Bøger udgivet af De Gruyter Mouton

Even a cursory look at conference programs and proceedings reveals a burgeoning interest in the field of social and affective factors in home language maintenance and development. To date, however, research on this topic has been published in piecemeal fashion, subsumed under the more general umbrella of ¿bilingualism¿. Within bilingualism research, there has been an extensive exploration of linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives on the one hand, and educational practices and outcomes on the other. In comparison, social and affective factors ¿ which lead people to either maintain or shift the language ¿ have been under-researched. This is the first volume that brings together the different strands in research on social and affective factors in home language maintenance and development, ranging from the micro-level (family language policies and practices), to the meso-level (community initiatives) and the macro-level (mainstream educational policies and their implementation). The volume showcases a wide distribution across contexts and populations explored. Contributors from around the world represent different research paradigms and perspectives, providing a rounded overview of the state-of-the-art in this flourishing field.

This book is a comprehensive and authoritative description of the Greater Awyu family of Papuan languages. The book brings together many decades of research on Greater Awyu languages, including 10 years of field work by the author. The book presents a description of major patterns found in languages of the family: phonology, morphology, syntax and discourse. In addition, major aspects of the anthropological linguistics of Greater Awyu languages are described: counting systems, language names, kinship, linguistic ideologies, lexical substitution registers, avoidance and taboo. The linguistic patterns of Greater Awyu languages are systematically placed in the genetic, typological, areal and historical contexts of New Guinea. The long dialect continuums within the family, by reflecting different diachronic stages, offer a window on the origin of switch reference, clause chaining, topic markers, postpositions and double-headed relative clauses. The book is relevant for readers interested in the typological, historical and cultural linguistics of New Guinea but also for anthropologists and historians because the history and cultural practices of Greater Awyu speakers are a key part of the story of this language family.

This book focuses on the unexplored context of contemporary Swedish comic strips as sites of innovative linguistic practices, where humor is derived from language play and creativity, often drawing from English and other European languages as well as social and regional dialects of Swedish. The overall purpose of the book is to highlight linguistic playfulness in Swedish comic strips, as an example of practices as yet unobserved and unaccounted for in theories of linguistic humor as applied to comics scholarship.The book familiarizes the reader with the Swedish language and linguistic culture as well as contemporary Swedish comic strips, with chapters focusing on specific strategies of language play and linguistic humor, such as mocking Swedish dialects and Swedish-accented foreign language usage, invoking English language popular culture, swearing in multiple languages, and turn-final code-switching to English to signal the punchline.The book will appeal to readers interested in humor, comics, or how linguistic innovation, language play, and language contact each can further the modern development of language, exemplified by the case of Swedish.

The architecture of the human language faculty has been one of the main foci of the linguistic research of the last half century. This branch of linguistics, broadly known as Generative Grammar, is concerned with the formulation of explanatory formal accounts of linguistic phenomena with the ulterior goal of gaining insight into the properties of the 'language organ'. The series comprises high quality monographs and collected volumes that address such issues. The topics in this series range from phonology to semantics, from syntax to information structure, from mathematical linguistics to studies of the lexicon. To discuss your book idea or submit a proposal, please contact Birgit Sievert

Zur Sprache in Naturwissenschaft, Technik und Mathematik liegen zahlreiche Einzelstudien vor. Das Handbuch ordnet das Feld aus einer dezidiert sprachwissenschaftlichen Sicht. Ausgangspunkt ist die Rolle der Sprache in der Wissenskonstitution und -vermittlung. Dieser Zugriff ermöglicht es Linguisten und anderen Wissenschaftlern, mehr über den Zusammenhang zwischen Sprache und Wissen in diesen Disziplinen zu erfahren, und liefert Anknüpfungspunkte für die weitere Forschung. Auf dieser Basis wird ein Überblick über die Funktionsweise der Sprache und weiterer Medien in Naturwissenschaft, Technik und Mathematik geliefert.

Contemporary data analytics involves extracting insights from large volumes of data and translating these insights into action to enhance knowledge and practice. Combining tutorial-style chapters and empirical studies, this collection of papers explains the distinction between data analytics and statistics as typically conceived, and shows how data analytic approaches can inform different areas of cognitive linguistic research and application.

