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Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource. It is concerned with various chemical, physical and biological phenomena associated with soil. The tools of soil science are significant to the theory and practice of many disciplines like agriculture, forestry, anthropology, geology, environmental science, etc. Nutrient management, on the other hand, deals with the optimization of nutrient use efficiency, crop yield and quality. This is achieved by combining soil, hydrologic and climatic factors with conservation practices associated with soil and water. These two fields are integral to each other and are highly significant for attaining better crop yield and developing new methods and techniques of crop production and management. The chapters in this book are compiled to provide detailed information about soil science, particularly on nutrient management and conservation. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students, as well as experts working in this domain.

Systems biology is the modeling of biological systems by integrating the principles of computer science and mathematics. Bioinformatics and systems biology are interrelated fields, which are concerned with the construction of biological software and methods to compute biological data. Such systems of computation are called biological computers that use biological databases for use in multiple fields such as bioengineering, biotechnology, etc. This book aims to present the fundamental concepts and theories central to the fields of systems biology and bioinformatics in comprehensive detail. The objective of this book is to give a general view of different areas of these fields and their applications. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the fields of systems biology and bioinformatics.

Molecular biology studies fundamental theories and concepts related to interactions between RNA and DNA, their biosynthesis and functions. As a sub-branch of biochemistry, this scientific field studies the interactions and activities concerned with biomolecules present in the cell. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of molecular biology. The various sub-fields of molecular biology along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying molecular biology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The branch of biology, which involves the study of organisms and their interactions with their environment, is called ecology. It focuses on the interactions between organisms and with the abiotic factors of the environment. Some of the significant topics studied under this field include competition and cooperation between species, biodiversity, population of organisms, biomass and distribution of organisms. Ecology has applications in diverse fields like forestry, conservation biology, community health, wetland management, human social interaction, etc. The understanding of the principles of ecology is fundamental to the development of behavioral ecology, social ecology, cognitive ecology, biogeography, molecular ecology and social ecology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into the field of ecology.

Marine biology, zoology and ecology are sub-disciplines of biology. Marine biology is the study of marine life on Earth and strives to categorize organisms as per their functions. Marine zoology, on the other hand, is the science concerned with the study of all aspects of the marine animal kingdom and the interactions between the species within this kingdom. The study of the relations of marine organisms with their surroundings is called marine ecology. The aim of this book is to provide information about the theories and techniques central to these fields while also shedding light on the theoretical advancements achieved in the scientific research. It also delves into upcoming concepts and theories that are associated with these three disciplines in comprehensive detail. This book, with its in-depth analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Oceanography is the study of oceans, their physical and chemical properties. It is a branch of Earth science. It delves into the varied aspects of oceans such as ocean currents, waves dynamics, geology of the sea floor among many others. It combines the principles of biology, hydrology, physics, climatology, chemistry, etc. to better understand the process of ocean ecosystems. The geological past of the oceans is studied under the domain of paleoceanography. This book presents detailed analysis of all crucial concepts and theories related to the advances made in this field of study. From theories to research to practical applications, chapters related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It will serve as an ideal reference text for students, academicians and professionals associated with the field of oceanography at various levels.

The field of study concerned with the changes in the hydrological cycle, due to climate systems is known as hydroclimatology. It focuses on developing a systematic structure in order to interpret such changes with respect to space and time on a global as well as local scale. Hydroclimatology integrates the principles of climate science and hydrology in order to better understand the natural phenomena of floods, global warming and droughts. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and unexplored aspects of this field. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of hydroclimatology and its utmost significance in modern times. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students, experts, researchers, academicians, climatologists and hydrologists.

Hydrology as a scientific field is concerned with the study of existence, properties, quality and distribution of water on Earth. It branches out into subdomains of surface water, ground water and marine hydrology. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. Some of the most prominent applications are power generation, irrigation, providing potable water for consumption, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of hydrology. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Food processing is the transformation of raw or cooked food into marketable food products that can be stored and consumed. It combines commercial practices such as thermal processing, freezing, etc. and household practices such as pickling, mincing or macerating among many others. Research in this field includes analyses of processing stages and their applicability with respect to industrial standards of quality, environmental impact and sustainability. This book outlines the processes and methodologies of food processing. It also discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches to food preservation. This book is meant for students, academicians and professionals who are looking for an elaborate reference text on food processing.

Energy development refers to the set of activities aimed at the extraction of energy from natural resources. It is also concerned with the conversion of energy for industrial usage and its storage. It encompasses the processes related to conventional, renewable as well as alternative sources of energy. This book presents innovative techniques for the production, conversion and storage of energy. It compiles researches of international experts which will help the readers develop a comprehensive understanding of the subject. This book will serve as a resource guide for engineers, scientists, experts, researchers and students alike.

