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Pharmaceutical science is an amalgamation of several interdisciplinary fields that are concerned with the design, discovery, action and disposition of drugs. It is a broad field with several branches, such as pharmacology, pharmaceutics, pharmacognosy and pharmaceutical chemistry. Drug discovery and drug formulation are two important areas of pharmaceutical science that are constantly evolving. Natural products or extracts, and small synthetic molecules are subject to screening in cells or whole organisms for identifying substances with therapeutic effect. Due to the advent of high throughput screening and sequencing of the human genome, large compounds libraries are now screened against biological targets. Hits that are shown to be disease-modifying are then tested in cells and in animals to determine their efficacy. In pharmaceutical formulation, different chemical substances and the active drug are combined to create the final medicinal product, which is both stable and acceptable. To achieve this, factors such as polymorphism, article size, solubility and pH are considered. The drug form developed also depends on the route of administration, such as capsules, pills and tablets. This book traces the progress of pharmaceutical science and highlights some of its key principles and practices. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of drug discovery and drug formulation. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Cataract surgery is the process for removing the natural lens of the eye that has developed an opacification and replacing it with an intraocular lens. The opacification, which is referred to as a cataract, is developed due to metabolic changes of the crystalline lens fibers over time. Early symptoms of cataract disease include reduced acuity at low light levels, and strong glare from lights and small light sources at night. The cloudy natural lens of the patient is either removed by the process of phacoemulsification or by extracapsular cataract extraction. In phacoemulsification, either a machine with an ultrasonic handpiece with titanium or steel tip, or a cracker machine is used. Extracapsular cataract extraction involves the technique where the entire lens is taken out while the elastic lens capsule is left intact. This enables the implantation of an artificial lens. An intraocular lens is inserted in the surgery through a small or enlarged incision. The ever-growing need for advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of cataract surgery in recent times. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world in this area of study. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets students and professionals.

Surgery performed on an eye or its adnexa by an ophthalmologist is called an eye surgery or ocular surgery. Local anesthesia and topical anesthesia are commonly used during the process of eye surgery. There are various forms of eye surgeries like oculoplastic surgery, eye muscle surgery, corneal surgery, refractive surgery, vitreo-retinal surgery, etc. Extreme care is required before, during and after the surgery procedure to minimize as well as prevent further damage. Eye removal surgeries include enucleation, evisceration and exenteration. These procedures are performed to reduce pain in a blind eye or to treat malignant orbital tumors. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the practice of eye surgery. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and the evolution of this field are examined in detail. Ophthalmologists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Hematology is the branch of medicine that delves on the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. Such diseases include hemophilia, blood clots, other bleeding disorders and blood cancers such as lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma. These diseases affect the production of blood and its components such as hemoglobin, platelets, bone marrow, blood vessels, blood cells, etc. Oncology is a branch of medicine that involves the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Blood cancer is caused when tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues or lymphoid malignancies affect the blood, lymph, lymphatic system and bone marrow. Bleeding manifestations such as blood vomiting, bleeding gums, bloodstained urine, etc. are some common symptoms of blood cancer. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the fields of hematology and oncology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance have been included in it. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with these fields of study will benefit alike from this book.

Neuroengineering or neural engineering is a field within biomedical engineering. It uses engineering techniques to repair, enhance, replace, understand or exploit the properties of neural systems. An important objective of this field is the augmentation and restoration of human function through direct interactions between artificial devices and the nervous system. Research is being conducted to develop an understanding of the coding and processing of information in the motor and sensory systems, how such processing is altered in the pathological state and how this can be manipulated using interactions with neuroprosthetics and brain-computer interfaces. The scope of neuroengineering is wide with applications in repair and rehabilitation, and neuromodulation. Neuroengineering and rehabilitation applies the principles of engineering and neuroscience for investigating the peripheral and central nervous system function. This can help in developing solutions for problems related to brain damage and brain malfunction. This book contains some path-breaking studies in neuroengineering and rehabilitation. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

