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The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, studies the methods by which historians study the history of science. Empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales and Aristotle), and scientific method has been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon), modern science began to develop in the early modern period, and in particular in the scientific revolution of 16th and 17th century Europe. From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs.

The laws of science, scientific laws, or scientific principles are statements that describe or predict a range of phenomena as they appear in nature. The term "law" has diverse usage in many cases: approximate, accurate, broad or narrow theories, in all natural scientific disciplines (physics, chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy etc.). Scientific laws summarize and explain a large collection of facts determined by experiment, and are tested based on their ability to predict the results of future experiments. They are developed either from facts or through mathematics, and are strongly supported by empirical evidence. It is generally understood that they reflect causal relationships fundamental to reality, and are discovered rather than invented.

The Science - History of the Universe By Francis Rolt-Wheeler

Though there are many histories of the different branches of science and of science itself, a general survey of the progress of natural knowledge in its relation to other fields of human thought seems not previously to have been written. This attempt to supply the need does not pretend to give a detailed account of the growth of the various sciences. It is evident that almost every section could be expanded into a volume, and each chapter heading could appropriately become the title for an exhaustive treatise. We have deliberately constrained ourselves to produce an outline, rather than the fuller study towards which we were frequently tempted. We have set out to tell in plain language the story of the separation of science from the association with theology and philosophy by which, of necessity, its origins were beset. We have tried to recount the marvelous extension of natural knowledge, following on the liberation of science; to trace and to justify the rise of a mechanical theory of life, and to explain the recent tendency once more to recognize its limitations.

The Science - History of the Universe By Francis Rolt-Wheeler