Das Wörterbuch umfasst sogenannte Rotwelsch-Dialekte, die durch die Integration von Wörtern aus Spendersprachen wie etwa dem Jüdisch-Deutschen, Romanes, romanischen und slavischen Sprachen sowie dem mittelalterlichen Rotwelsch als Geheimsprachen funktionieren konnten. Es ist nach Wortfamilien geordnet und bietet neben dem Kopflemma schreibsprachliche Varianten, Bedeutungsangaben, Verwendungsbeispiele und Angaben zur Herkunft der Wörter.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of endangered languages with a global coverage. It features such well-known specialists as Michael Krauss, Willem F. H. Adelaar, Denny Moore, Colette Grinevald, Akira Yamamoto, Roger Blench, Bruce Connell, Tapani Salminen, Olga Kazakevich, Aleksandr Kibrik, Jonathan Owens, David Bradley, George van Driem, Nicholas Evans, Stephen A. Wurm, Darrell Tryon and Matthias Brenzinger. The contributions are unique in analysing the present extent and the various kinds of language endangerment by applying shared general indicators for the assessment of language endangerment. Apart from presenting the specific situations of language endangerment at the sub-continental level, the volume discusses major issues that bear universally on language endangerment. The actual study of endangered languages is carefully examined, for example, against the ethics and pragmatics of fieldwork. Practical aspects of community involvement in language documentation are discussed, such as the setting up of local archives and the training of local linguists. Numerous case studies illustrate different language shift environments with specific replacing factors, such as colonial and religious conquests, migrations and governmental language education. The book is of interest to students and scholars of linguistics with particularfocus on endangered languages (and their documentation), typology, and sociolinguistics as well as to anthropologists and language activists.

The papers in this volume deal with the issue of how corpus data relate to the questions that cognitive linguists have typically investigated with respect to conceptual mappings. The authors in this volume investigate a wide range of issues- the coherence and function of particular metaphorical models, the interaction of form and meaning, the identification of source domains of metaphorical expressions, the relationship between metaphor and discourse, the priming of metaphors, and the historical development of metaphors. The studies deal with a variety of metaphorical and metonymic source and target domains, including the source domains SPACE, ANIMALS, BODY PARTS, ORGANIZATIONS and WAR, and the target domains VERBAL ACTIVITY, ECONOMY, EMOTIONS and POLITICS. In their studies, the authors present a variety of corpus-linguistic methods for the investigation of conceptual mappings, for example, corpora annotated for semantic categories, concordances of individual source-domain items and patterns, and concordances of target-domain items. In sum, the papers in this volume show how a wide range of corpus-linguistic methods can be used to investigate a variety of issues in cognitive linguistics; the combination of corpus methods with a cognitive-linguistic view of metaphor and metonymy yields new answers to old questions (and to new questions) about the relationship between language as a conceptual phenomenon and language as a textual phenomenon.

This volume contains in-depths analyses of language contact situations involving one of the ecclesiatical languages of the Slavic speaking area, namely Greek, Latin and Church Slavonic. It thereby offers important insights into the mechanisms and idiosyncrasies of literacy contact in contrast to face-to-face-contact.

The Spanish language is spoken by an estimated 477 million people worldwide. This volume focuses on the contact between Spanish and other language varieties, including Catalan, Portuguese and Galician in the Spanish Peninsula. The book explores the characteristics of such language contact situations from structural, developmental, societal and cognitive perspectives.

The architecture of the human language faculty has been one of the main foci of the linguistic research of the last half century. This branch of linguistics, broadly known as Generative Grammar, is concerned with the formulation of explanatory formal accounts of linguistic phenomena with the ulterior goal of gaining insight into the properties of the 'language organ'. The series comprises high quality monographs and collected volumes that address such issues. The topics in this series range from phonology to semantics, from syntax to information structure, from mathematical linguistics to studies of the lexicon. To discuss your book idea or submit a proposal, please contact Birgit Sievert

Children who grow up as second- or third-generation immigrants typically acquire and speak the minority language at home and the majority language at school. Recurrently, these children have been the subject of controversial debates about their linguistic abilities in relation to their educational success. However, such debates fail to recognise that variation in bilinguals' language processing is a phenomenon in its own right that results from the dynamic influence of one language on another. This volume provides insight into cross-linguistic influence in Turkish-German and Turkish-French bilingual children and uncovers the nature of variation in L1 and L2 oral motion event descriptions by evaluating the impact of language-specific patterns and language dominance.The results indicate that next to typological differences between the speakers' L1 and L2, language dominance has an impact on the type and direction of influence. However, the author argues that most variation can be explained by L1/L2 usage preferences. Bilinguals make frequent use of patterns that exist in both languages, but are unequally preferred by monolingual speakers. This finding underlines the importance of usage-based approaches in SLA.