The branch of medicine that involves the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer is known as oncology. Medical oncology, surgical oncology and radiation oncology are the three main divisions of oncology. Medical oncology is a mode of treatment of cancer through hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. It is mostly used in conjunction with radiation oncology and surgical oncology. Hormonal therapy is a cancer treatment that reduces or blocks the amount of hormones in the body to slow or stop the growth of cancer that uses hormones to grow. In chemotherapy treatment, drugs are used to destroy the cancer cells. Targeted therapy treatment also involves the use of drugs. It focuses on restricting the spread of cancer to other organs. Immunotherapy treatment activates the immune cells to fight against the cancer cells. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. It presents the complex subject of medical oncology in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Tissue repair after injury is a metabolically demanding and complex process. Depending on the regenerative capacity of tissues and the quality of the inflammatory response, the outcome is mostly imperfect, characterized by a degree of fibrosis. Inflammatory cells at a wound site facilitate wound debridement, and produce metabolites, chemokines and growth factors. If this response becomes dysregulated, the wound becomes chronic or progressively fibrotic. This leads to impaired tissue function that may lead to organ failure. Regenerative medicine and inflammation research are intricately linked areas of research in the life sciences. Their significance in translational research has evolved considerably. This book explores all the important aspects of inflammation research and regenerative medicine in the present day scenario. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of these fields are examined in detail. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Surgery is a medical specialty which uses manual and instrumental techniques for investigating or treating a pathological condition such as disease or injury. This is done to improve bodily function and appearance, or repair unwanted ruptured areas. A surgical procedure is characterized by the use of anesthesia and surgical instruments, the maintenance of a highly sterile environment, and the act of suturing and stapling. Surgeries can be invasive or noninvasive. Laparoscopic surgery or angioplasty is a minimally-invasive surgery, while laparotomy is an open surgical procedure. Surgeries can also be classified based on their purpose, timing, body part that is excised, the type of procedure and the equipment used. Orthopedic surgery is performed on bones or muscles, while cardiac surgery is performed on the heart. Anesthesia can be local or provided as general anesthesia based on the procedure. Spinal anesthesia is administered when the surgical site is too deep or large for a local block. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the techniques of surgery. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of surgical practices are examined in detail. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Urology is a field of medicine which focuses on the medical and surgical management of the diseases of the urinary tract system and the disorders of the male reproductive organs. The organs studied under the domain of urology include the adrenal glands, kidneys, ureters, urethra, urinary bladder, adrenal glands, penis, prostate, testes, etc. The urinary and reproductive systems are closely associated. Therefore, a number of disorders managed in urology also exist under the scope of genitourinary disorders. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and urinary tract infections can be treated non-surgically. However for the treatment of bladder or prostate cancer, stress incontinence, congenital abnormalities, kidney stones, etc., surgery is generally considered an effective strategy. Urological procedures can be minimally invasive laparoscopic and robotic surgeries, or laser-assisted surgeries. Equipment such as ultrasound and lasers, and fiber-optic endoscopic equipment aid in these procedures. Some of the subspecialties of urology are urologic oncology, endourology, reconstructive urologic surgery, pediatric urologic surgery, etc. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of urology. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of urology. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Food nutrients can have a consequence on human health through epigenetic modifications. This can occur due to DNA methylation and histone modification. Diet can directly have an impact on methylation patterns and gene expression. This is due to the dependence of DNA methylation mechanism on compounds derived from dietary sources, such as choline and folate. Further, dietary components can influence epigenetic events and alter gene expression, thereby disrupting functions such as metabolic balance, appetite control and fuel utilization. Different organs have their unique developmental stages. Any compromise in their development can predispose individuals to certain diseases. The prenatal and perinatal periods are believed to be important stages where nutrition is most vital. However, nutritional intake during adulthood can also significantly affect the epigenome. Cancer is a disease that is most commonly associated with adult nutrition. There has been rapid progress in the understanding of the association between genes and nutrition in recent years. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this domain have been included in this book. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of nutrigenomics.

