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Radiation is described as the particles or energies emitted through radioactive matter. The most common types of radiations are gamma rays, alpha particles, X-rays and beta particles. Radiation detectors refer to those devices that detect and transmit information about incoming radiation. They are useful in biology, medicine, physics and geology. Generally, radiation detectors are not capable of capturing radiated particles and they do not even observe the radiation itself. The detectors search for the trails which radiation has left behind. The objective behind the design of detectors is the creation of an environment where radiation signature can be easily written. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of detectors for particle radiation. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Positive education is defined as an approach to education that blends academic study with character building and ensures the well-being of the students. It prepares students with life skills such as self-awareness, grit, optimism, emotion regulation, mindfulness and positive habits. The concept of positive education is based on the science of happiness and mental well-being. It helps to promote character development, optimal functioning, learning, and resilience. Under the concept of positive education, schools are viewed as places where students not only develop their intellectual minds but also cultivate a broad set of character strengths, virtues, and competencies. All these attributes together support a student's well-being. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the growing field of positive education. Researchers and practitioners working in the fields of positive psychology, education and school psychology will benefit alike from it.

Radiation is described as the particles or energies emitted through radioactive matter. The most common types of radiations are gamma rays, alpha particles, X-rays and beta particles. Radiation detectors refer to those devices that detect and transmit information about incoming radiation. They are useful in biology, medicine, physics and geology. Generally, radiation detectors are not capable of capturing radiated particles and they do not even observe the radiation itself. The detectors search for the trails which radiation has left behind. The objective behind the design of detectors is the creation of an environment where radiation signature can be easily written. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of detectors for particle radiation. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Radiation is described as the particles or energies emitted through radioactive matter. The most common types of radiations are gamma rays, alpha particles, X-rays and beta particles. Radiation detectors refer to those devices that detect and transmit information about incoming radiation. They are useful in biology, medicine, physics and geology. Generally, radiation detectors are not capable of capturing radiated particles and they do not even observe the radiation itself. The detectors search for the trails which radiation has left behind. The objective behind the design of detectors is the creation of an environment where radiation signature can be easily written. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of detectors for particle radiation. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Radiation is described as the particles or energies emitted through radioactive matter. The most common types of radiations are gamma rays, alpha particles, X-rays and beta particles. Radiation detectors refer to those devices that detect and transmit information about incoming radiation. They are useful in biology, medicine, physics and geology. Generally, radiation detectors are not capable of capturing radiated particles and they do not even observe the radiation itself. The detectors search for the trails which radiation has left behind. The objective behind the design of detectors is the creation of an environment where radiation signature can be easily written. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of detectors for particle radiation. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Multilingualism refers to the usage of more than one language, by a speaker or a group of speakers. It facilitates trade, cultural exchanges and globalization. In contemporary times, the Internet has made it easier to access information, which results in an increase in the number of people who speak multiple languages. There are various benefits of learning multiple languages. These can be categorized as cognitive, economic and auditory benefits. The first language which a person learns has an impact on the grammar and pronunciation of the languages which are learned later. It can make the learning of a new language difficult, especially if the language is learned later during the life. The topics included in this book on multilingualism studied from a grammatical perspective are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this area of study. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by the book.