Während für das Französische und Spanische gleich mehrere aktuelle Einführungen in die Phonetik und Phonologie auf Deutsch vorliegen, klafft für das Italienische hier eindeutig eine Lücke, welche durch das vorliegende, auf dem neuesten Stand der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis stehende Werk endlich geschlossen wird. Das Arbeitsheft führt zunächst in die Teilgebiete der perzeptiven, akustischen und artikulatorischen Phonetik ein und behandelt insbesondere die für die Klassifikation der Sprachlaute grundlegenden Kategorien. Die daran anschließende Einleitung in die Phonologie orientiert sich im Wesentlichen an den für die Sprachbeschreibung immer noch unabdingbaren strukturalistischen Grundbegriffen (wie Phonem, Allophon, usw.), behandelt aber auch neuere Ansätze. Das theoretische Rüstzeug dient hauptsächlich einer detaillierten Darstellung der Lautstrukturen des Gegenwartsitalienischen und seiner regionalen Varietäten. Von praktischer Relevanz sind insbesondere die Kapitel zum Verhältnis von Laut und Schrift und zu Ausspracheschwierigkeiten für deutschsprachige Lernende.

Cognitive pragmatics is a mature field of research, characterized by robust theories and a growing amount of experimental work. In particular, Relevance Theory has provided a rich framework for research in the field. However, this theory makes a number of assumptions that are rooted in a modular view of cognition. This book provides a detailed analysis of such assumptions, arguing for an alternative model which has, however, some support in ideas explored by relevance theorists. First of all, inferences are explained in terms of associative pattern completion within associative networks, based on the schematic organization of memory. This explanation is shown to apply to a number of cognitive domains besides pragmatics, including mindreading. Moreover, such a view is compatible with a general understanding of the neurocomputational machinery of our cortex, suggesting a general argument to the effect that modularity in its standard version cannot be right. Second, the book argues for a crucial role of conscious attention in pragmatics as well as in most cognitive processes. In the end, what is proposed is not only a revision of Relevance Theory but also a fresh analysis of reasoning, which vindicates some Gricean intuitions.

Previous translations and descriptions of Li Qingzhao are molded by an image of her as lonely wife and bereft widow formed by centuries of manipulation of her work and legacy by scholars and critics (all of them male) to fit their idea of a what a talented woman writer would sound like. The true voice of Li Qingzhao is very different. A new translation and presentation of her is needed to appreciate her genius and to account for the sense that Chinese readers have always had, despite what scholars and critics were saying, about the boldness and originality of her work. The introduction will lay out the problems of critical refashioning and conventionalization of her carried out in the centuries after her death, thus preparing the reader for a new reading. Her songs and poetry will then be presented in a way that breaks free of a narrow autobiographical reading of them, distinguishes between reliable and unreliable attributions, and also shows the great range of her talent by including important prose pieces and seldom read poems. In this way, the standard image of Li Qingzhao, exemplied by a handful of her best known and largely misunderstood works, will be challenged and replaced by a new understanding. The volume will present a literary portrait of Li Qingzhao radically unlike the one in conventional anthologies and literary histories, allowing English readers for the first time to appreciate her distinctiveness as a writer and to properly gauge her achievement as a female alternative, as poet and essayist, to the male literary culture of her day.

Counterfactual thinking is a universal cognitive process in which reality is compared to an imagined view of what might have been. This type of reasoning is at the center of daily operations, as decision-making, risk preventability or blame assignment. More generally, non-factual scenarios have been defined as a crucial ingredient of desire and modern love. If the areas covered by this reasoning are so varied, the L2 learner will be led to express 'what might have been' at some point of her acquisitional itinerary. How is this reasoning expressed in French, Spanish and Italian? By the use of what lexical, syntactic and grammatical devices? Will the learner combine these devices as the native French speakers do? What are the L1 features likely to fossilize in the L2 grammar? What are the information principles governing a communicative task based on the production of counterfactual scenarios? These are some of the questions addressed by the present volume.

