinal purposes such as castor oil and tea tree oil. Hybrid seed production is crucial for modern agriculture. Hybrids are developed to improve traits in crops such as high yield, improved disease resistance, better color, etc. Open pollination and clonal propagation are alternative techniques to hybridization that are used in agriculture. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of seed science. It unravels the recent studies in this field. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students, as well as for experts.

The state of health and welfare of an animal is understood from the different parameters of longevity, immunosuppression, disease, behavior, physiology and reproduction. There are various threats to animal welfare such as animal testing, blood sport, abandonment, cruelty, overpopulation, etc. Animals suffer from a wide variety of diseases, such as bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, viral diseases and genetic diseases. The field of medicine that studies all aspects of animal health and welfare is known as veterinary science. It is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of animal diseases. Different specializations exist in veterinary science such as animal physiotherapy, animal dentistry, etc. Health monitoring in livestock, maintenance of good physical and mental health of pets, control of zoonotic diseases, etc. are all within the domain of veterinary science. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of animal health and welfare. Also included is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and advancements in veterinary science. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The treatment, control and diagnosis of all health conditions in animals is under the domain of veterinary science. Studies in this field extend to both farm and wild animals. Farm animals are raised for the provision of meat, eggs, milk, leather, fur and wool. Good husbandry, appropriate feeding and hygiene contribute to the maintenance of animal health and welfare in the farm. Animals are susceptible to many different diseases and prone to various internal and external parasites. Certain examples of common animal diseases are classical swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, etc. Some of these diseases can be prevented through vaccines. In other cases, antibiotics are used. This book strives to provide a fair idea about the discipline of veterinary medicine with respect to farm animals and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this area of study. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The study of the different structures and functions of the cell falls under the discipline of cell biology. It explains the organization of cell organelles, their physiological properties, signaling pathways, metabolic processes and interactions with the environment. The studies are done on a microscopic and molecular level. It encompasses the study of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Various technological implements are employed, such as optical microscopy, electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy, besides many others. Cell culture, immunostaining, computational genomics, etc. are some of the different methods used in cell biology studies. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of cell biology. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The study of parasites, their hosts and the dynamics between them is under the scope of parasitology. It integrates the techniques of cell biology, molecular biology, bioinformatics, immunology, biochemistry and genetics. Some of the sub-fields of parasitology are medical parasitology, veterinary parasitology, structural parasitology and quantitative parasitology. Study in parasitology also encompasses the study of taxonomy, phylogenetics, conservation biology and ecology of parasites. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of parasitology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. This book, with its detailed analysis and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Veterinary science is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases. Pets, livestock, lab animals, zoo animals and wild animals are all studied in veterinary science. It is also engaged in developing measures for animal welfare. Research in veterinary science explores interventions for the prevention and treatment of different diseases. It also includes research at human-animal interfaces such as zoonotic diseases, food safety, wildlife and ecosystem health. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around veterinary science. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included herein. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in this field.

Water is an essential resource for the sustenance of all life on Earth. Water resource management refers to the planning and management of water resources. It seeks to allocate water in an equitable basis so that it can satisfy the requirements of all people, as well as minimize the impact of water use on the natural environment. To achieve these objectives, solutions are sought in urban decision support system, wastewater treatment, effective irrigation practices, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of water management. It explores all the important aspects of planning and implementation of water management strategies that are relevant in the present day scenario. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Biology is the branch of science that is concerned with the study of life and living organisms. The fundamental units of cells, genes and evolution are central to the development of biology. All structural, physiological, evolutionary, systematic, ecological and environmental aspects of organisms are explored in this domain. The sub-domains of biology are classified into biochemistry, molecular biology, cellular biology, physiology and ecology. The evolutionary relationships of living organisms are analyzed through phylogenetics, cladistics and phenetics. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of biology and how such concepts have practical applications. The various advancements in biology are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Systems biology is an interdisciplinary field of science that is concerned with the computational and mathematical modeling of biological systems which are complex in nature. The field strives to model and discover properties of cells, tissues and organisms functioning as a system. These involve metabolic networks and cell signaling networks. Some associated disciplines of system biology are phenomics, genomics, epigenetics, proteomics, biomics, etc. Systems biology is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around systems biology. It consists of contributions made by international experts. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Horticulture is the science that is concerned with growing fruits and vegetables. Urban horticulture is a branch of horticulture that studies the relationship between plants and the urban environment. Such studies are applied for the improvement of the surrounding urban area. It is based on the principle that nature has a positive influence on human health, their emotional and psychological wellbeing. In urban horticulture, crops are grown in small gardens and fields, as well as in flowerpots and grow bags. Community gardening is an upcoming practice in this field. It helps in cleaning neighborhoods, restoring nature in industrial areas and creating a relationship between a place and the people. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of urban horticulture. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about urban horticulture.