Bøger udgivet af Callisto Reference

Plastics refer to a broad category of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that contain polymers as their primary component. They can be extruded, molded or pressed into solid objects of diverse shapes due to their plasticity. They are accumulated extensively in natural ecosystems due to their durability, improper waste management and irresponsible use. They do not degrade naturally and pollute natural ecosystems, such as oceans and rivers. Plastics of all sizes, shapes as well as origins are widespread in the marine environment a negative have an impact on a variety of marine species that ingest or become entangled in plastics. This book provides significant information of this subject to help develop a good understanding of the current status and challenges related to the management of plastics in the aquatic environment. It presents the complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Antisense RNA (asRNA) refers to a type of single-stranded RNA. It hybridizes with protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) and complements it to inhibit its translation into a protein. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes, both have naturally occuring asRNAs in them. They can be divided into two types including short and long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). asRNAs primarily control the gene expression and are widely utilized as tools for gene knockdown. Antisense technology offers effective experimental methods for examining gene function and gene regulation by modifying gene expression in mammalian cells. Many RNA-based antisense therapies are being developed currently. However, effective delivery of these therapies to target tissues remains the primary barrier in their clinical application. Antisense technology has a wide range of applications in the treatment of numerous diseases such as viral infections, cancer, and immunological, cardiovascular, ocular and neurological diseases. This book contains some path-breaking studies in antisense technology. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying antisense RNA as it gives incredible insights into its design and delivery.

Ecosystem-based management (EBM) refers to an integrated and science-based approach which emphasizes on the management of natural resources. It focuses on maintaining the resilience, health and diversity of ecosystems that enables humans to utilize the products and services they offer in a sustainable manner. EBM is an adaptive method to manage human activities that seeks to ensure the coexistence of healthy, fully functioning ecosystems and human societies. It can be used to study both terrestrial and marine ecosystems along with the challenges they pose. Marine EBM aims to manage marine resources in a way that safeguards ecosystem health in order to provide the ecosystem services required by people. This book aims to shed light on the applications of ecosystem-based management. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Earth observation refers to the gathering of information about the physical, chemical and biological systems of the planet Earth. It involves monitoring and assessing the changes in the natural and manmade environments. Earth observation is performed via remote sensing satellites and various in-situ instruments. There are various types of Earth observation instruments such as radars and sonars, thermometers, wind gauges, ocean buoys, and seismometers. Different types of Earth observations include photographs, radar and sonar images, analyses of water and soil samples, and processed information such as forecasts, maps and models. The major applications of Earth observations are forecasting weather; predicting, adapting to and mitigating climate change; and addressing emerging diseases and other health risks. Apart from these, tracking biodiversity and wildlife trends, and measuring land-use change are also important applications of Earth observations. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on the technology and innovation related to Earth observation. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Through this book, an attempt has been made to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of study.

Digital Earth is a virtual representation of the Earth that allows users to explore and engage with massive amounts of historical, natural as well as cultural data about the planet. It is made up of Earth observation data that is multi-typed, multi-resolution, and multi-temporal. It also encompasses socio-economic data integrated with suitable analysis algorithms and models. The visualization of digital Earth includes a digitally formatted Earth that is directly accessible to internet-connected global inhabitants. Digital Earth employs digital technologies to model Earth systems including the social and cultural facets, which characterize human societies on Earth. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts on digital Earth. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects related to its visualization, analysis and future trends. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important area of study.

Digital Earth is a virtual representation of the Earth that allows users to explore and engage with massive amounts of historical, natural as well as cultural data about the planet. It is made up of Earth observation data that is multi-typed, multi-resolution, and multi-temporal. It also encompasses socio-economic data integrated with suitable analysis algorithms and models. The visualization of digital Earth includes a digitally formatted Earth that is directly accessible to internet-connected global inhabitants. Digital Earth employs digital technologies to model Earth systems including the social and cultural facets, which characterize human societies on Earth. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts on digital Earth. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects related to its visualization, analysis and future trends. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important area of study.