Decades of industrial growth and deforestation has resulted in many hazardous environmental effects like ozone depletion, global warming, etc. Climate change is a result of increasing global warming levels. One of the major causes of global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Global warming can cause significant impacts such as expansion of deserts, rising sea levels, retreat of glaciers, increase in global temperatures, etc. Extreme weather phenomena such as droughts, floods, heat waves, heavy snowfall, etc. can also occur as a result of global warming. This may result in ocean acidification, species extinction, threat to food security, biodiversity loss, among others. This book aims to present the causes and effects of global warming with respect to climate change in a detailed manner while also highlighting the modern methods to control its impacts. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of difficult concepts of global warming as easy and informative as possible for the reader. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

The study of the Earth surface, its structure and processes, falls under the umbrella of Earth science. The lithosphere forms the outer surface of the Earth. It consists of the upper mantle and crust. Lithosphere is divided into several tectonic plates. This book delves into a detailed account of the structure of the Earth and the varied processes occurring on it. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the surface of the Earth. This book consists of contributions made by international experts. A number of latest researches have been included herein to keep the readers updated with the global concepts in this area of study.

Ecology is a sub-field of biology. It focuses on the interactions of organisms among each other and with their environment. The study of ecology also delves into biodiversity, biomass, population of organisms, etc. The development of ecosystems and its processes are also a focus area of this field. The discipline of ecology has widespread applications in the diverse areas of urban ecology, forestry, conservation biology, natural resources management and fisheries among many others. This book focuses on the varied aspects of ecological conservation and management. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies in this field have been included herein. It will prove to be a valuable source of reference for ecologists, environmentalists, conservationists, experts, researchers and students associated with the branch of ecology.

The study of techniques and methods of breeding farm animals fall under the field of animal husbandry. This field is concerned with breeding animals and managing livestock in an agricultural setting for the purpose of obtaining meat, milk, eggs, leather, etc. Practices of animal rearing are integral to the science of cultivation. The principles of animal breeding are developed from the study of population genetics, molecular genetics, statistics, etc. Artificial insemination, selective breeding, intensive animal farming are some of the popular techniques of this field. This book provides information about certain key concepts and practices related to animal breeding while also discussing new methods and systems that have come into place owing to the technological advancement in the past decades. This book also presents researches and studies that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area. Those who are looking to develop a thorough understanding of breeding farm animals will be immensely benefited by the extensive content offered in this book.

The science of animal breeding deals with the study of evaluation of the genetic value of livestock. It also explores selective breeding methodologies of animals to produce desirable traits in subsequent generations of the target species. The scientific techniques of animal breeding incorporate the principles of population genetics, quantitative genetics and molecular genomics. In the era of rapid population inflation, implementation of animal breeding programs is essential for meeting rising global demands of food and resources. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the principles and practices of animal breeding. The researches included in this book discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. It includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field. This book is a research guide for experts as well as students.

The study of the quality, movement and distribution of water is known as hydrology. It helps in analyzing and solving issues related to water resources and their management. It branches out into sub-fields of hydrogeology, groundwater hydrology, surface hydrology, hydrometeorology, etc. Hydrology plays a crucial role in the calculation and analysis of rainfall, precipitation, water balance, surface run-off, floods, etc. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under this discipline and how such concepts have practical applications. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book

Biodiversity is defined as the variety of flora and fauna on earth. Due to rapid industrial and technological advancement, massive biodiversity loss and ecological disbalance have occurred. It is vital to protect the varied species from extinction by conserving their habitat and ecosystem. This book includes information about some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various practices related to biodiversity conservation. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book also makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of this discipline. Scientists, students, biologists, environmentalists, conservationists, etc. actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of biogeoscience. This field of study is concerned with the exchange between the biological activities and the chemical and physical environment of Earth's atmosphere or extra-terrestrial space. It integrates the concepts of biology and geosciences. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of biogeoscience and its utmost significance in modern times. While understanding the long term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The atmospheric model is a set of mathematical equations that represent atmospheric processes and motions. Dynamic parameterizations of radiation, heat exchange, soil, vegetation, etc. are used here. The objective of atmosphere modeling is to predict phenomena such as tornadoes, boundary layer eddies, etc. This book delves into innovative techniques of modeling and analysis of the atmosphere along with their applications in diverse fields. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to atmospheric modeling. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with atmospheric science will benefit alike from this book.

This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of atmospheric science with respect to topics of atmospheric chemistry and physics. As a field of scientific study, atmospheric chemistry and physics is related to the study of Earth's atmosphere. It also examines the chemical and physical processes taking place in the atmosphere. Climatology and meteorology are the two main branches of atmospheric science. This book presents information about some upcoming concepts and theories related to this field. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Genetics is the study of variation in genes and heredity. The sub-disciplines of genetics include evolutionary genetics, epigenetics, population and conservation genetics among others. The field draws on the basic principles of trait inheritance and molecular inheritance. The emergence of gene editing and gene mapping tools has broadened the frontiers of genetics and facilitated the study of individual gene inheritance, expression and change on all stages of embryo growth. From theories to practical applications, all relevant topics in the field of genetics have been included in this book. It presents the complex subject of genetics in a comprehensive and easy to understand language. It will serve as a valuable reference guide for geneticists, academicians, researchers and students.

