Bøger udgivet af Clanrye International

Evolutionary psychology is a modern theoretical approach to the study of psychology from the perspective of evolution. It works on the belief that human behavior is a result of psychological adaptation generated to solve recurring problems in ancestral surroundings. The field strives to identify the human traits that have evolved through natural selection or sexual selection. The theories and principles developed in evolutionary psychology are of importance in the fields of psychiatry, economics, literature, environment, politics, etc. Several strategies are developed to test whether a psychological trait is an evolved adaptation, a random variation or a byproduct. These include cross-cultural consistency, form to function, function to form, current evolutionary adaptiveness and corresponding neurological modules. This book explores all the important aspects of evolutionary psychology in the present day scenario. It outlines the processes and applications of this field. This book will serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike.

Food is packaged for protection against tampering and spoilage, efficient handling and for ease of distribution. It is also meant to present information regarding its nutritional profile and sale specifications and thus encourage marketing. Food packaging is an essential aspect of the food industry. Food can be packaged into boxes, cartons, cans, trays, wrappers and pallets. A diverse range of machinery is used for food packaging such as check weighing machines, cartoning machines, conveying and accumulating machines, filling machines, vacuum-packaging machines, etc. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into food packaging. Most of the topics introduced herein cover the principles and practices of food packaging. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The world economy refers to the global exchange of goods and services, expressed in monetary units. It also means an aggregate of economic measurements of separate countries. The statistical indicators of employment, industries, energy, transport, etc. are significant for understanding global economy. Economic indicators include gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, gross world product, world median income, inflation rate, etc. Estimation of world economic activities is calculated by converting market valuations of a local currency into a single monetary unit with respect to the purchasing power. This textbook picks up individual indicators and explains their need and contribution in the context of a growing world economy. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments in the crucial areas of international trade, economic systems and development. In this book, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of world economy as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

A society may be defined as a cluster of people sharing the same social territory or geography, subject to the same authority and constantly involved in social interaction. It is characterized by a distinct set of cultures, beliefs and social institutions. Social science is concerned with the study of society and societal relationships. There are several sub-disciplines of social science, which study diverse aspects of society. Some of these are anthropology, political science, psychology, economics and sociology, among others. There are a number of interdisciplinary fields of social science like gender studies, international studies, demography, behavioral science, public administration, political economy, etc. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of the art and science of society. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Public relations is the practice of controlling and managing the communication of information between the public and an individual or organization. Public relations serve to inform prospective customers, the public, partners, investors, employees and stakeholders about the organization and persuade them to develop and maintain a positive view of the organization, its products and leadership. The domains within this field include internal communications, media relations, crisis communications, government relations, etc. Maintaining a good image infront of the public requires the fulfillment of a number of tasks such as drafting news releases, designing communications campaigns, working with the press, holding media interviews and conferences, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of public relations. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover modern strategies and techniques of public relations. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

Mechanical engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the design, analysis and manufacture of mechanical systems. It is a multidisciplinary science that applies the principles of engineering mathematics, physics, materials science and engineering. The field focuses on the design of industrial equipment, manufacturing plants, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, etc. Computer-aided engineering is a modern tool in this field. The sub-disciplines of mechanical engineering are structural analysis, mechatronics, robotics, mechanics, etc. Research in mechanical engineering explores the development of safer, more efficient and cheaper machines and mechanical systems. Micro electro-mechanical systems, composites, friction stir welding, finite element analysis and nanotechnology are other significant areas of research under this field. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of mechanical engineering in recent times. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of mechanical engineering and their applications. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

An organized system that deals with the organization, collection, communication and storage of information is known as an information system (IS). It can also be used to describe a combination of software, hardware, data, business processes, people and feedback that can be used for the optimization and management of an organization. An information system seeks to support decision-making, operations and management. Information systems can be of various types such as decision support systems, learning management systems, transaction processing systems, database management systems, etc. Computer based information systems are also widely used. Its main components are software, procedures, networks, hardware and databases. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of information systems and their management. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

