Bøger udgivet af Callisto Reference

Environment is essential for our survival and the survival of all the species present on Earth. Environmental engineering is the study and process of using the applications of engineering in preserving and protecting the human population and other species by saving the environment. It deals with preventing and minimizing the harmful effects that human activities have on the ecosystem. The topics included in this textbook offer deep insights about the methods and techniques used in this area. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of environmental engineering. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Those sources of energy which are naturally replenished are called renewable resources. The energy derived from them is known as renewable energy. It is an environment-friendly source of energy. It refers to the energy derived from natural resources, like sun, water, wind, etc. Some of the most successful forms of renewable energy are solar power, hydropower, wind energy, etc. The varied aspects of renewable energy along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. The topics in the text are apt for the readers as they provide thorough insights about this vast field. This textbook is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference guide on renewable energy.

Environment inhabits all the living beings and provides them with means to survive. Today, the biggest threat to the natural environment comes in the form of pollution. Aquatic biodiversity is threatened by water pollution. The ecosystem inside water bodies, consisting of fishes, plants and other water animals gets degraded because of the chemicals, paints, oil spills and waste caused by human beings. This book provides deep insights about aquatic biodiversity and water pollution. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

Microbiology studies living organisms like viruses, protozoa and bacteria. The subfields of microbiology include bacteriology, parasitology, immunology, mycology, protozoology, virology and nematology. Microbes are very beneficial as they are responsible for processes such as antibiotic production and industrial fermentation. They can also be used for biodegradation of industrial and domestic waste. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Atmospheric physics refers to the process of understanding and analyzing the atmosphere using the laws and elements of physics. It focuses on studying the atmosphere of other planets, by using techniques like radiation budget, fluid flow equations, cloud physics, spatial statistics, scattering theory, etc. It also plays a crucial role in deriving models to predict and understand varied weather patterns. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of atmospheric physics. Such selected concepts that redefine the subject have been presented in it. This textbook is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The organisms whose genetic traits are changed using the genetic engineering techniques are known as genetically modified organisms. These organisms are better known as 'transgenic organisms' because using other genetic systems from different organisms alters their genetic system. The most commonly modified organisms are viruses, microbes, bacteria, cisgenic plants, transgenic plants, genetically modified crops, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to genetically modified organisms. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it. Through this textbook, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

The study of viruses is known as virology. It focuses on the structure, evolution and behavior of viruses. Studying them is vital, as they cause various infectious diseases like dengue, yellow fever, smallpox, etc. The classification of viruses is done on the basis of the host that they infect, like fungal viruses, bacteriophages, animal viruses, etc. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of virology. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this textbook an invaluable source of knowledge.

Immunology is the science of immune systems. Some widely studied aspects of this field include immune deficiency, functioning of the immune system, transplant rejection, etc. The nature of the components of the immune system is mainly cellular. Immunology can be divided into classical immunology, developmental immunology, cancer immunology, theoretical immunology and reproductive immunology. This textbook is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the field of immunology.

Soil mechanics studies the behavior and attributes of soil. The subject of soil mechanics helps in developing an understanding of buildings or structures that are supported by soil. The strength of the soil can be measured by the friction and aggregation found in it. It plays a crucial role in geotechnical engineering. For all those who are interested in soil mechanics, this book can prove to be an essential guide. Constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the concepts of soil mechanics as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Bioinformatics is a field which uses the principles and techniques of mathematics, computer science, engineering, statistics, etc. to analyse and interpret biological data. It is also used to understand the complex system of proteomics. The topics studied under this area are DNA sequencing, computational evolutionary biology, pan genomics, gene expression analysis, protein localization, structural bioinformatics, biodiversity informatics, etc. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of bioinformatics which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of this field and its utmost significance in modern times. This textbook will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Plant science or botany refers to the holistic study of plants including plant structure, plant reproduction, evolutionary relationships, plant growth, plant taxonomy, plant diseases, plant differentiation, etc. It is a vast subject, which includes methods like optical microscopy, electron microscopy, live cell imaging, etc. to better understand the evolution and processes of plants. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of plant science and its utmost significance in modern times. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies have been included in it. Such selected concepts that redefine plant science have been presented in the text. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Medicinal herbs or medicinal plants have been used therapeutically for centuries. They have the chemicals which have pharmaceutical values and can been used to treat many ailments like skin diseases, cold, cough, body aches, fever, etc. The most common materials that are derived from medicinal plants are glycosides, terpenes, alkaloids, polyphenols, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the usage of medicinal plants. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this textbook covers the most significant topics in the field of medicinal plants. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Energy is an essential aspect of everyday life. Energy can be produced from renewable as well as non-renewable sources of Energy. The energy produced from non-renewable sources such as coal and petroleum produce pollution which adversely impacts our environment. Therefore, the need of the hour, is to use renewable sources of energy such as sunlight, wind, waves, etc. to meet the primary energy demands. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of renewable energy and how such concepts have practical applications. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Energy that is produced from natural sources is known as sustainable energy. The aim of producing sustainable energy is to meet the demands of our present and future generations without adversely affecting the ecological balance of our planet. Some common forms of natural energy are tidal power, bioenergy, wind energy and geothermal energy. This book strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. For all those who are interested in natural energy resources, this book can prove to be an essential guide. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the subject.