Digital Earth is a virtual representation of the Earth that allows users to explore and engage with massive amounts of historical, natural as well as cultural data about the planet. It is made up of Earth observation data that is multi-typed, multi-resolution, and multi-temporal. It also encompasses socio-economic data integrated with suitable analysis algorithms and models. The visualization of digital Earth includes a digitally formatted Earth that is directly accessible to internet-connected global inhabitants. Digital Earth employs digital technologies to model Earth systems including the social and cultural facets, which characterize human societies on Earth. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts on digital Earth. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects related to its visualization, analysis and future trends. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important area of study.

Digital Earth is a virtual representation of the Earth that allows users to explore and engage with massive amounts of historical, natural as well as cultural data about the planet. It is made up of Earth observation data that is multi-typed, multi-resolution, and multi-temporal. It also encompasses socio-economic data integrated with suitable analysis algorithms and models. The visualization of digital Earth includes a digitally formatted Earth that is directly accessible to internet-connected global inhabitants. Digital Earth employs digital technologies to model Earth systems including the social and cultural facets, which characterize human societies on Earth. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts on digital Earth. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects related to its visualization, analysis and future trends. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important area of study.

Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects cattle such as cows, bulls, oxen, calves, buffaloes, and some other farm animals. It is caused by a bacterial species named Mycobacterium bovis (M.bovis). This disease can also be transmitted to mammals including humans, cats, dogs and badgers. In the initial stages of infection, usually there are no visible signs and symptoms. Some common signs of bovine tuberculosis that develop with the gradual progression of disease include weight loss, lack of appetite, weakness, and a low-grade fever. Bovine tuberculosis can also spread from a badger's den called sett through excretions and exhalations of the infected animal. Badger culling is a method adopted to reduce the transmission of bovine tuberculosis. In this method, badgers are slaughtered to reduce the incidence and spread of this infection. This book analyzes the impact of badger culling on the spread of bovine tuberculosis in detail. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Biological invasion is a process wherein certain organisms are introduced into a new ecosystem, where they did not exist previously. It may be a natural process or may be done deliberately. These organisms are called invasive species. They may have an adverse or positive impact on the native inhabitants and natural resources of the ecosystem they invade. Some common characteristic features of invasive species include rapid reproduction and growth, phenotype plasticity, high dispersal ability, ability to tolerate a broad spectrum of environmental conditions, and prior successful invasions. They also have an ability to survive by consuming various types of foods. Some invasive species have favorable effects, such as, providing a suitable habitat or food for the native species. Invasive species can play a crucial role in restoring the native place, where the indigenous species have reached a point of extinction. The topics included in this book on biological invasions in changing ecosystems are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Biological invasion is a process wherein certain organisms are introduced into a new ecosystem, where they did not exist previously. It may be a natural process or may be done deliberately. These organisms are called invasive species. They may have an adverse or positive impact on the native inhabitants and natural resources of the ecosystem they invade. Some common characteristic features of invasive species include rapid reproduction and growth, phenotype plasticity, high dispersal ability, ability to tolerate a broad spectrum of environmental conditions, and prior successful invasions. They also have an ability to survive by consuming various types of foods. Some invasive species have favorable effects, such as, providing a suitable habitat or food for the native species. Invasive species can play a crucial role in restoring the native place, where the indigenous species have reached a point of extinction. The topics included in this book on biological invasions in changing ecosystems are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Biological invasion is a process wherein certain organisms are introduced into a new ecosystem, where they did not exist previously. It may be a natural process or may be done deliberately. These organisms are called invasive species. They may have an adverse or positive impact on the native inhabitants and natural resources of the ecosystem they invade. Some common characteristic features of invasive species include rapid reproduction and growth, phenotype plasticity, high dispersal ability, ability to tolerate a broad spectrum of environmental conditions, and prior successful invasions. They also have an ability to survive by consuming various types of foods. Some invasive species have favorable effects, such as, providing a suitable habitat or food for the native species. Invasive species can play a crucial role in restoring the native place, where the indigenous species have reached a point of extinction. The topics included in this book on biological invasions in changing ecosystems are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Biological invasion is a process wherein certain organisms are introduced into a new ecosystem, where they did not exist previously. It may be a natural process or may be done deliberately. These organisms are called invasive species. They may have an adverse or positive impact on the native inhabitants and natural resources of the ecosystem they invade. Some common characteristic features of invasive species include rapid reproduction and growth, phenotype plasticity, high dispersal ability, ability to tolerate a broad spectrum of environmental conditions, and prior successful invasions. They also have an ability to survive by consuming various types of foods. Some invasive species have favorable effects, such as, providing a suitable habitat or food for the native species. Invasive species can play a crucial role in restoring the native place, where the indigenous species have reached a point of extinction. The topics included in this book on biological invasions in changing ecosystems are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

