Bøger udgivet af Callisto Reference

The field of biochemistry studies the structural and functional aspects of biomolecules like lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids as well as their interactions with each other. It helps in understanding the processes occurring within living organisms. The applications of biochemistry are in medicine, nutrition and agriculture. Molecular biology is a branch of biochemistry. It studies the interactions of DNA, proteins and RNA as well as their biosynthesis. The study of molecular biology is mostly quantitative and a lot of emphasis is placed on the understanding of gene structure and function. There has been rapid progress in these fields in recent years and their applications are finding their way across multiple industries. This book presents the complex subjects of biochemistry and molecular biology in a comprehensible manner. It will serve as a reference text for students as well as biologists, researchers, geneticists and other experts working on this field.

The in-depth study of the diverse species of flora and fauna with respect to an ecosystem is known as forest ecology. The direct consequence of widespread deforestation and human encroachment has been largely felt in the loss of biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Initiating conservation efforts to control the situation requires an understanding of forest dynamics and how different activities influence ecological equilibrium. Due to the advent of modern techniques like remote sensing and geographic information system, the study in forestry has become more detailed. This book presents the researches and techniques that are useful for the study of forest ecology. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of forest ecology and conservation. It strives to be a valuable source of information for anyone interested in forest ecology and conservation.

Genetics is the study of genes, variation and heredity. The fundamental aspects of this discipline are trait inheritance and molecular inheritance. The study of animal genetics is concerned with the development of methodologies to improve the genetic makeup of domestic and farm animals for the purposes of increasing disease resistance and stimulating inheritance of desired characteristics. The study and enhancement of genomes of economically crucial animals is important in the modern scenario to maximize productivity. Humans depend on animals for a variety of products like meat, egg, milk, fur, leather, etc. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of animal genetics and its utmost significance in modern times. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The science of crop breeding delves into the study of genetics of crops to develop desirable characteristics for agriculture and horticulture. Breeding crops is essential for ensuring food security in the context of a growing economy. This is done by developing new crop types that have higher yield, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance and also higher adaptability to different environments. Classical plant breeding methods have mostly been replaced by modern methodologies of marker-assisted selection, double haploids and genetic modification. The research in the frontiers of genetic modification and transgenic plants is rapidly progressing with the development of innovative biotechnological tools. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of crop breeding and its utmost significance in modern times. The various advancements in this field are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. This book targets geneticists, food scientists, agronomists, molecular biologists, researchers and students associated with this domain.

Veterinary medicine is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of diseases in animals. It also deals with the treatment of injuries and disorders that animals are prone to. This field extends medical interventions to all domesticated and wild species of animals. Studies in zoonotic disease monitoring and control, food safety, livestock health management, mental well-being of pets, etc. are also explored in veterinary science. This book is compiled to provide detailed information about this field while also exploring modern perspectives towards the same. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on veterinary science have also been included herein. It aims to serve as a resource guide to students, researchers, experts and practicing veterinarians.

Nutrition is the study of nutrients in food and their influence in maintenance, growth and reproduction of an organism. It also studies the role of nutrients in disease prevention. A balanced diet replete with all essential nutrients is necessary for avoiding various deficiency syndromes and prevention of health-threatening conditions like obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc. This book is compiled to provide an in-depth knowledge of the different perspectives and standards of effective nutrition plans, physical activity and their effects on health. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Nutritionists, doctors, physical instructors and interested students will find this book to be a valuable source of information for furthering their knowledge of this field.

Earthquakes are disasters caused by seismic waves which are formed due to a sudden release of energy from the Earth's lithosphere. This can develop into disturbances of massive magnitude resulting in substantial damage to life and property. Seismology is the study of earthquakes. It encompasses the study of diverse aspects related to earthquakes including seismicity analysis, frequency, wave nature, rupture dynamics, wave propagation, etc. It also involves evaluating earthquake aftershocks and effects using principles of subfields like paleoseismology. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of seismology and wave propagation. It also unravels the recent studies in this field and highlights the modern tools of earthquake prediction, evaluation and analysis. The book will be helpful to a broad spectrum of readers such as seismologists, geologists, engineers, researchers, academicians, experts and students associated with this discipline.