Gastroenterology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the treatment of the diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract. This includes the disorders of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, bile ducts, gallbladder, pancreas, colon, rectum, etc. Such disorders may include polyps and cancer, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, pancreatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, etc. Some of the complex procedures in gastroenterology include endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic mucosal resection, placement of internal drainage tubes, polypectomy, esophageal and intestinal dilation, etc. Hepatology is a specialization of gastroenterology. It is concerned with the management of the disorders of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and biliary tree. Jaundice/hepatitis, liver disease, liver damage, storage disease of liver, hemochromatosis, etc. are some of the conditions that are under the scope of this field. Some of the procedures performed under this specialization include liver transplant, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, transhepatic pancreato-cholangiography, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around gastroenterology and hepatology. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of these fields. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue these disciplines further.

Neutrophils are the most abundant kind of granulocytes and white blood cells in humans. They are an integral part of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are the first inflammatory cells to migrate to a site of injury following trauma. Often they require assistance from other types of immune cells in order to resolve certain infections. The cytokines expressed by activated mast cells, endothelium and macrophages cause neutrophils to congregate at a focus of infection. These neutrophils release cytokines which amplify the inflammatory responses generated by other cells. Through the processes of degranulation, phagocytosis and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps, neutrophils directly attack the invading pathogens. Neutropenia or low neutrophil count makes an individual susceptible to infections. Abnormal neutrophil function leads to excessive tissue damage, disruption of pulmonary barrier, hyperglycemia, etc. This book provides comprehensive insights into the clinical frontiers and functions of neutrophils in health and disease. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

The human gastrointestinal system can be affected by infections, inflammation and cancer. The most common disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is gastroenteritis. Pathogens such as bacteria can induce gastroenteritis due to inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. The use of antibiotics reduces the microbiome diversity of the GI tract, which further aggravates the inflammatory response. Ileitis and colitis are two inflammatory conditions of the ileum and large intestine respectively. Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix, which can be potentially fatal if left untreated. Gastrointestinal cancer can also occur at different areas of the GI tract, such as esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, tongue cancer, mouth cancer, stomach cancer, etc. The field of medicine concerned with the treatment and management of such disorders is known as gastroenterology. Various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are inherent to the field of gastroenterology, such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, colonoscopy, endoscopy, liver biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of gastroenterology. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of gastroenterology and the recent researches in this field. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Dental and oral medicine is a field of medicine, which is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases and disorders of the oral cavity. It encompasses the study of the dentition, the temporomandibular joint, and supporting muscular, nervous, lymphatic, vascular and anatomical structures. Dental caries and periodontal disease are two of the most common oral diseases. Dental caries or tooth decay is the breakdown of the teeth due to acids produced by bacteria. The inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth is referred to as periodontal disease. Scaling and root planing, teeth restoration, surgical extraction of teeth and endodontic root canal treatment are certain dental treatments that may be performed for the maintenance of oral health. Oral diseases can be largely prevented by maintaining proper hygiene and with regular professional cleaning and evaluation. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed the discipline of oral health and dentistry and aided its advancement. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