The science and practice of animal nutrition focuses on the dietary needs of food-producing, companion, or service animals. It is concerned with the preparation or formulation of feed for boosting the growth, health and performance of these animals. The main components of dietary food of an animal are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Animal nutrition aims to analyze the feed and the needs of the animal for optimal utilization of nutrition in the diet. Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. For understanding metabolic disorders in animals, an analysis of the relationship among energy metabolism, endocrinology, and immunology must be carried out. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of animal nutrition and metabolism. It will also prove to be immensely beneficial to agricultural advisers, animal nutritionists, and animal feed manufacturers.

Animal shelter is a place where stray, lost, abandoned or surrendered animals such as dogs and cats are housed. The main objective of animal shelters is to reunite pets with their old or new owners, and shelter those in need. A major factor that affects the behavior of shelter animals is their interaction with many unfamiliar people. They suffer from a lack of predictability and control in their daily lives. Some animals enter shelters with behavioral problems such as aggression, lack of sociability and fearfulness. Contrarily, some animals develop problematic behaviors as a result of their shelter experiences. Shelter veterinarians are the doctors that look after the well-being of shelter animals. They are responsible for treating various medical conditions, maintaining herd health, and providing high-quality medical care to these animals. This book presents an account of available research on the behavior of shelter animals. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for students and professionals of veterinary science.

Veterinary microbiology refers to a field of study that is primarily focused on the microbes that cause diseases in animals. It studies the microbial diseases of domesticated animals used for food production and other useful purposes. It also addresses the microbial diseases of wild animals in relation to their interactions with domesticated animals. Microorganisms that can cause diseases include protozoa, bacteria, fungi, viruses along with a few different kinds of worms. Some of the common diseases caused by microorganisms include rabies, cholera, histoplasmosis, and malaria. Different kinds of antibiotics such as beta-lactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides can be used to treat bacterial diseases in animals. This book contains some path-breaking studies in veterinary microbiology. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on the microbial diseases studied within this field. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Bovine infections refer to the group of infectious diseases affecting the cattle which are caused by pathogens. The most common symptoms of acute infection are the loss of appetite, fever, lethargy, ocular discharge, nasal discharge, oral lesions, diarrhea, and a decreased level of milk production. Some of the common types of bovine infections include bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), anaplasmosis, anthrax, black quarter, bovine anemia, coccidiosis, and enterotoxemia. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Management of bovine infectious diseases depends on the specific type of disease affecting the cattle. There are two categories of vaccines available for the prevention of these diseases, namely, modified live virus (MLV) vaccines and killed virus (KV) vaccines. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on the diagnosis, pathology and management of bovine infectious diseases. Researchers and students actively engaged in the field of veterinary science will be greatly assisted by it.