The existing major works on the history of the French language were published more than fifty years ago and are characterized by a largely a-theoretical approach. More than a hundred years after Ferdinand Brunot began to publish his monumental work, the ambition of the Grande Grammaire Historique du Français (GGHF) is to present the evolution of the French language in its totality, building on the contributions achieved by descriptive and theoretical research in recent decades. It also offers several innovative aspects. The GGHF is a grammar organized by themes rather than by periods, and it reflects all major areas currently under debate in linguistics (phonetics / phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, etc.). In addition, it is based on a balanced corpus of several million words that has been designed especially for the GGHF (with a selection of representative texts for each century). The consideration of this corpus and the quantification of facts enable the authors to establish a close relationship between variation and change: we believe that the interaction of these two aspects is the cornerstone for the interpretation of the evolution of French and of language in general. In addition to the description of the evolution of French, the analysis of language change thus also aims to contribute to the study of the evolution of language as such. List of coordinators Yvonne Cazal (University of Caen Normandie, CRISCO, France): Part 4 Bernard Combettes (University of Lorraine, ATILF, France): Parts 5, 6 and 8 Walter De Mulder (University of Antwerp, GaP / C-APP, Belgium): Parts 7 and 9 Peter Koch (University of Tübingen, Romanisches Seminar, Germany): Part 9 Christiane Marchello-Nizia (ENS Lyon, ICAR, France): Parts 5 and 6 Gabriella Parussa (Sorbonne Nouvelle University-Paris 3, CLESTHIA, France): Part 4 Sophie Prévost (CNRS / ENS-University PSL / Sorbonne Nouvelle University, Lattice, France): Parts 1 and 6 Tobias Scheer (University of Côte d'Azur / CNRS, BCL, France): Part 3 Gilles Siouffi (Sorbonne University, STIH, France): Part 2 Esme Winter-Froemel (University of Würzburg, Neuphilologisches Institut / Romanistik, Germany): Part 9 List of contributors Dany Amiot (DA), University of Lille, STL, France; Wendy Ayres-Bennett (WAB), Cambridge University, Modern and Medieval Languages and Linguistics, UK; Claire Badiou-Monferran (CBM), Sorbonne Nouvelle University-Paris 3, CLESTHIA, France; Sylvie Bazin-Tacchella (SBT), University of Lorraine, ATILF, France; Eva Buchi (EB), CNRS / University of Lorraine, ATILF, France; Anne Carlier (AC), Sorbonne University, STIH, France; Yvonne Cazal (YC), University of Caen Normandie, CRISCO, France; Bernard Combettes (BC), University of Lorraine, ATILF, France; Walter De Mulder (WDM), University of Antwerp, GaP / C-APP, Belgium; Monique Dufresne (MD), University of Queen's, Canada; Benjamin Fagard (BF), CNRS / ENS-University PSL / Sorbonne Nouvelle University, Lattice, France; Randall Gess (RG), Carleton University, Canada; Julie Glikman (JG), University of Strasbourg, LiLPa, France; Céline Guillot-Barbance (CGB), ENS Lyon, IHRIM, France; Maj-Britt Mosegaard Hansen (MBMH), University of Manchester, Linguistics and English Language, UK; Thomas Hoelbeek (TH), Free University of Bruxelles (VUB), Département de Linguistique Appliquée, Belgium; Haike Jacobs (HJ), Radboud University, Centre for Language Studies, The Netherlands; Peter Koch (PK), University of Tübingen, Romanisches Seminar, Germany; Annie Kuyumcuyan (AK), University of Strasbourg, LiLPa, France; Bernard Laks (BL), Paris Nanterre University, Modyco, France; Elena Llamas-Pombo (ELP), University of Salamanca, IEMYRhd, Spain; Christiane Marchello-Nizia (CMN), ENS Lyon, ICAR, France; Evelyne Oppermann-Marsaux (EOM), Sorbonne Nouvelle University-Paris 3, CLESTHIA, France; Gabriella Parussa (GP), Sorbonne Nouvelle University-Paris 3, CLESTHIA, France; Adeline Patard (AP), University of Caen Normandie, CRISCO, France; Sophie Prévost (SP), CNRS / ENS-University PSL / Sorbonne Nouvelle University, Lattice, France; Magali Rouquier (MR), University Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France; Tobias Scheer (TS), University of Côte d'Azur / CNRS, BCL, France; Catherine Schnedecker (CS), University of Strasbourg, LiLPa, France; Lene Schøsler (LS), University of Copenhagen, Institut for Engelsk, Germansk og Romansk, Denmark; Philippe Ségéral (PS), Saint-Germain-Village, France; Gilles Siouffi (GS), Sorbonne University, STIH, France; Anne Vanderheyden (AV), University of Antwerp, GaP, Belgium; Esme Winter-Froemel (EWF), University of Würzburg, Neuphilologisches Institut / Romanistik, Germany.