Positive psychology is defined as the scientific study of the well-being of an individual and society. Its objective is to enhance the quality of life of an individual, while taking into account positive institutions, positive individual traits, and positive subjective experience. As a field of study, it is focused on finding out a common base for improved well-being. Applied positive psychology is a field which aims at improving the general well-being of people by generating positive interventions, design tools, activities and practices. It also involves generating recommendations based on positive psychology, which can be applied in different problems to promote and enhance the well-being. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of applied positive psychology. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. The book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Latin is a classical language, which belongs to the family of Indo-European languages. Initially, it was spoken in Latium, but with time it dominated the Italian region and eventually spread across the whole Roman Empire. This language was exported across the globe through the combined efforts of the Christian Church and Roman Empire. Later, it emerged as the language of romance in the form of Spanish, French, Romanian, Portuguese, and Italian. From this time until the eighteenth century, classical Latin started to emerge as the language of learning primarily due to its use by philosophers, humanists, and theologians. Latin terminology was also developed systematically for botanical descriptions, such as biological taxonomy. Furthermore, the language has been prominently used in the fields of medicine, zoology, anthropology, and chemistry. It is considered to be the universal language for scientific description and taxonomy, making it a language of learning and science. This book outlines a historical overview of the Latin language as well as its role in science and learning. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Latin is a classical language, which belongs to the family of Indo-European languages. Initially, it was spoken in Latium, but with time it dominated the Italian region and eventually spread across the whole Roman Empire. This language was exported across the globe through the combined efforts of the Christian Church and Roman Empire. Later, it emerged as the language of romance in the form of Spanish, French, Romanian, Portuguese, and Italian. From this time until the eighteenth century, classical Latin started to emerge as the language of learning primarily due to its use by philosophers, humanists, and theologians. Latin terminology was also developed systematically for botanical descriptions, such as biological taxonomy. Furthermore, the language has been prominently used in the fields of medicine, zoology, anthropology, and chemistry. It is considered to be the universal language for scientific description and taxonomy, making it a language of learning and science. This book outlines a historical overview of the Latin language as well as its role in science and learning. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

A green building is defined as an integrated process that takes into consideration the impact of built environment on the natural environment. It aims to minimize harmful environmental effects and increase the value throughout the life cycle of a building or structure including its design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and demolition. The concept of green building emphasizes on making buildings more resource-efficient in terms of their usage of materials, water and energy while minimizing their negative effects on the natural environment and people's health. Green building technology focuses on low consumption, high efficiency, environmental protection, integration and optimization. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to green building design and their life cycle management. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The process of being impartial towards men and women is known as gender equity. It involves strategies and measures which ensure that men and women operate on an equal level, compensating for the disadvantages which women have faced historically. For decades, women have been systematically held back from pursuing higher education in fields such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. This restricts their access, training, and opportunities for entering these fields. Factors such as family expectations, social norms, and gender biases affect the quality of higher education and the subjects that women study. Implementing practices and policies for providing women the accessibility to higher education in fields such as science, technology and engineering can help in attracting and retaining women in these fields. This can also be done by increasing awareness about gender equality, which emphasizes that women and men are equally capable. This book outlines the significance of gender equality in higher education. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Sustainable tourism seeks to address the social, economic and environmental impacts of satisfying the current needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations. It involves raising awareness in the society and tourists about the judicious consumption of the available resources. It has led to major developments in the field of tourism marketing management that involves marketing of sustainable products; developing products and services related to the themes of sustainability and consumer behavior; and developing green brands. Sustainable tourism marketing also endeavors to promote tourism in far-off and non-commercialized areas, which promote territorial balance. Sustainable destination branding refers to concept where the inhabitants of a region are involved in the decision making process regarding its promotion and management as a tourist destination. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to sustainable tourism branding and marketing. It will prove beneficial to all students and professionals associated with the field of tourism and hotel management.