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that are structural components of fats, oils, and all other categories of lipids, except steroids. These acids are the building blocks of fat in human bodies. Fatty acids may be classified as saturated or unsaturated. Some common fatty acids found in natural fats include lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid. Fatty acids play a prominent role in lipid metabolism, human diet, and human physiology. Omega-3 fatty acids, also called Omega-3 oils, ω-3 fatty acids or n-3 fatty acids, play an important role in body as they are the precursor of several metabolites that help in biochemical signaling, and in controlling cardiovascular diseases. The three forms of omega-3 fatty acids which are involved in human physiology include α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on various topics related to the effects of fatty acids on human health. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Food analysis is a discipline that is concerned with the development, application and study of analytical procedures for determining the properties of foods in terms of their composition, structure, physicochemical properties and sensory attributes. The structure of the food can be analyzed at molecular, physical and chemical levels. The analysis of the physiochemical properties of foods involves examining the rheological properties, optical properties, stability, and flavor of the food. The analysis of the sensory attributes of food helps in determining its quality and desirability. There are a range of methods used in food analysis including magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is also used for food analysis. PCR testing analyses specific DNA sequences and is primarily employed for identifying animal species in meat products. It is also used for detecting harmful pathogens and other microorganisms. This book traces the most recent advancements and trends related to food analysis. It is an invaluable source for reference for undergraduate students and professionals associated with the analysis of food.

A crop refers to a type of plant that can be developed and harvested majorly for subsistence or income. Crops have been categorized into six different varieties depending on the applications which include fiber crops, industrial crops, food crops, ornamental crops, feed crops and oil crops. The selection of crop genetics in plants is commonly utilized to find out the optimum genes for increasing crop varieties. It is mainly focused on forecasting their performance and suitable circumstances. This is a useful technique for plant breeding for selecting crop plants according to the requirements. Crop breeding is mainly concerned with the creation, selection and fixation of superior phenotypes to develop better lines or cultivars. This book aims to shed light on the genetics, genomics and breeding of crop plants. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Water is an important input in agricultural production and contributes towards food security. Agricultural water management (AWM) aims to utilize water in such a way that the water requirement of crops and animals are met, while enhancing productivity and conserving natural resources. In addition to irrigation, AWM also involves soil, land and ecosystem conservation strategies, including fisheries management, drainage and watershed management along with technologies for lifting, storing and transferring water. Improvements in the management of water resources are based on the integrated management of nutrients, plants, water and soil. This can be achieved by optimization of irrigation scheduling and utilizing irrigation systems such as drip irrigation. This book contains some path-breaking studies on agricultural water management. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this area of study.

Horticulture refers to the art of cultivating plants in gardens for producing food and medicinal materials, as well as for decorative and comfort purposes. It is classified into multiple groups that focus on cultivating and processing various plants and foods for particular purposes. Horticulture includes plant propagation and cultivation for improving quality, plant growth, nutritional value, yields, and resistance to diseases, insects and environmental challenges. It also encompasses aspects such as soil management, plant conservation, arboriculture, landscape restoration along with garden and landscape design, construction and maintenance. It utilizes small plots of land with a large variety of crops and can be classified into floriculture, olericulture, viticulture, arboriculture, and pomology. This book explores all the important aspects of horticulture in the present day scenario. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the horticulture.