A group of diseases which affect the muscle of the heart is called cardiomyopathy. This includes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually inherited and occurs due to the heart muscle enlarging and thickening. The ventricles enlarge and weaken in dilated cardiomyopathy, while the ventricle stiffens in restrictive cardiomyopathy. The symptoms of cardiomyopathies include fainting, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, arrhythmia, swelling of the lower extremities, etc. To diagnose a cardiomyopathy, various diagnostic procedures can be used, such as ECG, echocardiogram, stress test, physical examination, etc. Depending on the type of cardiomyopathy, treatment involves medication, ablation, and the use of defibrillators, ventricular assist devices and pacemakers. In some cases, a heart transplant may also be performed. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on cardiomyopathy. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Angiogenesis is the physiological process of the generation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels that were formed during vasculogenesis. By sprouting and splitting, angiogenesis perpetuates the growth of the vasculature. It is a vital process in growth and development, as well as in the formation of granulation tissue and wound healing. However, it has a major role in the transition of benign tumors into malignant ones. Some diseases are characterized by abnormal vasculature. Therefore, such diseases are combated by inhibiting or inducing the creation of new blood vessels. The principle of angiogenesis can be applied clinically in two main areas- anti-angiogenic therapies and pro-angiogenic therapies. Anti-angiogenic therapies are employed to fight cancer and other malignancies, while pro-angiogenic therapies are potent against cardiovascular diseases. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the role of angiogenesis in health and disease. It presents the complex subject of angiogenesis in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on angiogenesis.

The condition characterized by an inadequate supply of oxygen, at the level of tissues, in a region of the body is termed as hypoxia. This can arise due to decreased partial pressures of oxygen, insufficient available hemoglobin, and problems with the diffusion of oxygen in the lungs, breathing rhythm and blood flow. It may be classified as generalized or local. Generalized hypoxia can happen when people ascend to high altitudes, leading to potentially fatal consequences including high altitude cerebral edema and high altitude pulmonary edema. It can also occur when individuals breathe in a mixture of gases with low oxygen content. Hypoxia is a common complication of premature births when the lungs are not fully formed. Within minutes after the symptoms of hypoxia have set in, the brain, liver and other vital organs can be damaged. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the understanding of the role of hypoxia in human health and disease. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this medical condition. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung caused mostly due to bacteria or viruses. Factors that provide a predisposition to pneumonia include weak immune system, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, asthma and old age. The symptoms of pneumonia include fever, low blood pressure, cough with sputum or phlegm, chest pain, hemoptysis, etc. Pneumonia can be of different types depending on the causative organism or the mechanism of disease development. These include bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, fungal pneumonia, parasitic pneumonia and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Antibiotics, neuraminidase inhibitors and corticosteroids may be prescribed for the treatment of pneumonia. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of pneumonia which will be crucial for the understanding of this medical condition. It unravels the recent studies in the symptoms, types and treatment of pneumonia. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Colorectal cancer or colon cancer is the cancer that arises in the epithelial cells lining the rectum or colon. The symptoms of this cancer depend on the location and spread of the tumor. Some of the common signs of this disease are blood in the stool, loss of weight and appetite, worsening constipation, decrease in stool caliber, etc. Certain factors are associated with higher risks in the incidence of this cancer such as high fat intake, alcohol, red meat, obesity, smoking, processed meats and lack of physical exercise. The diagnosis of colorectal cancer is usually based on colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy results. A CT scan of the pelvis, abdomen and chest can detect metastases of the cancer. When discovered early, colorectal cancer is usually targeted with surgery, but in its later stages, treatment is aimed at palliation and reduction of symptoms. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy are some therapies used for treating colorectal cancer. This book attempts to understand the clinical aspects associated with the assessment, detection and treatment of colorectal cancer and how such concepts have practical applications. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of oncology are examined in detail. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Urticaria or hives is a form of skin rash that is characterized by raised, red and itchy bumps. These may burn or sting. It is not uncommon for the patches of rash to move around. Usually, these rashes last for a few days and in few cases for more than six weeks. The condition often recurs. Angioedema is a similar condition to hives. Here swelling occurs in the lower layer of the skin and tissue just under the skin or mucous membranes. It may occur in the tongue, face, abdomen, larynx, arms and legs. Both these conditions can sometimes occur in conjunction often in response to an allergen. This combination is life-threatening and requires emergency treatment. This book contains some path-breaking studies in urticaria and angioedema. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights. For all readers who are interested in these conditions, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Meniere's disease refers to a condition in which an individual experiences recurring episodes of hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo and a feeling of fullness in the ears. The time period between these episodes varies. Hypersensitivity to sounds is a common symptom of Meniere's disease. Initially, only one ear may be affected but over time, both the ears may be affected. The cause of Meniere's disease is still unknown, however it is believed to be a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Its diagnosis is based on a review of the symptoms and their frequency. The presence or absence of hypersensitivity can be determined by measuring loudness discomfort levels. There is no determining cure for the management of this disorder, however with physical therapy, diet, counseling, medications and surgery, it can be reasonably managed. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the management of Meniere's disease. It strives to provide a fair idea about the latest advances in the diagnosis of this condition. Scientists and students actively engaged in otolaryngology will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