Advances in photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial analysis have occurred due to the rapid technological developments in the last decade. While remote sensing refers to acquiring information from remote places instead of on-site accession, photogrammetry is used to reconstruct measurements of instruments like maps through photographs, particularly regaining exact surface points for precise design. All three fields are integral to each other and have relevance across many different fields of study such as architecture, engineering, space engineering, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in these fields. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. As the fields are emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject

Natural hazards are natural phenomena that have a destructive effect on the built and natural environment. These hazards can be categorized into geophysical or biological hazards. Geophysical hazards include meteorological and geological disasters such as cyclones, floods, earthquakes, avalanches, etc. Biological hazards form the sub-class that encompasses a diverse array of infections, diseases and infestations. In order to reduce risks due to natural disasters, an effective hazard analysis needs to be undertaken. This typically involves an examination of hazards and their interrelationships. It also involves risk assessment for analyzing the vulnerability of built environment to such hazards. This book contains some path-breaking studies in this domain. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to natural hazards and disasters. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts

Earth science is the science that studies the physical constitution of the Earth and its atmosphere. This includes the analysis of the physical characteristics of the Earth, such as earthquakes, floods, fossils, etc. The lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and the biosphere are the fundamental spheres of the Earth. The studies of these are approached in a multidisciplinary manner involving the integration of the tools of geography, physics, chronology, chemistry, etc. The study of the Earth's atmosphere, its magnetic field and the Earth's interior are some of the areas of interest in this domain. This book presents the complex subject of Earth science in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Life on Earth has undergone massive transformations, from a single common ancestor to the emergence of diverse organisms that now inhabit the Earth. This is due to various evolutionary processes, such as common descent, natural selection and speciation. Besides these, sexual selection, biogeography and genetic drift are the mechanisms contributing to evolution. Modern evolutionary biology explores these factors along with the genetic architecture of adaptation and molecular evolution. This field integrates studies from other domains, including phylogenetics, biological systematics and paleobiology. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around evolutionary biology. The topics included in this book on the concepts and mechanisms of evolutionary biology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Ecosystems are communities made of biotic and abiotic components, which interact within the system through energy flows and nutrient cycles. Ecosystems are complex as they involve interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment. The functioning of an ecosystem is affected by its biodiversity. Anthropogenic activities have a significant influence on the environment. Climate change, environmental pollution, biodiversity loss, soil degradation, microplastics pollution, etc. are some of the prominent threats to the ecosystem. Therefore, management of ecosystems is a growing concern. This involves the conservation and restoration of natural resources, in order to meet the need of current and future generations. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of ecosystems, their management, functions and sustainability. The topics covered herein deal with the core aspects in this area. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Wheat is a staple food cultivated for its cereal grain. Wheat plants show remarkable genetic variation. Some species of wheat are diploid, but many are polyploids, with four or six pairs of chromosomes. Certain wheat genes have a positive influence on crop yields, such as the dwarfing genes that allow the carbon fixed during photosynthesis to be diverted towards seed production and prevent lodging. The sequencing of the wheat genome and its analysis is valuable for developing an understanding of wheat genome variation, making crosses and alien progression, analyzing evolutionary biology, etc. Identifying the genes responsible for growth, energy production and metabolism also facilitate the breeding of transgenic wheat. Such wheat may be selected for good quality, abiotic stress tolerance and disease resistance, besides high grain yield. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the genetics and breeding of wheat. It unfolds the innovative aspects of wheat breeding and biotechnology, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Plant pathology is the study of diseases in plants that are caused by pathogens. It encompasses the studies of pathogen identification, disease etiology, plant disease epidemiology, economic impact, etc. Pathogens that cause diseases in plants are fungi, viruses, bacteria, protozoa, etc. Effector proteins, cell wall-degrading enzymes and toxins are the prominent methods of pathogenic infection. Some of the severe plant diseases include citrus canker, rice blast, soybean cyst nematode, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of plant pathology. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field, particularly with respect to disease detection and identification. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with botany and agriculture science will benefit alike from this book.

Bioenergy refers to the renewable energy produced from materials that are derived from biological sources. An organic material that stores sunlight in the form of chemical energy is called biomass. Wood, straw, sugarcane, manure, etc. are some of the most commonly used organic materials for the production of bioenergy. Biomass fuels are often by-products, waste products or residues of animal husbandry, farming and forestry. Corn, soybeans, willow, switchgrass, etc. are some of the plants that are grown for the production of biomass. Microbial fuels cells can be used to attain bioenergy by the conversion of chemical energy stored in wastewater into electrical energy. The conversion is aided by the metabolic processes of electrogenic microorganisms. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of bioenergy. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with bioenergy will benefit alike from this book.

Water quality refers to the different chemical, radiological, physical and biological characteristics of water. It also refers to the measurement of the condition of water taking into consideration its usefulness and need for different purposes. Water is treated for three major utilizations of human consumption, industrial use, and environmental health. Different parameters such as pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, etc. are measured for determining water quality. Sample collection, chemical analysis and real-time monitoring are employed for the assessment of water quality. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the diverse assessment and management processes of water quality. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on water quality have been included herein. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.