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Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences to study the environment and develop solutions for environmental problems. The study of earth processes, natural resource management, pollution control and mitigation, alternative energy systems and effects of climate change are covered within this domain. The related areas of environmental studies and environmental engineering are significant to the understanding of the human relationship with the environment and for developing strategies for improving environmental quality. The study of the earth's atmosphere, ecology, crust and chemical alterations in the atmosphere are some of the focus areas of environmental science. Management of the influence of human societies on the environment is within the domain of environmental resource management. It takes into consideration all aspects of the biotic and abiotic environment, as well as relationships between living organisms and their habitats. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of environmental science and management. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Bacteriology refers to the in-depth study of bacteria. It delves into ecological, morphological and genetic aspects of bacteria. It is also concerned with the characterization and classification of bacterial species. It also studies the uses of bacteria for varied purposes. Mycology is the study of fungi, their properties and taxonomy. It also explores the use of fungi for commercial purposes such as in the sector of food, medicine, etc. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of bacteriology and mycology. It aims to present researches that have transformed these disciplines and aided their advancement. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in these areas as well as for experts.

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field of science, which combines biology, mathematics, computer science and statistics, for the development of methods and software tools to understand biological data. These may include the interpretation of the genetic basis of disease, unique adaptations, differences between populations, etc. It also aids in the understanding of the organizational principles between nucleic acids and protein sequences. Techniques such as image and signal processing facilitate the extraction of useful results from large amounts of data. Besides these, computational techniques of pattern recognition, visualization, data mining, etc. are used in bioinformatics. Research in this field explores the areas of drug design and discovery, gene finding, sequence alignment, prediction of gene expression and protein-protein interactions, among others. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of bioinformatics. The various advancements in this field are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Plant genomics is a vast field of study. It studies the structure, mapping, function, evolution and editing of genomes. It is instrumental in the splicing and deletion of specific genes to produce desired phenotypes as a response to the changed genotype. Such genetic modifications can be generated by the "Gene Gun" method and by transformation via Agrobacterium. Introduction of new traits and control over existing traits in plants is possible due to research in plant genetics and genomics. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and applications of plant genomics. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

Botany is the branch of biology that studies plant life. Various agricultural products as well as medicinal and recreational drugs are directly derived from plants. Alcoholic beverages and stimulants such as caffeine, tea, chocolate and nicotine are also derived from plants. Besides such applications, plants are utilized for the production of dyes and pigments, sugar, cotton, rope, oil, wax, rubber, etc. The technological tools of optical microscopy, electron microscopy, live cell imaging, molecular genetic analysis are significant to the development of botany. Due to the rise of molecular scale biological approaches of genomics, metabolomics and proteomics, various aspects of plant genome, physiology, morphology and behavior of plants are now explored in a detailed manner. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of botany. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Plant biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of various aspects of plants. It is classified into several branches within the three principal groups of core topics, applied topics and organismic topics. The core topics of biology such as cytology, phenology, plant anatomy, plant morphology, plant systematics, etc. address the varied aspects of processes, diversity and classification of plants. Agronomy, biotechnology, forestry and horticulture, among others are the various applied branches of botany that are concerned with the economic application of plants. The organismal domains of orchidology, lichenology, mycology, etc. are the disciplines that specialize in the study of specific plant groups. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of botany and related fields. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this discipline have been included in this book. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Bioresource engineering deals with modifying biological and agricultural feedstock to create usable products. It covers all aspects of biomass, bioremediation, biological waste treatment, bioenergy, etc. Various biochemical conversion technologies such as aerobic methods, anaerobic digestion, enzymatic method and composting are also within the scope of this field. The products developed from bioresource engineering include fibers, fuels, fertilizers, polymers, etc. Research in bioresource engineering explores animal manure management, wastewater irrigation and storm water management, besides others. The process that uses living cells and their components to develop products is called a bioprocess. The fundamental theories that are central to biological processes are the transport of energy and mass. Bioprocessing can be classified as cell bioprocessing, upstream bioprocessing and downstream bioprocessing. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of bioresource engineering and bioprocessing. It strives to provide a fair idea about these disciplines and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within these fields. Researchers and students in these fields will be assisted by this book.