Convergence and divergence of tectonic plates trigger the occurrence of volcanoes on Earth. Volatile activity in the tectonic plates causes sudden changes to magma chambers which leads to volcanic eruptions. Volcanoes are thus, a natural phenomenon usually formed due to the cracking of the topmost layer in planetary bodies like Earth. The scientific study of this natural hazard is called volcanology. This book is compiled to provide a detailed understanding of all aspects related to volcanoes and volcanology. It also explores the significance and function of the tools of volcanology that help in predicting the nature, behavior, and classification of volcanoes. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of volcanology. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Petroleum reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering that studies the application of scientific principles to maximize the economic recovery of crude oil from reservoirs. Numerous drainage problems arise in production processes. Petroleum reservoir engineering builds on the tools developed from subsurface geology, applied mathematics and basic physics and chemistry. It strives to understand phase behavior of crude oil and natural gas to develop working tools of reservoir engineering. The key functionalities of surveillance, analysis, production and simulation modeling are also explored in the domain of reservoir engineering. Reservoir engineering is also significant for field development planning and framing cost-effective reservoir depletion schemes in order to optimize recovery of petroleum from deposits. The various advancements in petroleum reservoir engineering are glanced at in this book and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies in this domain have been included in this book. It is aimed at engineers, geologists, students and other professionals involved in this field.

The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of nutrition science and the recent studies in this field. Nutrients are necessary for the growth and development of organisms especially human beings and must be consumed in a regulated manner every day. This field delves into the processes of absorption, biosynthesis, excretion, catabolism, etc. Undernutrition or malnutrition can result in many health problems in humans. Nutrition science has applications in numerous other scientific fields such as food science, dietetics, etc. Chapters in this book, are compiled to discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of nutrition science. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers and will be beneficial to students and researchers alike.

Nanobiotechnology is an evolving interdisciplinary study of nanotechnology and biology. It is concerned with the solution of complex biological and medical problems with the application of nanomaterials and nanoparticles. Synthesizing new protein structures, bimolecular tissue and membranes, application of nanotechnology for efficient chemical delivery in agriculture are some of the areas of investigation in nanobiotechnology. Current research in nanobiotechnology investigates the biosynthesis of nanomaterials, development of green nanobiotechnology. It also studies the use of advanced nanomaterial implements like nanorobots as alternative treatments for certain diseases like cancer in nanomedicine. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of nanobiotechnology and its applications. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on nanobiotechnology have been included in this book. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this field.

Climate change has significant environmental impacts. Global temperature rise, melting of the polar ice caps, rise in sea levels, loss of habitat for many species of animals are some of the effects of climate change. The research in this area entails impact studies of a variety of anthropogenic activities such as fuel burning, deforestation and industrialization. This book offers a comprehensive insight into the phenomenon of climate change with emphasis on its negative consequences. Selected concepts and studies that redefine the perspectives on climate change have been presented in this book. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Marine ecology and biodiversity is the scientific study of marine ecosystems in relation to their biotic and abiotic environment. Marine ecosystems have a large biodiversity and are essential for the sustenance of terrestrial and marine environments. This is because marine organisms are responsible for maintaining carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and nutrient cycles as well as contributing significantly to the world's total photosynthetic output. Pollution caused by human activities, mostly through the widespread use of fertilizers and pesticides that flow into the oceans, has a drastic effect on the marine ecosystem. The presence of garbage, plastics and oils may result in an increase in ocean acidification and eutrophication. These effects are witnessed through a drop in productivity of marine ecosystems and a reduction in marine biodiversity. This book strives to provide a fair idea about marine ecology and marine biodiversity, as well as helps to develop a better understanding of the diverse aspects of these fields. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of these fields are examined in detail. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue these disciplines further.

Forestry is the science concerned with the development, use, management and conservation of forests. As a field of study, forestry utilizes measures developed in a number of other scientific fields like ecology, biology, environmental science, etc. In the modern times, forestry encompasses diverse aspects related to forests such as biodiversity management, landscape protection, timber production, watershed management, aesthetics and erosion control among many others. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject. It will serve as a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge. Researchers and students will find it immensely beneficial.