Smart tourism is an upcoming concept, which involves the application of information and communication technology for the purpose of developing innovative tools and approaches for improving tourism. Some of the technologies on which smart tourism relies considerably are mobile communication, cloud computing, AI and virtual reality. Traditionally, tourists were passive recipients of services and had no say in the way tourism industry worked. However, the emergence of social media along with smart tourism has made it possible for tourists to share their experiences and provide feedback to the industry. Prospective tourists make their decisions based on information and reviews available on the social media. This book provides significant information of smart tourism to help develop a good understanding of its relationship with social media. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Fluid flow and heat transfer processes play a significant role in various fields of engineering and science from microscopic to the planetary scale. Heat transfer can be improved by using nanofluids. The problem with fluid flow occurs because of a continuously moving surface in an ambient fluid, which differs from the fluid that flows past a fixed surface. Fluid flow problems in the absence of chemical reactions and electromagnetic forces involve thermal and mechanical variables only. There are three methods or techniques that are utilized to address problems in fluid mechanics and heat transfer, namely, numerical methods, experimental methods, and theoretical methods. This book aims to shed light on the science and engineering of fluid flow and heat transfer. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with matter and conversion of energy. Engineering thermodynamics is a subject of mechanical engineering that involves applying the principles of thermodynamics to engineering design of processes, devices, and systems, which involve effective utilization of energy and matter. Conversion between heat and work is fundamental in engineering thermodynamics. Entropy refers to a measurable physical characteristic and a scientific concept that is connected to a state of uncertainty, unpredictability or disorder. It is utilized in a variety of fields, including the principles of information theory, classical thermodynamics, and the microscopic description of nature in statistical physics. Entropy is central to the second law of thermodynamics, which asserts that the entropy of isolated systems left to unstructured expansion cannot decrease over time. This is due to the isolated systems always reaching thermodynamic equilibrium with the highest entropy. Different scenarios involving entropy production such as optimizing power and waste heat reduction can be studied by taking the help of simulation tools. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of engineering thermodynamics and the latest researches on simulation with entropy. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

A fluid refers to a state of matter that yields to shearing or lateral forces. Fluid mechanics is a branch of continuum mechanics which is involved in the study of fluid behavior in motion and at rest. It is categorized into fluid dynamics, which studies the effect of forces on fluid motion; and fluid statics, which studies fluids at rest. The energy equation, continuity equation and momentum principle are the basic fluid mechanics principles. Some of the important areas of study within this field are biofilms, dynamics of bubbles and droplets, aerodynamic shape optimization, fire whirls, drag reduction and fish locomotion. The topic of fluid mechanics is studied under various disciplines such as chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering and aerospace engineering. This book aims to shed light on the key topics in fluid mechanics. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Scientists and students actively engaged in the study of fluid mechanics will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Robotics is a branch of engineering involve in the conception, design, manufacture and operation of robots. The plan or convention which is used for constructing a robot or a robotic system is known as robot design. Robot kinematics refers to the application of geometry in order to study the movement of multi-degree of freedom kinematic chains that make up the framework of robotic systems. It investigates the relationship between the connectivity and dimensions of kinematic chains. Furthermore, it studies the relation between acceleration, location and velocity of each link in the robotic system for planning and controlling movement, and for computing torques and actuator forces. Robot kinematics also includes singularity avoidance, collision avoidance, motion planning, redundancy and kinematic synthesis of robots. Motion planning refers to the process of breaking down a desired movement of the robot into discrete motions that are subject to certain movement constraints, and optimize the required movement. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of robot design, kinematics and motion planning, which will be crucial for the progress of robotics in the future. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Cosmology is a field of astronomy that studies the origin and evolution of the universe. General theory of relativity, also called Einstein's theory of gravity, serves as the foundation for comprehending the history and large-scale structure of the universe. A number of significant predictions about the physical world such as the Big Bang origin of the universe, the existence of black holes, effect of gravity on clocks, and gravitational lensing are also based on general relativity theory. According to this theory, numerous astrophysical occurrences produce gravitational waves, which are ripples in the geometry of spacetime and these propagate at the speed of light. This theory provides a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time, also known as the four-dimensional spacetime model. It also improves upon Newton's law of universal gravitation and generalizes special relativity. It serves as the foundation for the fields of relativistic astrophysics and cosmology. This book unfolds the principles and applications of the general theory relativity. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Persons with disability include those people who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments. Social and environmental barriers along with the disabilities in such persons may impede their participation in the society. A disabled person's inability to access any public place or institution can be considered as the society's inability to ensure the well-being and progress for all the people of the society, including the disabled. These people constitute a sizable portion of the world population but they remain a vulnerable and marginalized section of the society. They encounter human rights abuses such as stigma and discrimination, isolation, lack of access to education, health and employment opportunities, and institutionalization. Laws and policies with respect to disability human rights seek to protect and promote the rights of persons with disability. It aims to adopt and implement policies, laws and programs that remove barriers and ensure that the disabled are able to exercise their civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This book outlines the human rights laws and policies with respect to disabled people in detail. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

