Bøger udgivet af Callisto Reference

Sports nutrition is the science that is concerned with improving an athlete's performance by following a good diet and nutrition regime. Nutrition is fundamental to sports training for strength building. Its focus areas include finding the right intake of fluids, foods and nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, supplements and organic substances. Various dietary supplements assist in improving different areas of athletic performance. These can be in the form of steroids, human growth hormone, energy supplements and supplements that aid in recovery. An athlete's nutritional needs depend on a variety of factors such as type of activity, gender, weight, height, body mass index, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of sports nutrition. The objective of this book is to present researches and studies that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. It aims to serve as a resource guide to sports medicine practitioners, nutritionists, researchers and students.

Earth science is a branch of science that studies the physical constitution of the Earth, its atmosphere and its various processes. Comprehension of the Earth and its physical characteristics is achieved by developing an understanding of all the Earth's spheres. It includes the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere and biosphere, as well as the Earth's interior and its magnetic field. Quantitative understanding is developed by an integration of the principles of geography, chronology, physics, chemistry and biology. The fields of science within the umbrella discipline of Earth science include physical geography, geophysics, soil science, ecology, atmospheric sciences, etc. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of Earth science and related fields. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this discipline. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of Earth Science.

The study of aquatic ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them are studied in the two fields of aquatic ecology and biology. An aquatic ecosystem is a combination of various biotic communities and abiotic factors. Abiotic factors include parameters of water depth, nutrient level, salinity, temperature, etc. Maintenance of normal values of these variables is essential for the continued sustainability of the diverse flora and fauna of such ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems are primarily grouped into marine and freshwater ecosystems, along with lentic, pond, lotic and wetlands forming other smaller classes. Aquatic ecosystems are crucial for the efficient recycling of nutrients, purification of water, ground water replenishment and in the provision of habitats to aquatic life. This book provides significant information on these disciplines to help develop a good understanding of aquatic biology and ecology and their related fields. It also includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying aquatic sciences as it gives incredible insights into the emerging trends and concepts

Sports medicine is a specialized branch of medicine that deals with the treatment and prevention of sports related injuries and emergencies. Various treatment interventions for injuries pertaining to muscles, ligaments, tendons and bones are under the medical domain of sports medicine. Injuries such as concussions, muscle cramps, sprains, tears and splints are common occurrences in sports. Practitioners also deal with the treatment of chronic illnesses that potentially affect performance like asthma and diabetes. They also recommend appropriate exercise and other physical activity regimes for the management and prevention of injuries. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of sports medicine. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this discipline and the recent researches in this field. Scientists and students actively engaged in the area of sports medicine will find this book helpful.

Carbon cycle is the process by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, earth, air and water. Carbon balance refers to the balance in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air. The processes of exchange of carbon are respiration, transpiration, combustion and decomposition. The widespread combustion of fossil fuels has caused carbon to accumulate in the atmosphere. Carbon cycle rebalancing can be initiated by a number of progressive measures like rehabilitation of forests, adoption of sustainable energy, carbon capture, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of carbon management. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will provide a comprehensive knowledge to all readers involved in this field at various levels.

Climate and weather studies are pursued by the respective branches of climatology and meteorology, which fall in the domain of atmospheric sciences. Climatology is the qualitative and quantitative study of long-term weather conditions and climate trends. Meteorology involves weather predictions and an analysis of atmospheric physics and chemistry. Different analog techniques can be used in climatology for the prediction of short-term weather forecasting. Some of these techniques are El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Madden-Julian oscillation, North Atlantic oscillation, etc. Weather and climate prediction is useful in agriculture, for determining the distribution of radioactive aerosols and gases in the atmosphere, for analyzing industrial pollution dispersion, etc. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of weather and climate studies, which will be crucial for the progress of these fields in the future. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the various principles and applications of meteorology and climatology. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals alike.