An osteosarcoma is an aggressive malignant neoplasm, which arises in the bone. It tends to affect the knee, hip, shoulder and jaw. It commonly occurs in teenagers and young adults. Its symptoms can comprise of intermittent pain of varying intensity particularly at night, pain in the lower femur, localized swelling, abnormal fracture, etc. Some of the risk factors for developing osteosarcoma are bone dysplasias, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and exposure to large doses of Sr-90. This condition can be diagnosed using a combination of scans such as bone scan, MRI, CT scan and PET scan, and a surgical biopsy. A complete surgical resection of the cancer is the best treatment strategy. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the evaluation and treatment of osteosarcoma. It unfolds the innovative aspects of osteosarcoma research, which will be crucial for the progress of oncology in the future. For all readers who are interested in oncology, the case studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Liver cancer or hepatic cancer is the cancer that starts in the liver. It can be formed in the liver cells, the bile duct, immune cells, muscles and blood vessels of the liver. Many liver cancers are metastases, often of the cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma are the most common types of liver cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma has symptoms such as anemia, emesis, abdominal mass and pain, jaundice, fever, etc. This cancer is generally detected at a later stage. Cholangiocarcinoma is associated with jaundice, liver enlargement, abdominal pain, sweating and weight loss. The primary cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis occurring due to hepatitis B and C, and excessive alcohol consumption. Many imaging techniques are used in the diagnosis of liver cancer, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, sonography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, etc. Partial surgical resection, liver transplantation, percutaneous ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, photodynamic therapy, brachytherapy and radio frequency ablation are certain therapeutic procedures that may be used in the treatment of liver cancer. This book unravels the recent studies in the area of liver cancer. It consists of contributions made by international experts on the symptoms, stages and treatment of liver cancer. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited blood disorders. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is the most common form of SCD. It is characterized by an abnormality in hemoglobin found in red blood cells. This results in rigid, sickle-shaped red blood cells. SCA typically develops symptoms like anemia, bacterial infections, stroke, pain, swelling in the hands and feet, etc. The gene defect associated with sickle cell disease is a single nucleotide mutation. Normal red blood cells are elastic thereby allowing cells to deform and pass through capillaries. In SCD, low oxygen tension promotes sickling of red blood cells which fail to return to the normal shape when the ideal oxygen tension is restored. These cells are therefore not able to pass through narrow capillaries, leading to ischemia and vessel occlusion. SCA can lead to complications such as stroke, severe bacterial infections, cholelithiasis, avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis, acute papillary necrosis, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the concerns and challenges in the management of sickle cell disease. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this disease. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on sickle cell disease.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the clinical technique by which cardiac and respiratory support is provided to patients whose heart and lungs are deemed incapable of maintaining an adequate gas exchange or perfusion, for the sustenance of life. This technology is mostly used in children but also in adults with respiratory and cardiac failure. There are several forms of ECMO. Veno-venous ECMO and veno-arterial ECMO are the common forms. In ECMO, blood is removed from a person's body, the carbon dioxide is removed artificially and the red blood cells are oxygenated. It is performed either after a cardiopulmonary bypass or in the later stages in the treatment of lung or heart failure. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the recent researches in this domain. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Prostate cancer refers to the cancer of the prostate. The cancer cells developed in the prostate may spread to the bone and lymph nodes. It can lead to blood in the urine, difficulty urinating, along with pain in the pelvis and back. Several tests facilitate the examination of the prostate and urinary tract. These include prostate imaging, digital rectal examination, cystoscopy, transrectal ultrasonography, prostate biopsy, etc. The key considerations before formulating a treatment plan include a review of other health issues of the individual, age, general health, treatment side effects, estimation of long-term life expectancy, etc. Treatment of aggressive prostate cancers may require surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound, hormonal therapy, cryosurgery, etc. The treatment of metastatic prostate cancer is difficult. If diagnosed early, it can have a good prognosis but cancers diagnosed with distant metastases have a lower survival rate. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of prostate cancer. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in oncology.