A mobile robot is an automatic machine that is capable of moving around in a physical environment. Mobile robotics is a subfield of robotics and information engineering concerned with the research and development of mobile robots. This field integrates the technological advancements in machine learning with physical environment, which enables the mobile robots to navigate their surroundings. Mobile robots can be classified into autonomous mobile robots and non-autonomous mobile robots. Autonomous robots do not require any external guidance for locomotion, while non-autonomous mobile robots move with the assistance of a guidance system. Mobile robots have applications in hospitals, industries and military. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of mobile robotics. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. The book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Power electronics refers to a subfield of electrical engineering concerned with processing of high voltages and currents in order to deliver power that supports a variety of needs. It encompasses a multidisciplinary study of various concepts in physics, including electrical motors, semiconductor physics, electromagnetic devices, mechanical actuators, and control systems. It is concerned with designing, controlling, and transforming power into an electric form through a power electronic system. The main component of power electronic system is a switching power converter. There are several applications of power electronics systems, such as power generation, power transmission, power distribution, and power control. Power electronics has a number of advantages such as improved efficiency in power conversion, high power density supplies, wireless power transfer, and providing power according to the specifications. This book outlines the processes and applications of power electronics in detail. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Flexible electronics is a technology that is used to produce electronic devices that are constructed from stretchable or conformable substrates, from materials such as plastic, flex glass, metal foil and paper. Stretchable electronics are devices that are made up of electronic circuits or materials that are assembled onto stretchable substrates. Flexible and stretchable electronics is emerging as a new technology and attaining a wide range of applications, because its components can be twisted, and compressed to intricate non-planar surfaces. These electronic devices have the potential to be used in a variety of fields, including biomedical engineering, soft robotics, human machine interfaces, epidermal electronic devices, electronic skins and healthcare monitoring. This book explores all the important aspects of flexible and stretchable electronics in the present day scenario. It presents researches that have transformed the research in this field and have aided its advancement. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this area of electronics through this book.

A supply chain refers to a sequence of processes that are involved in the production and distribution of goods and information. It involves procuring raw materials; transforming them into semi-finished or finished products; and making them available to the end customers through a distribution system. Supply chain strategy is a roadmap that guides organizations and helps them in making available their products to customers in the least amount of time. This roadmap is majorly affected by four main elements, namely, industry framework (the marketplace), organization's competitive positioning, organization's supply chain processes, and the linkage among supply chain processes and business strategy. Issues such as global political unrest, lack of raw materials, rising costs of fuel and energy, labor shortages, and frequent demand shifts severely affect the supply chain performance in terms of responsiveness and efficiency. The organizations may choose to adopt one of the various supply chain models such as continuous flow, fast chain, efficient chain, agile, custom-configured, and flexible model. This book contains some path-breaking studies on supply chain strategies, issues and models. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Energy optimization refers to the controlled and mindful use of energy in the built environment as well as avoiding use of energy in order to maximize the benefits for people and the environment. Modeling involves interpreting a set of physical phenomena and developing a reasonably complete, closed and comprehensive phenomenological and mathematical formulation that describes a problem. Modeling usually results in a system of equations that can be solved to derive the values of variables that describe a phenomenon. Optimization of energy systems includes thermodynamic modeling, and analyzing and optimizing different types of energy systems in a variety of applications. It offers a fresh perspective on the systems and procedures of defining appropriate objective functions for choosing the best design parameters to achieve increased efficiency, sustainability, and cost effectiveness. All energy-intensive human activities must be revisited and modified to make them energy-efficient. This is essential to reduce the ecological footprint of humans on the Earth. This book unravels the recent advancements in modeling and optimization of energy systems. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area of study at various levels.