The development of products or processes by using or modifying biological systems and living organisms for specific use falls under the scientific domain of biotechnology. It is a multidisciplinary field that integrates the studies of genomics, applied immunology, recombinant gene techniques, pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tools. Its applications are prevalent in a number of significant domains such as agriculture, health care, industries and environment. Bioinformatics is a branch of biotechnology. It is concerned with the application of statistics and computing to develop methods and software for analyzing biological data. The study of the genetic basis of disease, genetic diversity in populations and unique adaptations is possible because of the application of bioinformatics. It aids in furthering the studies in experimental molecular biology, genetics, genomics, etc. This book unravels the recent studies in the fields of biotechnology and bioinformatics. It also elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with these fields will benefit alike from this book.

Water treatment is a process that involves the treatment of water to render it acceptable for specific uses like drinking, irrigation, industrial water supply, etc. It involves either removal or reduction of the contaminants. Some of the contaminants of water include suspended solids, various microbes and minerals such as iron and magnesium. Different physical, chemical and biological processes such as filtration, disinfection, coagulation, etc. are used to treat water. Some of the key functional areas of water treatment include drinking water production, wastewater treatment, domestic water treatment, desalination and ultrapure water production. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of water treatment. The various advancements in treatment methods are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. The extensive content herein provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The consideration of animal welfare is based on the philosophy that animals are sentient beings that are capable of pain, discomfort and emotional trauma. The standards of animal welfare vary in different contexts. Different parameters of longevity, disease, physiology, behavior, immunosuppression and reproduction are studied for determining the welfare of a particular animal or groups of animals. The study of animal health, welfare and management in zoos, laboratories, farms and in the wild is under the domain of animal welfare science. Some of the issues dealt within this field include animal testing, poaching, abandonment of pets, cruelty to animals, etc. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of animal welfare, health and management. It unravels the recent studies in these domains. It is meant for students and experts who are looking for an elaborate reference text on animal welfare studies.

Water pollution is caused by a variety of organic, inorganic and macroscopic contaminants from natural and anthropogenic sources. Some significant factors responsible for this contamination are industrial waste, oil spills, sewage discharge, chemicals and acid mine drainage. Water pollution is analyzed for the nature of contamination by a variety of sampling and testing techniques, which can be divided into physical, chemical and biological testing methods. A lot of mitigation strategies, like instituting green infrastructure, municipal wastewater treatment, industrial pollution prevention, etc. are being investigated and implemented with varying degrees of success. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of water pollution, its effects and mitigation strategies. It unravels the recent advancements in the field of water pollution mitigation. This book will be immensely beneficial to students and researchers alike.

Zoology is a branch of biology that studies the anatomical, physiological, behavioral and evolutionary characteristics of animals. It also explores the habits and distribution of animals as well as their interactions with their environment. All studies of living and extinct species of animals are covered by this discipline. Zoology branches out into diverse taxonomical fields such as mammalogy, entomology, ornithology and herpetology. The development of modern techniques of genetic engineering like DNA fingerprinting, has aided the understanding of animal populations. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of zoology. It outlines the processes and applications of this field in detail. Students, researchers, zoologists and all associated with the area of zoology will benefit alike from this book.

Animal biology or zoology is the scientific study of all structural, embryological, evolutionary and taxonomical aspects of animals. The study of animal behavior as well as distribution is also encompassed in this domain. Zoology has been divided into a number of sub-disciplines and related fields. Some of these are comparative anatomy, animal physiology, vertebrate zoology, invertebrate zoology, behavioral ecology, paleontology, etc. This book aims to serve as a resource guide in the fields of animal biology and diversity by presenting upcoming theories and concepts relevant to these fields. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies in the area of zoology have been included herein. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Genetics is a field of biology that is concerned with the study of genes, variation and heredity in living organisms. Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance are the pillars of genetic studies. However, modern genetics has now extended into structural, functional and behavioral investigations of genes. Genetic processes in combination with the environmental factors influence behavior and traits. Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science that studies the structure, behavior and evolution of the entire set of DNA of an organism. This book traces the progress of these fields and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It strives to provide a fair idea about these disciplines and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with the fields of genetics and genomics will benefit alike from this book.