While vol. II.1 of the Dictionnaire historique de l'anthroponymie romane was devoted to man and the main parts of the human body, notably the head and the upper limbs, vol. II.2 will treat the etyma of the lower limbs as well as some etyma pertaining to physical or moral qualities.

Hitherto, there has been no book that attempted to sum up the breadth of Umberto Ecös work and it importance for the study of semiotics, communication and cognition. There have been anthologies and overviews of Ecös work within Eco Studies; sometimes, works in semiotics have used aspects of Ecös work. Yet, thus far, there has been no overview of the work of Eco in the breadth of semiotics. This volume is a contribution to both semiotics and Eco studies. The 40 scholars who participate in the volume come from a variety of disciplines but have all chosen to work with a favorite quotation from Eco that they find particularly illustrative of the issues that his work raises. Some of the scholars have worked exegetically placing the quotation within a tradition, others have determined the (epistemic) value of the quotation and offered a critique, while still others have seen the quotation as a starting point for conceptual developments within a field of application. However, each article within this volume points toward the relevance of Eco -- for contemporary studies concerning semiotics, communication and cognition.

This reference work addresses a long-standing need in the study of a class of lexis which attracts attention from scholars and the general public alike. Based on years of extensive research, the dictionary presents a satisfying collection of the varieties of rhyming slang found in and around English-speaking communities worldwide. It covers all forms of rhyming slang in the anglophone world by users from differing social groups and walks of life: criminals, musicians, anglers, second-hand car dealers and sheep-shearers, among many others. Besides ordinary lexical items, this work also lists nicknames and one-off expressions found in culturally valued works, from the fields of literary fiction, poetry, comics, TV and radio series, and films. Each entry is accompanied by chronologically ordered citations from a wide variety of sources (printed and otherwise) showing a word's life and currency. The scope, size and approach of this significant compilation, supported by a substantial bibliography, make it an indispensable work of reference for anyone with an interest in English slang and a key starting point for future research on the origins, social history and development of this fascinating area of the English lexicon.

Since the recent creation of a large-scale corpus of Italian Sign Language (LIS), a new research branch has been established to study the sociolinguistic variation characterizing this language in various linguistic domains. However, for nominal modification, the role of language-internal variation remains uncertain. This volume represents the first attempt to investigate sign order variability in this domain, examining what shapes the syntactic structure of LIS nominal expressions. In particular, three empirical studies are presented and discussed: the first two are corpus studies investigating the distribution and duration of nominal modifiers, while the third deals with the syntactic behavior of cardinal numerals, an unexplored area. In this enterprise, three different theoretical dimensions of inquiry are innovatively combined: linguistic typology, generative linguistics, and sociolinguistics. The research setup involves both quantitative and qualitative data. This mixed approach starts from corpus data to present the phenomenon, examine linguistic facts on a large scale, and draw questions from these, and then looks at elicited and judgment-based data to provide valid insights and refine the analysis. Crucially, the combination of different methods contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms driving nominal modification in LIS and its internal variation.