Bioremediation is the process used to treat contaminated soil or water by encouraging biodegradation or natural decay mechanisms. This is usually done by promoting growth of microorganisms. It can also be done by introducing microbial cultures in polluted media or by injecting nutrients to stimulate growth of microbes naturally. Bioremediation is a good alternative to traditional and industrial cleaning processes because of its affordability, minimal invasiveness and ecological viability. Research in this field extends into the core areas of soil remediation therapies, lowering radioactivity, curing metal contamination, groundwater treatment and oil spills remediation. In this book, the various advancements in bioremediation and biodegradation are glanced at and their applications in pollution control and waste management are looked at in detail. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Biofuels are fuels extracted or produced through biological processes or other anaerobic methods of fuel production. They are renewable sources of energy. Some common biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, etc. One of the many prominent advantages offered by biofuels is that they generate energy by undergoing complete combustion. Biofuels are therefore considered the future of energy. The data collated in this book presents an international perspective on the technological development of biofuels. The chapters compiled herein cover an array of significant topics ranging from fundamental concepts and theories to the modern applications. This book will serve as a valuable source of knowledge for graduates, post graduates, researchers and students in this field.

Geology is the scientific study of rocks that form the solid Earth and the changes which they undergo over time. It is a sub-discipline of Earth science. It is undergoing rapid development owing to the technological growth witnessed in the last decade. Geologists aim to study dynamics of earth's crust and understand phenomena like the evolution of earth, tectonic shifts, etc. The concepts of geology have applications in the fields of mining, engineering, hydrology, etc. This book is compiled to provide a general overview of the subject. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students. Researchers, experts and all associated with the field of geology will benefit alike from this book.

Geophysics is a branch of natural science concerned with the scientific analysis of the physical properties and processes of Earth and its surrounding atmosphere or space. The principles of geophysics are used to explore and study geological phenomena such as tectonic shifts, volcanism, rock formation, etc. Applications of geophysics can be found in the areas of natural hazard mitigation, mineral resource exploration and environmental protection. Chapters in this book are compiled comprehensively to provide detailed information about the upcoming concepts and theories of geophysics while also discussing modern techniques and principles. The book also attempts to present studies that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Structural biology is the scientific study of the molecular structure of important macromolecules like amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids. It comes under the domain of molecular biology, but builds on the technological tools of biophysics like spectrometry, crystallography, proteolysis, scattering, etc. It also uses the principles of biochemistry to study, design, alteration and evolution of macromolecules. This book discusses the modern approaches of structural biology. It also elucidates the principles and applications of structural biology in a multidisciplinary manner. Experts and students in biotechnology, biophysics, biochemistry, structural biology and bioinformatics will be assisted by this book.

Traditional medicine is a form of alternative medicine which has been developed on the theories and experiences of varied cultures over centuries. Some of the prevalent practices of this field are acupuncture, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, etc. Studies of traditional medicine are done through the sciences of herbalism, ethnomedicine, ethnobotany and medical anthropology. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the study of traditional and natural medicine. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included in this book. Scientists and researchers will find it a valuable source of information and knowledge.

Biotechnology involves the development of products by using living systems or organisms. It builds on the principles of biochemical engineering, molecular engineering, biomedical engineering and immunology. It diverges into diverse branches like bioinformatics for the analysis of biological data in complex systems; blue biotechnology for marine studies; green biotechnology for application in agriculture; red biotechnology for developing pharmaceutical products and white biotechnology for industrial applications. Modern developments in the field of biotechnology have applications in the pharmaceutical, agricultural and food industries. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. It highlights the researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Comprehensive language and extensive use of examples make this book a complete reference text for all professionals and students involved in this area of study.

The study of sediments such as silt, clay and sand, and the processes that shape their formation is referred to as sedimentology. Some of these processes are weathering, erosion, deposition, transport and diagenesis. Studies of sedimentary rocks and structures are fundamental to the reconstruction of past environments and understanding of the Earth's geologic history. The principles of superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity and cross-cutting relationships are vital to the study of sedimentology. This field is closely associated with stratigraphy. It is a branch of geology that studies rock layers and stratification. It is crucial for the study of layered volcanic rocks and sedimentology. The sub-fields of stratigraphy are biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy. Descriptions of rock core, sequence stratigraphy and lithology of the rock are some of the focus areas of sedimentology as well as stratigraphy. This book provides comprehensive insights into the fields of sedimentology and stratigraphy. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of these domains. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of these disciplines as easy and informative as possible for the readers.