Solar energy is a renewable source of energy. The field of photovoltaics (PV) studies the conversion of sunlight into electricity using semiconducting materials. This field explores the phenomenon of photovoltaic effect for energy conversion. PV technology is used to power orbiting satellites, spacecraft and to generate power in power grids. Research in photovoltaic technology strives to increase efficiency and reduce costs, while also exploring newer photovoltaic structures and technologies like perovskites, organic and polymer photovoltaic, etc. This book presents recent innovations in photovoltaic technologies in a comprehensive manner. It will provide innovative insights into the field of photovoltaic technology and systems. It will benefit engineers, experts and students working in this domain.

Bioenergy is harnessed from renewable biological resources by employing contemporary biological processes for biofuel generation. Population inflation and environmental depletion have rendered conventional geological processes of fuel extraction insufficient to meet the rising global demand for fuels. Renewable sources of energy like bioethanol, biodiesel and bioenergy crops are undergoing constant development for efficient energy production. Bioproducts engineering and feedstock management aim to develop energy efficient and environment-friendly products and industrial processes. This book explores all the important aspects of bioenergy production and management in the present day scenario. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects and the recent researches in this field. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It will immensely benefit energy engineers, chemical engineers, experts, researchers and students related to the subject of bioenergy.

The cryosphere is that portion of the Earth's surface where water is in solid form. This includes sea ice, river ice, glaciers, permafrost, etc. The cryosphere is an integral part of the climate system with feedbacks and linkages with clouds, moisture fluxes, atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Various physical properties of snow and ice affect the energy exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. Some of these properties include surface reflectance, thermal diffusivity, latent heat, etc. The environmental change observed in terms of global warming results in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall. It also affects the timing of snowmelt. The field of study dedicated to the study of cryosphere is known as cryology. This book strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Fisheries science is the scientific study of fisheries including their management and development. Fisheries science is a multidisciplinary field that integrates the concepts and principles from a range of subjects such as limnology, oceanography, freshwater biology, marine biology, etc. Fisheries research involves collection of water samples from different depths, acoustic fish finding techniques, etc. to develop a better understanding of the ecological aspects of fisheries. Fisheries can be categorized as saltwater, wild, freshwater or farmed. Tuna, cod, shrimp, crab, oyster, etc. are some of the commonly harvested species. This book essentially covers the crucial concepts related to this field while also discussing the recent advancements made in this field. It is compiled in such a manner that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of fisheries science. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Food and nutrition science is concerned with the study of nutritional value of food and analysis of nutritional contribution in growth, health, reproduction and immunity of a living organism. For the improvement and management of health, it is necessary to consume rich amount of nutrients in the form of a balanced diet. Macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats and proteins provide structural material for cell membranes and also provide energy. Micronutrients such as minerals and vitamins are essential for good health of living organisms. The aim of this book is to present crucial principles and methods relevant to this field in a comprehensive manner while also bringing into focus, their practical ramifications in the field of health management. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of food and nutrition science. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Agricultural science combines the principles and techniques of varied branches of science and engineering. It is concerned with the development and reform of agricultural production, equipment design and machinery. Agricultural technology has implications and relevance in various other scientific fields such as crop production, crop management, livestock production, waste management, etc. This book is compiled to provide detailed information about the theory and practice of agricultural science. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The data collated herein presents multiple approaches and perspectives related to this field. Agriculturists, students, researchers and experts will find this book full of unexplored aspects.

Bioinformatics is a rapidly growing branch of science, which integrates the concepts of biology, engineering, mathematics and computer science in order to develop software tools. These tools are used in analyzing and interpreting biological data. Functional genomics is a sub-field of molecular biology, which uses the tools of bioinformatics to understand the diverse aspects of genes such as regulation of gene expression, DNA sequencing, gene transcription, protein-protein interactions, etc. There has been rapid progress in these fields and their applications are finding their way across multiple industries. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth information about the theory and practice of bioinformatics and functional genomics. Students, researchers, experts, geneticists, biologists and biological engineers will benefit alike from this book.