Das vorgelegte Buch beruht auf jahrelangen Erfahrungen, die der Autor in der Auseinandersetzung mit der Neuregelung der Orthografie von 1996 und insbesondere als Vertreter der Deutschen Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung im Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung gesammelt hat. Im Ergebnis dieser Tätigkeiten wird ein vollständiges orthografisches Regelwerk für das Deutsche vorgelegt, das sowohl sachliche Konsistenz als auch Verständlichkeit anstrebt.Dem Regelwerk gehen zwei Kapitel voraus, in denen zunächst besprochen wird, wie die Begriffe 'Regel' und 'Regelwerk' zugänglich gefasst und auf den Wortschatz des Deutschen angewendet werden können. Im zweiten Kapitel geht es um die Spezifika der einzelnen Teile des Regelwerks, und zwar ausdrücklich auch unter der Fragestellung, warum die Neuregelung der Orthografie so schwer überwindbare Schwierigkeiten bei der Umsetzung in den Alltag des Schreibens und des Orthografieunterrichts hervorgerufen hat.Das Buch strebt keine weitere Modifikation der Neureglung an. So weit irgend möglich, halten wir uns an die amtliche Regelung. Es soll aber gezeigt werden, dass der deutschen Orthografie nichts Bedrohliches innewohnt, sondern dass sie ? auch im Vergleich mit den Orthografien einiger Nachbarsprachen ? ein historischer Glücksfall ist, den wir hegen und pflegen sollten.

In legal interpretation, where does meaning come from? Law is made from language, yet law, unlike other language-related disciplines, has not so far experienced its "pragmatic turn" towards inference and the construction of meaning. This book investigates to what extent a pragmatically based view of l linguistic and legal interpretation can lead to new theoretical views for law and, in addition, to practical consequences in legal decision-making.With its traditional emphasis on ?the letter of the law? and the immutable stability of a text as legal foundation, law has been slow to take the pragmatic perspective: namely, the language-user?'s experience and activity in making meaning. More accustomed to literal than to pragmatic notions of meaning, that is, ?in? the text rather than constructed by speakers and hearers ? the disciplines of law may be culturally resistant to the pragmatic turn. By bringing together the different but complementary perspectives of pragmaticians and lawyers, this book addresses the issue of to what extent legal meaning can be productively analysed as deriving from resources beyond the text, ? beyond the letter of the law.This collection re-visits the feasibility of the notion of literal meaning for legal interpretation and, at the same time, the feasibility of pragmatic meaning for law. Can explications of pragmatic meaning support court actions in the same way concepts of literal meaning have traditionally supported statutory interpretations and court judgements? What are the consequences of a user-based view of language for the law, in both its practices of interpretation and its definition of itself as a field? Readers will find in this collection means of approaching such questions, and promising routes for inquiry into the genre- and field-specific characteristics of inference in law.In many respects, the problem of literal vs. pragmatic? meaning confined to the text vs. reaching beyond it ? will appear to parallel the dichotomy in law between textualism and intentionalism. There are indeed illuminating connections between the pair of linguistic terms and the more publicly controversial legal ones. But the parallel is not exact, and the linguistic dichotomy is in any case anterior to the legal one. Even as linguistic-pragmatic investigation may serve legal domains, the legal questions themselves point back to central conditions of all linguistic meaning.

All of the papers included in this volume offer some novel and/or updated perspective on issues of central importance in pragmatics, suggesting original ways in which research in the particular areas they adhere to could advance. Apart from the obvious aim of motivating further discussion on the topics it touches on, a central objective of this volume is to underline that research in pragmatics can and does substantially inform research in numerous other fields of enquiry, namely philosophy, cognitive science, linguistics and conversation analysis, revealing in this way the truly interdisciplinary nature of pragmatics theorizing. In this respect, and given that most of the contributions in this volume are from leading scholars in their respective fields, it is clearly expected that the ideas put forth in this volume will have a profound and long-lasting impact for future research in the area.

Displacement is a fundamental property of human language, and the restrictions on displacement have been a central concern in generative grammar ever since Ross' (1967) ground-breaking observations of island constraints. While island phenomena have been investigated in detail from various perspectives, a different domain, the domain of Freezing, originally defined in terms of non-base structures, has received far less attention. This volume brings together papers that address the questions of: What are the different concepts of Freezing? Which empirical domains can they explain? Is Freezing a core-syntactic restriction or does information structure, or processing play a role? The collection of papers provides insights into the empirical basis of the Freezing Principle in relation to other restrictions on extraction in order to contribute to a broader understanding of the nature of restrictions on displacement in language. The overall goal of the volume is a reconsideration of Freezing and other (sub-)extraction phenomena, both from a theoretical and empirical perspective, by bringing together contributions from experts in the field to discuss and broaden our knowledge of the empirical range of Freezing phenomena as well as their explanation.