Sustainability in business is referred to as conducting business without having an adverse effect on the environment, the local community, or society at large. Sustainable businesses take into account a variety of social, environmental and economic aspects, when making business decisions. A sustainable business model is one that creates benefits for all the stakeholders without depleting the resources used to produce it. The capacity of a sustainable business model to operate as a market device that aids in the creation and expansion of markets through innovations with a social purpose is significant, as it enables social entrepreneurs to maximize social profit while providing social value. Furthermore, it generates competitive advantage by providing value to the consumers and thereby contributes towards the success of company. This book contains some path-breaking studies on sustainable business models. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

Sustainable human resource management refers to practicing the human resource functions in a way that helps in achieving the goals of a business while ensuring positive financial, social, human and environmental outcomes. Its basic purpose is to study the connection between sustainability and human resource management (HRM). Sustainable HRM focuses on the use of HR tools to assist in the integration of sustainability strategy into business and for developing an HRM system that contributes towards the sustainable performance of the firm. Sustainability is a major challenge in the modern business environment. However, sustainability challenges can be reduced by implementing policies that reflect development, equity, well-being, and including environmentally friendly practices. The social, financial, and environmental goals of an organization's internal and external stakeholders can be achieved by using sustainable HRM practices. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the strategies, practices and challenges associated with sustainable human resource management. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Mathematical finance refers to a branch of applied mathematics that deals with mathematical modeling of financial markets and problems. It is an emerging field that aims to apply mathematical formulas and modeling for creating financial resource values and pricing structures. The disciplines of financial engineering and computational finance are heavily interlinked with mathematical finance. Mathematical economics is the use of mathematical techniques for representing theories and examining issues related to economics. It employs mathematical principles and instruments for developing economic ideas and examines economic quandaries. Mathematics enables the formulation of meaningful, testable hypotheses about broad and complex topics that would be difficult to express informally. Furthermore, it enables the formation of positive and particular claims associated with debatable topics that are otherwise unattainable without the use of mathematics. This book aims to shed light on the applications of mathematical methods for finance and economics. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

A bank is a financial institution which has the authority to accept deposits and lend money. The other main activities involved in banking include clearing of cheques, remittance of funds, lockers and safe deposits, overseas banking services, wealth management, investment banking, etc. The banking industry is going through a transformation due to various reasons such as compliance pressures and increased regulation, increased competition from new fintech companies, disruptive technology, and evolving business models. The international banking industry faces various challenges such as consolidating in the face of shifting global growth balances, increased global financial volatility, and weak growth in developed nations. Some of the upcoming technologies which find application in the banking industry are blockchain technology and artificial intelligence. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of banking, its challenges and opportunities. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Operations management is a field of management that deals with the design and control of the production processes, and redesigning of business operations for producing goods or services. Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering management involved in the optimization of complex processes and systems. It achieves optimization of processes and systems by creating, improving and implementing an integrated system of resources, which include labor, money, knowledge, information, and machinery. There are various sub-disciplines of industrial engineering, namely, methods engineering, financial engineering, energy engineering, and operations research and optimization. Operations management and industrial engineering deal with the application of finance, analytics, engineering, logistics, and structured problem-solving techniques for meeting the goals of contemporary and globalized supply chains. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of operations management and industrial engineering. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets students and professionals.

Industry 4.0 refers to the fourth industrial revolution that began in 2011. It has revolutionized the ways in which companies carry out their operations, and manufacture and distribute their products. The industrial environment is drastically changing with the introduction of technologies such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, Internet of things (IoT), machine learning, and data analytics. Modern smart technologies are used for analyzing and diagnosing problems that enable the companies to make better decisions without human intervention. Smart manufacturing incorporates computer-integrated manufacturing to increase automation and self-optimization of process improvements. Although Industry 4.0 practices are largely beneficial for all industries, their application in SMEs face certain challenges in terms of safety and ergonomics of the workplace, lazy change management approach, and lack of a roadmap for Industry 4.0 implementation. This book explores the concept of Industry 4.0 for small and medium enterprises. It is a resource guide for professionals and students.