Petroleum is a naturally occurring fluid which is refined to extract varied types of fuels. It is primarily obtained by the process of drilling. Kerosene and gasoline are the primary forms of fuels derived from petroleum through chemical processes of distillation. The by-products of petroleum extraction include asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, etc. Petroleum is a non-renewable form of energy and its reservoirs are depleting at a rapid pace. This book delves into the diverse aspects of petroleum extraction, refining, production, etc. and the impact they have on the environment. The various aspects of this field along with technological progress that have future implications have also been glanced at. For all readers who are interested in petroleum technology, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Nutrients are essential for the sustenance of life on Earth. They are fundamental to all biological processes performed by all species of organisms and for their structural growth. Nutrients such as fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, etc. are necessary and must be obtained on a regular basis through dietary supply. However excess consumption of nutrients can lead to nutrient toxicity. Nutrients are divided into two categories- micronutrients and macronutrients. Nutrition deficiency can result in various health conditions such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis and many others. This book on nutrients provides in-depth knowledge of some of the key concepts and theories while also examining the modern advancements in this field of study. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. Constant effort has been made during the compilation of this book to enhance the understanding of the difficult concepts of nutrients, their structures and functions as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Geoscience or Earth science refers to the study of planet Earth and its atmosphere. It studies physical and geological characteristics of the earth. Geoscience encompasses the study of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and the atmosphere. It builds on the scientific fields of geography, chronology, physics, chemistry, etc. to develop a comprehensive understanding of the earth and its properties. This book presents the theories and concepts related to geoscience in a comprehensive manner, highlighting the significance of the instruments and techniques used in this field. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of geoscience and how such concepts have practical applications. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of crop science and its applications in the development of modern methods that help in improving crop productivity and management. Crop science is the study of crops and the diverse aspects related to crops such as breeding, physiology, genetics, ecology, etc. Crops are primarily harvested for food. Some popular techniques of crop science include intercropping, crop rotation, sharecropping and multiple cropping. Fundamental theories and concepts of crop science play a central role in the sustenance of a population. This book also brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this field. The various advancements in crop science are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

As a sub-part of zoology, invertebrate zoology refers to the study of animals without backbones, commonly called invertebrates. This is a vast category of animals which includes tunicates, sponges, arthropods, worms, echinoderms, molluscs, etc. There are many sub-divisions of this field namely malacology, arthropodology, helminthology, invertebrate paleontology, etc. This book presents the complex subject of invertebrate zoology in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It unfolds the innovative aspects of this field which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, the text covers the most significant topics in the field of invertebrate zoology.

We live in the age and era of science and technology. Our life has indeed been dominated by the scientific inventions and technological innovations. This world would be an absolutely poorer place without science and technology. Our charming and worth living life itself would become absolutely bleak and boring in absence of the scientific inventions and technological advancement being witnessed by us all over the globe. As a matter of fact scientific inventions, discoveries and innovations have indeed ushered in a cataclysmic revolution all over the world and in almost every field of life. Volumes may be spoken and written to highlight the universally acknowledged importance and usefulness of science and technology. But at the same time we and our environment are confronting a number of challenges for our sustenance and as such we liked to write this book very briefly so as to generate awareness among the people for the protection of our environment. The book is systematically divided into chapters in such a way that it deals with major components of Environmental Science and the chapters offer an overall insight into various aspects of environmental science. This more concise presentation focuses on key principles, scientific methods and ideas, and life-long learning skills of students. It provides a solid foundation in scientific approaches to environmental problems and solutions. We have also tried to integrate information from a wide range of disciplines from both natural and social sciences to make it suitable for the non-science background students.

Solid waste amounts to the largest part of waste produced in the world. Therefore, its management and disposal is necessary. Solid waste management is a process through which waste present is collected, transported, treated and disposed. The two most widely used and popular ways to dispose waste are incineration and land filling. A large amount of the waste is also recycled. Some of ways of recycling the waste are pyrolysis, energy recovery, resource recovery and biological reprocessing. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of solid waste management. This textbook will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Animal science refers to the study of animals, their DNA structure, organs, bodily functions, behavior and nutrition. It deals with all categories of animals like cattle, goats, horses, dogs, cats, sheep, pigs and other exotic species. The subject also includes zoology as well as specialized topics like dairy management, swine management, poultry production, small ruminant management, etc. This book presents the complex subject of animal science in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The topics included in it are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This textbook is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Pollution has caused irreversible damage to our environment and ecosystem. This calls for immediate action for conservational management of our environment. The sustainable use of natural resources in order to maintain and minimize the damage caused to natural habitats, ecosystem and biodiversity is known as environmental management. This book provides in-depth knowledge about this field. It talks about the different concepts applied in the area. The topics covered in it offer the readers new insights in the field of environmental management. This textbook aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.