This volume is the first comprehensive survey of the sociolinguistic studies on Japanese. Japanese, like other languages, has developed a highly diverse linguistic system that is realized as variation shaped by interactions of linguistic and social factors. This volume primarily focuses on both classic and current topics of sociolinguistics that were first studied in Western languages, and then subsequently examined in the Japanese language. The topics in this volume cover major issues in sociolinguistics that also characterize sociolinguistic features of Japanese. Such topics as gender, honorifics, and politeness are particularly pertinent to Japanese, as is well-known in general sociolinguistics. At the same time, this volume includes studies on other topics such as social stratification, discourse, contact, and language policy, which have been widely conducted in the Japanese context. In addition, this volume introduces "domestic" approaches to sociolinguistics developed in Japan. They emerged a few decades before the development of the so-called Labovian and Hymesian sociolinguistics in the US, and they have shaped a unique development of sociolinguistic studies in Japan. Contents Part I: HistoryChapter 1: Research methodologyFlorian CoulmasChapter 2: Japan and the international sociolinguistic communityYoshiyuki Asahi and J.K. ChambersChapter 3: Language lifeTakehiro Shioda Part II: Sociolinguistic patternsChapter 4: Style, prestige, and salience in language change in progressFumio InoueChapter 5: Group language (shudango)Taro NakanishiChapter 6: Male-female differences in JapaneseYoshimitsu Ozaki Part III: Language and genderChapter 7: Historical overview of language and gender studies: From past to futureOrie Endo and Hideko AbeChapter 8: Genderization in Japanese: A typological viewKatsue A. ReynoldsChapter 9: Feminist approaches to Japanese language, gender, and sexualityMomoko Nakamura Part IV: Honorifics and politenessChapter 10: Japanese honorificsTakashi NagataChapter 11: Intersection of traditional Japanese honorific theories and Western politeness theoriesMasato TakiuraChapter 12: Intersection of discourse politeness theory and interpersonal CommunicationMayumi Usami Part V: Culture and discourse phenomenaChapter 13: Subjective expression and its roles in Japanese discourse: Its development in Japanese and impact on general linguisticsYoko UjiieChapter 14: Style, character, and creativity in the discourse of Japanese popular culture: Focusing on light novels and keitai novelsSenko K. MaynardChapter 15: Sociopragmatics of political discourseShoji Azuma Part VI: Language contactChapter 16: Contact dialects of JapaneseYoshiyuki AsahiChapter 17: Japanese loanwords and lendwordsFrank E. DaultonChapter 18: Japanese language varieties outside JapanMie HiramotoChapter 19: Language contact and contact languages in JapanDaniel Long Part VII: Language policyChapter 20: Chinese characters: Variation, policy, and landscapeHiroyuki SasaharaChapter 21: Language, economy, and nationKatsumi Shibuya

This Handbook represents the development of research and the current level of knowledge in the fields of syntactic theory and syntax analysis. Syntax can look back to a long tradition. Especially in the last 50 years, however, the interaction between syntactic theory and syntactic analysis has led to a rapid increase in analyses and theoretical suggestions. This second edition of the Handbook on Syntax adopts a unifying perspective and therefore does not place the division of syntactic theory into several schools to the fore, but the increase in knowledge resulting from the fruitful argumentations between syntactic analysis and syntactic theory. It uses selected phenomena of individual languages and their cross-linguistic realizations to explain what syntactic analyses can do and at the same time to show in what respects syntactic theories differ from each other.It investigates how syntax is related to neighbouring disciplines and investigate the role of theinterfaces especially the relationship between syntax and phonology, morphology, compositional semantics, pragmatics, and the lexicon. The phenomena chosen bring together renowned experts in syntax, andrepresent the consensus reached as to what has to be considered as an important as well as illustrative syntactic phenomenon. The phenomena discuss do not only serve to show syntactic analyses, but also to compare theoretical approaches with each other.