Climatology is the scientific study of climate or weather conditions averaged over an extended period of time. It is instrumental in the forecasting of weather by using analog techniques like El Nino-Southern Oscillation, the Madden-Julian oscillation, Arctic oscillation, Pacific decadal oscillation, etc. Projections of future climates as well as study of the dynamics of weather are achieved by employing different statistical and mathematical climate models. The study of various climatic phenomena is approached from the multiple dimensions of paleoclimatology, paleotempestology and historical climatology. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to climatology. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Sports science is the science of understanding the response of the human body to exercise and physical activities. Athletic training is an allied healthcare profession, which is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of emergency, acute and chronic medical conditions that involves impairment, limitations and disabilities. Athletic training works within the domains of injury and illness prevention, wellness promotion, immediate and emergency care, therapeutic intervention and healthcare administration. This book explores all the important aspects of sports science and athletic training in the present day scenario. It also presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Green nanotechnology is the field that is concerned with the application of nanotechnology for environmental sustainability. It aims to minimize potential environmental and human health risks associated with the development, manufacture and use of nanotechnology products through the adoption of new nano-products that are ecofriendly throughout their lifecycles. The applications of this field include cleaning of hazardous wastes, water treatment, environmental remediation and monitoring of environmental pollutants. Current research in this domain explores solar cells, nanoremediation, cleaning oil spills, removing plastics from oceans, etc. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail in this book. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of green nanotechnology. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The study of botany that aims to use plants for medicinal purposes is known as herbalism. Some of the products of herbalism include herbal medicines, natural health products, herbal remedies, supplements, etc. Many herbs are applied to the skin in the form of essential oils. Herbalism is widely practiced throughout Africa and Asia. Traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda are examples of herbal medicine. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around herbal medicine. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Aquaculture involves the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms under controlled conditions. Various interventions in the rearing process are implemented to enhance production. Some of these include regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Aquaculture is classified according to the species of organisms harvested, into fish farming, shrimp farming, oyster farming, etc. Aquaculture also focuses on animal welfare in terms of fitness, physical and mental well being. Modern techniques for sustainable aquaculture include the application of Integrated Pest Management, use of vaccines, adoption of recirculating aquaculture systems, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of aquaculture. It also discusses all relevant issues of adaptability and sustainability of aquaculture ecosystems. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the field.

Sports science, also called sports and exercise science, is concerned with the functioning of the human body during exercise. It studies the role of sport and physical activity in the overall health and performance of the body. The field integrates the areas of exercise physiology, sport psychology, anatomy, biokinetics, etc. Research in these domains has provided valuable insights into the understanding of the reaction of the human body to exercise and training. This book strives to provide a fair idea about the disciplines of exercise science, sports science and physical education and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within these fields. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in these fields. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in these areas as well as for experts.

Epigenetics studies heritable genetic changes that occur due to a change in gene function, generated through processes like DNA methylation, histone modification, etc. Epigenetic changes alter the microstructure of DNA or the associated chromatin proteins leading to gene activation or silencing. Chromatin is a macromolecular complex, consisting of DNA, RNA and protein found in cells. Its primary functions are packaging DNA into more compact and denser shape, preventing DNA damage, controlling gene expression and DNA replication. The structure of chromatin is subject to change depending on the stage of the cell cycle. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed the understanding of epigenetics and chromatin. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in these fields. It will be a valuable source of reference for students and researchers alike.

Viruses are submicroscopic parasitic particles. They can infect all organisms, from bacteria and archaea to plants and animals, and cause a variety of diseases. The scientific study of viruses, their structure, classification and evolution is known as virology. The studies of the processes of infection and the resultant viral diseases are also a focus of this science. Research in virology has significant applications in medicine, neuroscience, materials science and nanotechnology. This book strives to provide detailed information about the theories and concepts of virology to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book.

Wildlife conservation is the protection of plant and animal species along with their habitats. Wildlife is essential for the maintenance of the ecological balance of Earth. Some of the major dangers to wildlife are habitat loss, climate change, unregulated hunting, poaching, pollution and deforestation. Wildlife habitats are consistently decreasing as well as degrading. The primary objectives of conservation include maintenance of ecological processes, sustainable utilization of species and preserving the genetic diversity among many others. Conservation can be achieved through strategic environmental planning, rational use allocation, policymaking, etc. This book includes some vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to wildlife conservation. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. As this field is emerging at a fast pace, this book will provide the readers incredible insights into the diverse aspects of wildlife conservation.