The field of anthropology delves into the study of human behavior and society. It draws from various natural science and social science disciplines to develop an understanding of the origin and evolution of humans, their behavior, traits and variations as well as their societal organizations, culture and conflicts. Depending on the dimensions of human life explored, anthropology may be divided into the principal areas of sociocultural, linguistic, biological and archaeological anthropology. Art, dance, music, etc. are explored in sociocultural anthropology, and the scientific investigations of evolution, human-animal interactions, etc. are crucial to biological and archaeological anthropology. The understanding of the processes of human communication, use of language, its variation and cultural influences is explored in linguistic anthropology. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of anthropology and the recent researches in this field. Some of the diverse topics covered here address the varied branches that fall under this category. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Urbanization is the gradual process of shift in the population from rural to urban regions, and the change brought about in the society as an effect of this shift. This process is characterized by the formation and development of new towns and cities. Modernization, rationalization and industrialization are some related aspects of this phenomenon. The study of urbanization is particularly important in the domain of urban planning and urban development. It is a political and technical process involving the design of land utilization for accommodating a residential and built environment that includes transportation, distribution and communication networks, etc. Geographic mapping and analysis, population growth prediction, zoning, survey of the water supply, etc. are some significant aspects of this field. They are also essential for ensuring public welfare and protection of the environment. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of urbanization. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts of urban development. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in these fields.

The branch of economics that delves into the development process in low-income countries through investigations into the methods of promoting economic development, growth and structural change is called developmental economics. This field is crucial for the formulation of policies and practices at domestic and international levels. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods is used in this process. These may involve the use of mathematical methods such as inter-temporal optimization for project analysis and restructuring market initiatives. Some prominent developmental economics theories are international dependence theory, mercantilism, neoclassical theory, post-WWII theories, structural change theory and economic nationalism. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of developmental economics and its utmost significance in modern times. It also elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to this field. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of study.

Archaeology is a multidisciplinary science that integrates a number of scientific disciplines such as anthropology, history, geography, geology, statistics, paleontology and paleobotany, besides many others. It studies the human activity through the analysis of material culture. Archaeological methods like remote sensing, field survey, excavation and post-excavation analysis are used for conducting investigations in this field. Some advanced methods include computer graphics, photogrammetry, drones, agent-based modeling and simulation. Archaeology has various sub-disciplines that are categorized as per civilization, chronological focus, specific material or theme. Egyptology, Sinology, Indology, etc. are some of the sub-disciplines of archaeology that are classified according to archaeological culture or civilization. Some of the other academic sub-disciplines are ethnoarchaeology, archaeometry, historical archaeology, experimental archaeology, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of archaeology. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The design and construction of buildings or any other structures is studied under architecture. It is considered a relic of history and an important art form. It can be classified according to the time period and the region in which it was developed, into the areas of vernacular, ancient, Asian, Islamic, Renaissance, modern, postmodern and contemporary architecture. Environmental sustainability is an important consideration in architecture in the modern day. The recent architectural movements of New Urbanism, New Classical Architecture and metaphoric architecture focus on integrating smart growth, classical design and architectural tradition with a sustainable approach. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of architecture. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied types of architectural designs. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Business management is the efficient and effective operation of a business by managing the three primary components of a business, which are financial resources, capital and human resources. These resources are administered in the primary functional areas of legal contracting, marketing, accounting, financing and manufacturing. It encompasses the management of business operations and decision-making, efficient organization of people and other resources, and direction of processes towards common goals. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the diverse areas of business management and their applications. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on business management modeling and decision-making have been included herein. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying business management as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Computational science is a multidisciplinary field that applies computer simulation and advanced computation to develop solutions for complex problems. The core functional areas of this field are recognizing complex problems, conceptualizing the system, designing a simulation for studying the system, choosing an appropriate computing infrastructure, etc. Some of the commonly applied methods include numerical analysis, finite element methods, Monte Carlo methods, numerical linear algebra, etc. The applications of the computational models and simulations developed in computational science are in the fields of urban complex systems, computational finance, computational biology and computational engineering. It is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to computational science. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Information management is an organizational activity that involves the acquisition of information from different sources and their distribution to the points of demand. It also covers the disposal of this information through archiving or deletion. Information management comprises of the key functionalities of planning, organizing, structuring, controlling, processing and evaluation of information. This information is vital for the execution of various administrative and production tasks in an organization. The information environment is an aggregate of individuals, organizations and systems that are involved at various stages of strategic information management. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the diverse areas of strategic information management, and their applications. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on strategic information management have been included herein. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of the subject.