Food science studies the nature of food in terms of its processing, engineering and packaging. It includes the processing involved in developing new food items and various new techniques of packaging. Food science and food engineering can be sub-divided into branches like food chemistry, food physical chemistry, food microbiology, food preservation, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to food science and engineering. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this branch. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of plant and animal species on Earth over a period of time. It has two branches, which are phytogeography and zoogeography. This field contributes essential knowledge about the composition of various ecosystems as well as the evolutionary processes and migratory patterns occurring within species over time. Habitat adaptation is an important phenomenon that all living organisms exhibit. Conservation and protection of vulnerable regions is vital for the survival of the various species found on our planet. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on biogeography. For all readers who are interested in this subject, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Petrology studies rocks and the conditions leading to their formation. Together with sedimentology, which studies layers of compressed materials such as clay, sand and silt; these disciplines help in the interpretation of the composition of the Earth's surface. Research in this field helps to identify and extract various minerals found in the Earth's crust and mantle. Tectonic and seismic activity occurring inside the Earth can also be studied by researchers in these fields. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of petrology and sedimentology and how such concepts have practical applications. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with these fields will benefit alike from this book.

Microbial engineering is the study of microorganisms and microbial ecology. Microbial engineering has applications in varied areas such as industrial fermentation, microbial degradation, medicine, etc. The study of microbial cultures helps in understanding bacterial and viral resistance against antibiotics and antimicrobials. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to microbial engineering. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of microbial engineering.

Marine biology studies marine organisms, their habitat and physiology. This book studies the fundamental theories and practices related to marine biology. Ecological risk due to pollution and dwindling numbers of aquatic species are causes of concern to marine biologists. Technological advancements in this field have enabled a more concerted effort in understanding the life of aquatic organisms. A number of latest researches have been included in this book on marine biology to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Soil science studies the texture, classification and formation of soil. The two main branches of this subject are edaphology and pedology. Recent research done in the field of soil science focuses on climate change and resource degradation. Soil quality and fertility play a significant role in agriculture. This book elucidates the role of soil in practicing sustainable agriculture. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

Agronomy is the application of science and technology for the use of plants for food, land reclamation, fiber etc. It overlaps with related subjects such as plant biotechnology, soil science and plant physiology. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of agronomy. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying agronomy and field crops, as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying the field of biofuel and renewable energy as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts related to it. Biofuel is the new form of green energy, which is generated from plants, and plant related activities, like agriculture, cellulosic biomass, bioethanol fermentation, etc. It can be derived from domestic waste, commercial and even industrial waste. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Environmental protection is the practice of protecting our environment. Due to a rise in population, the need for environmental protection has increased. Overconsumption of natural resources and pollution have adversely impacted the environment. This has resulted in the imbalance in our ecosystem which can be observed in the form of global warming, natural hazards, ozone depletion, etc. Thus protecting our environment is a major concern for our scientists. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

Peptides are short chains of amino acids and are hence also called small proteins. Peptides are very important hormonal functions and regulate the body's metabolism. Peptide hormones trigger the release of fat and the creation of muscles. They also help the body to absorb more amino acids and manage the growth hormone. The research on peptides is very important for those seeking to study human fitness and muscle development. The extensive contents of this book provide the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to peptides.

Earth science as a part of planetary science is a field that includes the study of the geology, ecology, geography, atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere of Earth. Some of the branches of Earth science are physical geography, hydrology, glaciology, geophysics, etc. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of Earth science, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the subject. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on Earth science.

The science of growing, maintaining and harvesting plants is known as horticulture. It is an amalgamation of the elements of art, technology and business used to grow plants. The field also includes arboriculture, landscape design, plant conservation, landscape restoration, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various aspects related to horticulture. The topics included in it are of utmost significance and are bound to provide incredible insights about the field. Through this text, readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about horticulture.

Plant microbiology is a branch of microbiology that studies the benefits of microorganisms found in the soil. Soil microorganisms provide nutrients, improve soil structure and reduce soil erosion. Some of the microorganisms present in the soil are protozoa, actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria. Fungi like mycorrhiza form a mutualistic relationship with the roots of plants and provide constant access to nutrients like glucose, sucrose, iron, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of plant microbiology. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with plant microbiology will benefit alike from this book.

DNA damage is termed as the damage that is caused to DNA by naturally occurring processes such as hydrolysis and metabolism and ultraviolet radiation. DNA repair is the process by which the body rebuilds damaged DNA. The symptoms of DNA damage is the development of lesions which cause breaks in the strands of DNA or remove base pairs from the DNA backbone. Aging, cancer, and apoptosis are long-term symptoms of DNA damage. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of DNA damage and repair. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The cultivation of fishes, algae and other aquatic organisms is known as aquaculture. It includes fish farming, algaculture, oyster farming, etc. The methods included in aquaculture mainly are aquaponics and integrated multitrophic aquaculture. The need for sustainable practices in the field of aquaculture increases as the levels of marine pollution rises. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to aquaculture. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Agriculture refers to the cultivation of different kinds of plants like vegetables, fruits, nuts, mushrooms, medicinal plants, etc. Agriculture also includes breeding of animals and cultivation of fungi to get biofuel, fiber, and food. It can be classified into intensive farming, shifting cultivation, subsistence farming, and nomadic pastoralism. Food economics is an amalgamation of economical laws into agricultural science. It aims to increase crop yield and sustain the soil ecosystem. This book explores all the important aspects of agriculture and food economics in the present day scenario. The topics included in it are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to the readers. Scientists and students actively engaged in the field of food economics will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.