Plant biology is the sub-discipline of biology that is concerned with the scientific study of plants and their biological processes. It is a multidisciplinary subject integrating principles of different areas of science and technology. It explores the study of plant structure, growth, differentiation, reproduction, diseases, evolution, taxonomy, etc. Such studies are made using multiple techniques of optical microscopy, live cell imaging, plant chemistry and chromosome number analysis, besides others. Botany has wide applications in agriculture, forestry and horticulture. It is also crucial for the production of commercial products like staple foods, fiber, drugs, rubber, etc. It also has relevance in energy production, environmental management and in the maintenance of biodiversity. This book strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Those who want to broaden the expanse of their knowledge will be immensely assisted by it.

Agronomy and agricultural science deal with the production and management of crops and farm animals for food, fiber, fuel or farm labor. Agronomy builds on the fundamental basis of plant genetics, physiology and soil science for optimizing agricultural production. Sustainable agriculture is built on an understanding of the ecosystem as well as the relationship between organisms and their environment. Research in these domains explores the design and development of innovative agricultural practices of crop rotation, organic farming, integrated pest management, etc. in order to develop a sustainable approach to agriculture. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of sustainable agriculture. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in this field. Scientists and students actively engaged in agriculture science, soil science and crop science will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Veterinary science is the branch of medicine that is concerned with animal health. It involves the analysis, treatment, diagnosis and prevention of animal diseases. Veterinary science covers the treatment of all domesticated and wild species of animals. It also furthers human health and well-being by monitoring and controlling zoonotic diseases in animals. Research in veterinary science explores the prevention and control of diseases in animals. This book presents the significant veterinary science concepts and theories and explores the interrelation and incorporation of these methods in the field of livestock management. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. This book is designed to serve a broad spectrum of readers from experts to students who want to gain a better understanding of the subject.

Microbes are microscopic organisms like bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, etc. which are either unicellular, multicellular or acellular. Microbiology studies different classes of these microbes and branches out into bacteriology, mycology, protozoology and phycology. Microbiology also studies microbes for use in medicine, enzyme production, DNA transfer tools, industrial fermentation, bioremediation, microbial biodegradation, etc. Biopolymers like polysaccharides, polyesters, polyamides, etc. are also produced by microorganisms. Advanced medical applications of tissue engineering and drug delivery are also aided by microorganisms. The ever growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of microbial biotechnology in recent times. This book strives to explain the concepts and theories central to the development of microbial biotechnology. It also presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

A forest ecosystem is a natural unit that consists of diverse species of plants, animals and microorganisms, functioning in close association with the abiotic factors of the environment. The study of forest ecosystems falls under forest ecology. It also studies all aspects of forestry and silviculture. Sustainability of forest ecosystems is approached from multiple aspects of forest resource extent, biological diversity, forest health, productivity, protection, socio-economic function and policy framework. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of forest sustainability. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the sustainability of forest ecosystems. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The science of oceanography is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the oceans. It also covers the study of ocean currents, plate tectonics, seafloor geology and ecosystem dynamics. Oceanography helps in understanding diverse phenomena in the fields of meteorology, climatology, geology, hydrology, etc. It helps in developing a complete understanding of the world's oceans and the varied marine ecosystems. It branches out into marine biology, ocean chemistry, marine geology and marine physics. Modern oceanography also delves into ocean acidification, ocean heat content, ocean currents and temperatures, climatic phenomena of global warming and receding ice shelves. There has been a change in ocean chemistry leading to concerns over adaptability of marine life to changing ecosystem. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of oceanography and how such concepts have practical applications. It compiles valuable contributions from researchers across the world, which have significance in the development of this field. Students, oceanographers and marine biologists will be immensely benefited from the interdisciplinary approach of this book.

The study of plant genetics helps in understanding the structure and functions of genes in plants. These studies are used in crop biotechnology to modify plants and crops. Crop biotechnology uses the techniques of tissue culture, molecular markers and genetic engineering to produce desired traits in crops. The modification of crops aims to improve characteristics like disease resistance, flavor, size, color, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of plant genetics and crop biotechnology. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under these disciplines and how such concepts have practical applications. Researchers, experts and students in these fields will be assisted by this book.