Classrooms are learning spaces where education is provided. It can refer to all spaces from preschools to universities, as well as corporations, religious and humanitarian organizations. Teaching techniques refer to the strategies of enabling student learning in the classroom. Such methods are implemented depending on the subject matter that is to be delivered or the nature of the learner. Teaching can be approached from the two distinct classifications of teacher centered or learner centered teaching. Common methods of instruction include lecturing, demonstration and collaboration. Modern teaching methods integrate technology like multimedia, internet, radio, etc. Inquiry learning and hands-on activities are innovative teaching methods that are used in modern education. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the domains of teaching techniques and classroom learning. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to education. Educationists, pedagogues, researchers and students actively engaged in these fields will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The use of computers for the storage, retrieval, transmission and manipulation of data or information for directing operations in a business or an enterprise is under the domain of information technology (IT). It is a sub-field of information and communications technology. The value of IT in businesses is in the automation of business operations, supplication of information to aid decision-making, provision of productivity tools for improved efficiency and for relationship building with customers. It also enables its integration with organizational needs and infrastructure, customization, maintenance and installation of IT applications for users, etc. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of information technology. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and applications of this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this textbook.

Speech science is the study of speech, its production, transmission and perception. The understanding of these aspects of speech requires an understanding of anatomy of the orofacial region, neuroanatomy, physiology and acoustics. Speech production is a complex motor task. It requires the involvement of different orofacial, pharyngeal, laryngeal and respiratory muscles. The processes of respiration, phonation, articulation and central nervous control are integral to speech production. Speech disorders can act as a major hindrance to learning due to persistent communication difficulties. Various strategies such as speech therapy, psychotherapy or placing children in special educational programs can be adopted for the management of speech impairments. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of speech science. It presents the complex subject of speech science in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

A semiconductor is a material that has the value of the electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Unlike metals, the electrical resistance decreases as the temperature increases in semiconductors. Silicon, germanium and compounds of gallium are commonly used semiconducting materials. The charge carriers in such materials are electrons, ions and electron holes. By controlling the introduction of impurities into their crystal structures, their conducting properties can be altered to suit requirements. This textbook is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of semiconductor physics. It elucidates new techniques and applications of semiconductors in a multidisciplinary manner. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for physicists, engineers and students associated with this important discipline.

Marketing is a significant aspect of business management. It involves market research, targeting and segmentation, pricing and promotion strategies, developing a communications strategy, budgeting and setting long-term goals. Marketing practice is based on the marketing of product, sales, production, market orientation and societal marketing. Advertising is sponsored marketing in the form of audio or visual communication to promote the sale of a product, a service or an idea. It is communicated through various mass media platforms such as newspapers, magazines, television, social media, websites or blogs. The purpose of advertising is to convince customers that the product or service delivered is of the highest quality, enhance the brand or organization's image, create or establish the need for the product, or announce new products and programs. This book explores all the important aspects of advertising and marketing in the present day scenario. It will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of this field. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on advertising and marketing.

Machine learning is a branch of computer science concerned with the application of statistical techniques to improve performance of computer systems in the execution of specific tasks. It is significantly used when designing and programming algorithms for operation of computing tasks become ineffective, especially in the detection of network intruders, email filtering, etc. Some of the primary approaches to machine learning include decision tree learning, artificial neural network learning algorithm, deep learning and association rule learning, besides others. Applications of machine learning can extend into the domains of agriculture, bioinformatics, linguistics, marketing, economics, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the field of machine learning. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The science of conscious and unconscious thought, behavior and feeling is referred to as psychology. As an academic field of study, it seeks to understand the properties of the brain. Psychology explores behavioral processes like perception, cognition, emotion, intelligence and attention, among others. It is a wide area of study with a number of sub-fields like abnormal psychology, educational psychology, forensic psychology, cognitive psychology, etc. The scope of this discipline extends beyond the areas of mental testing and mental health care, to the fields of education, occupation, military and social change. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. This textbook, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in psychology at various levels.