Viruses are microscopic and infectious microorganisms that are made up of genetic material enclosed in a protein coating. They cause a variety of serious infectious diseases including influenza, hepatitis, common cold, rabies, AIDS, smallpox, dengue fever and measles. Viruses are classified into four types based on the host cell that they infect, and these include plant viruses, bacteriophages, animal viruses and fungal viruses. Virology is the scientific study of viruses and virus-like agents. The study of viral infections and outbreaks using methods of bioinformatics has become essential to virology research. These methods have been used effectively to diagnose, treat and prevent infections in both animals and humans. Bioinformatics investigations that can be performed on viruses include motif and epitope recognition, homology searching, identification of open reading frames, sequence alignment, and gene prediction. This book provides new insights into virus bioinformatics. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Tight junctions (TJ) close the gap between endothelial and epithelial cells against undesirable passage of water and solutes. The major protein families of the TJs include junctional adhesion molecules (JAM), claudins, angulins, and TJ-associated MARVEL proteins such as tricellulin and occludin. The majority of these proteins are related to the cytoskeleton through adapters such as zonula occludens (ZO) proteins. TJ proteins not only act as barriers but some of them also create water channels or paracellular ion channels. They are engaged in a variety of processes aside from barrier and channel functions. They may act as pathogen receptors and mediate immunological responses. TJ proteins are involved in a variety of inflammatory disorders as well as bacterial infections. They act as targets in the diagnostics and treatment of cancer tumor and they can also facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition, enabling metastasis and tumorigenesis. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of tight junctions and its functions. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Single-cell analysis (SCA) refers to the study of metabolomics, transcriptomics, cell-cell interactions, genomics and proteomics at the single cell level. Various SCA techniques require isolation of individual cells. Currently, several methods are utilized for single cell isolation, such as laser capture microdissection, serial dilution, FACS, micromanipulation, dielectrophoretic digital sorting, and Raman tweezers. Laser capture microdissection involves the isolation of specific cells by performing a dissection at the microscopic scale using a laser. SCA is a powerful tool for understanding biological heterogeneity and thereby facilitating therapeutic decisions. It is applied in melanoma, brain cancer, breast cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and colon cancer. Furthermore, it has applications in various fields, such as embryogenesis, immunology, plant biology, microbiology, and prenatal diagnosis. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of single-cell analysis. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins. They are divided into two categories, namely, housekeeping ncRNAs and regulatory ncRNAs. The main function of the ncRNAs is to maintain the normal cell functionalities. Small RNAs, ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), long ncRNAs and transfer RNAs are some types of non-coding RNAs, which are abundant and functionally significant. Numerous types of small and long non-coding RNAs are considered important regulators of gene expression in a variety of processes, which range from embryonic development to innate immunity. This promotion of gene expression is done by a special ncRNA named enhancer RNA, which is transcribed from the enhancer region of the gene. The human genome is encoded with thousands of small and long RNA transcripts that do not code for proteins. This book explores all the important aspects of regulatory non-coding RNAs. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers studying this topic.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid which plays an integral role in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. Some of the different types of RNA are messenger RNA, non-coding RNA, small chain RNA and long chain RNA. Messenger RNA transmits the information from the DNA to the ribosome. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate the expression of genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. There are two major subtypes of regulatory non-coding RNAs, namely, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA). They both interact not only with each other but also with other intracellular components to modulate the inter-related steps and mediators of regulated forms of cell death, such as necrosis and apoptosis. As a result, they could be in a key position for regulating cell death. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of the molecular biology of RNA. Those with an interest in this field would find it helpful.

Sports performance analysis involves observing and recording events and actions during competitions and training environments. Its purpose is to assess and monitor the sporting performance using real-time and lapsed-time coding systems. There are three major notational coding methods used within this field, namely, time-motion, tactical and technical. These are considered with reference to analyses during match-play and training activities. Effective video capturing across a variety of sports and the relevant use of such videos in the process of coaching are key characteristics of performance analysis. The principal objective of sports performance analysis is to demonstrate a sound knowledge of performance analysis principles in sports. An ability to conduct performance analysis research and an understanding of the relevant feedback are other goals of this analysis. As this field is emerging at a fast pace, this book will help the readers to better understand the concepts of sports performance analysis. For all those who are interested in sports science, it can prove to be an essential guide.

Physical education refers to an educational process which helps in developing specific understanding, knowledge and skills that encourage physical competence. It is useful to improve a sense of confidence among students. The common objective of physical education is to make students familiar with the basic elements of exercise that will help them in leading a healthy lifestyle. The adoption of physical activity in daily life also has an impact on the psychological well-being of people. It helps in lowering somatic anxiety levels, increasing concentration and improving the quality of sleep. Regular physical activities also help in managing and preventing non-communicable diseases including diabetes, heart disease, stroke and numerous cancers. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored impacts of physical education on psychological well-being. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area of study at various levels.

Physical education and sport (PES) is a discipline that aims to transform students' potential with the help of available resources to help them act and progress. Physical education focuses on improving in human performance with the help of physical activities. The objective of PE is to teach the ways to acquire ability to develop strength, speed, endurance and coordination. It also focuses on acquiring social qualities like empathy, cooperation, friendliness, team spirit, and respect for rules. Psychology plays a major role in the teaching and practice of physical education and sport since psychological factors such as confidence, self-control and attention can influence performance in sports. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about physical education and sport from a psychological perspective. Through it, an attempt has been made to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field of study.