Membrane science and engineering is the scientific study of the transport of substances between two fractions through a permeable membrane. It is used as a mechanical separation method for separating gaseous or liquid streams. The separation method requires no application of heat like distillation and crystallization. It is of significance in food, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Important applications include the filtration of water using reverse osmosis, treatments in food industry, petrochemical vapor recovery and electrolysis for chlorine production. The medical applications of membrane technology are present in hemodialysis among many others. Research in membrane technology explores new techniques of wastewater treatment, energy recovery, etc. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around membrane science and engineering. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Plant biotechnology is involved with the modification of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. These characteristics include higher yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance and higher adaptability. It employs the scientific principles and techniques of genetic engineering and molecular biology in order to make desired modifications in plants for applications in agriculture. Some of the widely used techniques of this field include reverse breeding, marker assisted selection, genetic recombination and double haploidy among many others. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of plant biotechnology and its utmost significance in modern times. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects and the recent researches in this field. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with plant biotechnology will benefit alike from this book.

Agricultural science takes a multi-disciplinary approach across disciplines of natural, economic and social sciences, to develop methodologies for understanding and advancing the practices of agriculture. Research in this field includes studies in plant breeding and genetics, soil science, pest-crop dynamics, weed-crop dynamics, entomology, among many others. Improving crop growth, selective breeding of drought-resistant crop and animal varieties, improved pesticides, etc. are also being studied in this discipline. This book highlights the recent studies in the field of agricultural science. It also provides a detailed explanation of the different concepts and applications of the modern agricultural practices developed in recent years. This book will be a resource guide for agronomists, agriculturists, agro-economists and agrobiologists, as well as students and experts working in this domain.

Food quality refers to the accepted standards of taste, flavor, appearance, dietary and nutritional requirements as well as safety for consumption by humans. The scientific discipline of food safety is concerned with the handling, preparation and storage of food in a manner that is conducive to ensuring its safety. It involves a close inspection of food additives and pesticide residues. The allied field of food technology is a branch of food science concerned with the production methods of food. Food quality is an important aspect of food manufacturing. Besides nutritional requirements, sanitation is an essential consideration of food quality. This book covers the studies that are being conducted in these domains. It also elucidates the modern principles and concepts crucial to their development. It consists of contributions made by international experts working in the field of food science. This book will immensely benefit students, food scientists, nutritionists and engineers.

Natural disasters are adverse events caused due to natural processes of the Earth. Disasters can be classified into different types depending on the area of occurrence, like geological disasters, volcanic eruptions, hydrological disasters, meteorological disasters, etc. Some examples of natural disasters are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. These can cause significant loss of life and damage to property. However, certain strategies can be adopted to minimize the risks of disasters. The field of disaster risk management is concerned with minimizing the socio-economic vulnerabilities as well as managing the hazards that trigger them. This book explores all the important aspects of disaster risk reduction and management in the modern day scenario. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to these domains. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Botany or plant biology is a broad multidisciplinary science that studies the structure, growth, reproduction, taxonomy and epidemiology of plants. The principles of botany have varied applications in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, plant breeding, energy production, environmental management and biodiversity maintenance. Research in botany expands across diverse areas of molecular genetics, epigenetics, plant evolution, phylogenetics, plant behavior and conservation among others. This book discusses the modern theories, concepts and applications of plant biology in extensive details. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under the domain of botany. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult aspects of botany as easy and informative as possible for the readers.

Botany is the study of plant morphology, anatomy, genetics and ecology. It has applications across agriculture, horticulture, medicine, forestry and environmental management. Botanical research explores studies of plant structure, growth, diseases, evolutionary history, taxonomy, etc. It is also engaged in the study and provision of materials like timber, rubber, oil and drugs. Dominant aspects in the study of modern botany are the study of molecular genetics and epigenetics of plants. The topics included in this book on botany are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. Students, botanists, researchers and other experts associated with this field will immensely benefit from the analyses and information provided in this book.

Animal husbandry and livestock management are two interrelated fields that study the rearing and breeding of livestock to obtain farm labor, meat, wool, eggs, etc. Animals are also raised for specific purposes such as producing vaccines and antiserums. These fields have multiple branches such as poultry farming, dairy farming, aquaculture, etc. Animal husbandry is also concerned with varied aspects of animal feeding, their breeding, health and welfare. Some of the popular practices of this domain include intensive animal farming, cross-breeding, artificial insemination, etc. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under animal husbandry and livestock management. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove immensely beneficial to students and researchers in these fields.