Industrial hazards are conditions associated with industrial processes that can potentially cause injury to personnel and can even be life-threatening. These can also cause loss of property or product. Industrial safety is a set of countermeasures against the occupational hazards in an industrial plant such as nuclear plant, oil and gas plant, etc. These countermeasures are aimed at protecting humans, the physical infrastructure and the environment from harm due to the process going beyond the permitted control margins. The use of various safety devices such as flame arresters, safety valves, blowout preventers, chemical protective clothing and insulation monitoring devices can ensure safety in industries. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of industrial hazards and safety. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies have been included herein. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this textbook covers the most significant topics in this field.

Electronics is a branch of physics and engineering. It is concerned with the development and application of devices and systems that involve the flow and control of electrons. The movement of electrons can occur in matter and vacuum or in semiconductors. Electrical circuits that are designed from different active and passive electrical components are studied in this field. Active components include transistors, diodes, etc. Passive components are resistors, inductors, capacitors, etc. Most electronic devices use semiconductors today. Some of the branches of electronics are analog electronics, digital electronics, microelectronics, optoelectronics, integrated circuits, etc. Circuits and components used in electronics can be analog or digital. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of electronics. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and applications of this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Telecommunication refers to the transmission of signals, images, sounds or information by using radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. The transmission is achieved either electrically through the use of cables or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are divided into communication channels, which allow multiplexing. Telecommunication technologies may be divided into wired and wireless methods. A basic telecommunication system consists of a transmitter, a medium of transmission and a receiver. Radio, television, Internet, telephone, etc. are some modern telecommunication media.This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of telecommunications. It outlines the processes and applications of telecommunications in extensive detail. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Culture is a complex integration of human beliefs, customs, habits, knowledge, morals and art. Humans acquire culture due to the processes of socialization and enculturation. Cultural variations are observed with change in region and circumstances. Cultural anthropology is a sub-discipline of anthropology that is concerned with the study of the cultural variation among humans. The critique of evolutionism and cultural relativism are the theoretical foundations of cultural anthropology. Besides these, cultural materialism, feminism, structuralism, functionalism, etc. are other theoretical approaches to this field. Some of the methods used in this discipline are participant observation, cross-cultural comparison, ethnography and multi-sited ethnography. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of cultural anthropology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying cultural anthropology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The branch of sociology that studies human life and interaction in metropolitan areas is known as urban sociology. It uses the methods of observation, interviews, statistical analysis and social theory, to study a wide range of topics such as migration, demographic trends, race relations, poverty and economic trends, among many others. The theoretical foundations of urban sociology lie in the study of the socioeconomic and cultural processes of urbanization, and its subsequent impact on social alienation and in the formation of a class-based society. It also delves into the structures, problems and environmental processes of urban areas by integrating necessary principles of urban planning and policy making. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of urban sociology. It unfolds the innovative aspects of this field, which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

A programming language is a set of instructions that are used to develop programs that use algorithms. Some common examples are Java, C, C++, COBOL, etc. The description of a programming language can be divided into syntax and semantics. The description of data and processes in a language occurs through certain primitive building blocks, which are defined by syntactic and semantic rules. The development of a programming language occurs through the construction of artifacts, chief among which is language specification and implementation. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to programming languages. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover the principles and practices of developing programming languages. The textbook is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Total quality management (TQM) is a framework of organization-wide efforts aimed at the installation and development of a climate in which employees consistently improve their performance. The fundamental tools and techniques of quality control lay the foundations of this discipline. All departments including production, sales and marketing, engineering and design, accounting and finance, etc. are involved in this process. It is achieved by management of quality through training, staffing, funding and goal setting. Total quality management if executed in an effective manner can be instrumental in achieving organizational excellence and creating a brand in the market. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of total quality management. It elucidates new techniques and applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the intelligence that is demonstrated by machines. Devices that perceive the environment and act in a way that aids in the deliverance of its objectives and tasks, are called intelligent agents. Such agents execute tasks by mimicking the cognitive functions of the human brain such as learning and problem solving. Understanding human speech, intelligent routing in content delivery network, competing in strategic game systems such as chess and Go, etc. are all capabilities of artificial intelligence. The ultimate objective of AI is to achieve general intelligence. Artificial intelligence uses varied tools such as search algorithms, mathematical optimization, logic programming, Bayesian networks, etc. in order to solve the most complex problems related to computer science. This book presents the complex subject of artificial intelligence in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of AI. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.