Ischemic stroke is the condition in which the blood supply to a part of the brain is decreased. This leads to dysfunction of the brain tissue in that area. It occurs due to embolism, thrombosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and systemic hypoperfusion. 30-40% of all ischemic strokes are cryptogenic in nature. Cocaine and methamphetamine users are at a higher risk of ischemic strokes. The primary symptoms of an ischemic stroke include impairments in movement, vision and speech, unconsciousness, blindness and weakness. Alteplase (tPA) is considered effective against acute ischemic stroke. The chief management strategies involve the maintenance of systemic blood pressure, avoidance of hypercapnia and hypoxemia, and prescription of anticonvulsants to prevent damage due to seizures. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern clinical aspects of ischemic stroke. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the condition characterized by an abnormal narrowing of arteries that supply blood to all parts of the body other than the heart or brain. The underlying mechanisms of peripheral artery disease are atherosclerosis, blood clots, artery spasm, fibromuscular dysplasia, trauma and vasculitis. Depending on the severity of the disease, PAD can be managed through revascularization, medication and lifestyle changes. Revascularization can be done through an angioplasty, vascular bypass grafting, atherectomy, thrombolysis and thrombectomy. The need for revascularization is determined on the basis of the clinical presentation of critical limb ischemia, claudication and acute limb ischemia. Angiography, in particular magnetic resonance angiography and high-resolution computed tomography angiography provides assessment of vascular anatomy, disease location and lesion character. Such imaging helps to localize the lesions that are targeted for revascularization. The topics included in this book on endovascular treatment and angiography are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in peripheral artery disease.

Stem cells are cells with the ability to differentiate into specific cell types. They also self-renew perpetually. Stem cells are of two kinds- embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that can become any cell in the adult body, while adult stem cells give rise to similar cell types only. Stem cells have immense potential in tissue repair and regeneration. Stem cell therapy, which is also called regenerative medicine, promotes the repair response of dysfunctional, diseased or injured tissues. This is done using stem cells or their derivatives. Stem cells that are manipulated to specialize into specific cell types, like blood cells, nerve cells, heart muscle cells, etc. are then implanted into a person. Stem cell transplants may also be performed to replace cells damaged due to disease or chemotherapy. It can also be done as a strategy to enable the donor's immune system to fight cancers and other blood-related disorders, such as lymphoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around stem cell therapy. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the role of stem cells in health and disease. As this field is emerging at a fast pace, this book will help the readers to better understand the advanced concepts of this field.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by fever, painful and swollen joints, chest pain, swollen lymph nodes, red rash, etc. This condition is caused because the immune system of the body attacks many healthy tissues of the body. It is believed to arise due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some of the risk factors associated with the incidence of this disease are vitamin D deficiency, female sex hormones, smoking, certain infections and sunlight. It can be diagnosed through serologic testing. Clinically indirect immunofluorescence is the most widely used method. Testing for complement system levels, liver enzymes, electrolytes and kidney function, and complete blood count also aid in the diagnosis. The treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus involves the use of corticosteroids and anti-malarial drugs. Some forms of lupus nephritis may require intermittent cytotoxic drugs. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Through this book, we attempt to enlighten the readers about the new concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.