Developmental biology is the branch of biology that studies various life processes related to the growth and development of living organisms. It involves the study of the genetic processes of embryonic development such as cell growth, differentiation, etc. It also studies the evolutionary aspects of biological processes of regeneration, reproduction and metamorphosis. This book strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to developmental biology. This book will be beneficial for biologists, geneticists, students and other professionals working in this domain.

Plant biotechnology is the science of developing methods of genetic modification in plants to achieve certain desired characteristics. Genetic modification is the altering of plants' genetic traits by manipulating genes. In recent years, plant breeders have developed innovative methods of genetic modification for increased crop yield. The techniques related to this field have applications across a number of scientific fields such as plant physiology, botany, agronomy, plant biochemistry, plant pathology, etc. This book presents upcoming concepts and theories related to the fields of plant biotechnology and genetics. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Horticulture is the science of growing plants and crops with an emphasis on sustainability, conservation and management. The field also delves into plant conservation, soil management, plant propagation and cultivation. Generating disease resistance in plants, improving nutrition and inducing increased tolerance to environmental stress factors that affect plant growth are also studied under this domain. Some of the popular horticultural practices are arboriculture, landscape restoration, garden designing among many others. This book aims to broaden the knowledge in the diverse aspects of this field. The various sub-fields of horticulture along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. For all those who are interested in this domain, this book will prove to be an essential guide.

Plant pathology is concerned with the study of diseases in plants including their causes, nature and effects. These diseases are generally caused by either active pathogens such as fungi, virus, viroid, etc. or by abnormal physiological conditions. Some of the major areas of study under plant pathology are disease etiology, pathosystem genetics, plant disease resistance, disease epidemiology among many others. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on various topics related to plant pathology. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to plant pathology. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact for the growth of the discipline. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Irrigation involves the use and application of water resources to facilitate crop production. The conventional techniques of agriculture required excessive water for irrigation which resulted in wastage. This has necessitated an economic usage of water and implementation of innovative techniques for an economic irrigation water management framework. Research is being conducted to develop practices for sustainable agricultural production and water management. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of irrigation water management. It also explores the principles and practices of irrigation water management with an emphasis on the issue of environmental sustainability. This book will be useful to agronomists, agriculture scientists, ecologists, experts and students as it offers innovative insights into this field.

Aquaculture is concerned with the breeding, rearing and harvesting of aquatic organisms as a source of food. It also includes interventions in the rearing process to enhance population of aquatic species. Higher consumption owing to rising world population has led to the disintegration of certain marine populations in aquatic ecosystems. A workable understanding of production systems is essential for sustaining a successful practice of aquaculture. Studies in aquaculture production systems explore techniques of mariculture and integrated multitrophic aquaculture practices. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of aquaculture production systems. It also attempts to present theories and studies in this field in a lucid and comprehensible manner. This book will be useful to marine biologists, ecologists and other professionals working in this field. It will also serve as a resource guide for students associated with this field.

Crop science is the study of crops and the aspects related to them such as crop breeding, genetics, ecology, etc. It also delves into the development of modern agronomic methods and techniques to increase crop production or to build innovative models for crop management. Some prominent areas of study under crop science include horticulture, pest management, soil science, etc. This book presents concepts and theories fundamental to crop science in a comprehensive manner. It elucidates the principles and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to crop science. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this discipline. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern applications of the subject.

Aquaculture and fisheries science are two distinct yet interrelated fields of study. Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic animals such as fishes, molluscs, algae and aquatic plants. Fisheries science is concerned with the management of fisheries by integrating the principles of oceanography, marine biology, ecology, limnology, etc. A common concern in both these fields is the sustainable exploitation of aquatic organisms in order to prevent extinction. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of aquaculture and fisheries science. It strives to provide significant in-depth knowledge of these disciplines and develop a comprehensive understanding. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.