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Essay from the year 2011 in the subject History of Europe - Newer History, European Unification, grade: 1,3, York University, language: English, abstract: This Essay will focus on commercial aviation and traveller¿s experience in the late 20th century rather than the very first beginnings of flying in the past centuries. Furthermore when we talk of flights we mostly mean transcontinental flights because within Great Britain passenger air transport is still a minority transport option. Indeed even in the 1990s the proportion of total passenger travel within Britain undertaken by air was still under 1 per cent. Unlike road and rail transport, air transport is the fastest and most costly of all transport modes and it inherently is, like shipping, a long-distance mode.

Essay from the year 2010 in the subject History of Europe - Modern Times, Absolutism, Industrialization, grade: A, University CEU San Pablo Madrid, language: English, abstract: While we are generally eager to recognize the importance of medicine and medical discourse in the contemporary world, it is not always easy to connect the history of medicine with the study of anti-Semitism. Indeed, this topic has received relatively little attention from scholars. However, I will argue that a closer look at the anti-Semitic elements of medical discourse is an important and promising enterprise. If we examine the most notorious manifestation of modern anti-Semitism, the Shoah, we can easily see that it was at least partially prepared and justified by the authority of medical science. In contemporary post-modern world, academics and laymen alike often question the objectivity of science and its ability to coherently explain the world, but for the late 19th and early 20th century Europeans Science was perhaps the highest authority and the main reference point. Accordingly, when the genocide of the Jews was justified scientifically, it became much more difficult to resist it. The focus of this paper is on the same region where the Nazi genocide was planned and carried out (Central Europe) and on the German-language medical discourse (German being arguably the most important language for European scientific discourse for a long period). However, I will concentrate on the period that preceded the Nazi rule (late 19th and early 20th centuries) ¿ and for some reasons. As scholars struggle to comprehend the horrific design of the Holocaust, they come to the understanding that it is impossible to explain the Nazi genocide without looking at the rise and developments of modern anti-Semitism in Wilhelmine Germany (even though it is absolutely necessary to differentiate between the two). This approach was implemented by Shulamit Volkov in her attempt to distinguish ¿the written matter¿ and ¿the spoken word¿ as well as by some medical history scholars dealing with continuity/discontinuity debate.Accordingly, in this paper I will look at fin-de-siècle German-language medical discourse to locate and analyze anti-Semitic sentiments and critique of Jewish health that were often inherent in it. In particular, I am interested why (and how) various alleged pathologies of Jewish health were associated with modernity and capitalist economy. Additionally, I want to trace the influence that fin-de-siècle medical anti-Semitism had in the later period.

Essay from the year 2010 in the subject History of Europe - Ages of World Wars, grade: A-, University CEU San Pablo Madrid, language: English, abstract: In the last two decades, there seems to be a consensus between Russian physicians, sociologists, and the general public, that drug addiction should be considered a serious and threatening social problem. The authorities, however, are unable to stop the increasing numbers of drug users. Meanwhile, as Ia. I. Gilinskii put it, social deviations are ¿the mirror of social realities¿, and the power structure should not avoid looking in it. Drug addiction became a major social problem, for which no one-sided solution is acceptable. The attempts to approach the topic from the narrow viewpoint of some sociological or medical theory usually fail ¿ as do the methods of plain administrative repression. The terms narkotik, narkoman, narkomaniia, narkotizm are applied in a somewhat simplified manner (as an unambiguous social evil), and it further complicates the understanding of an already difficult phenomenon. There is also a clear lack of attention towards social, psychological, economic and other incentives for an individual to take drugs.Therefore, the need for a more synthetic and complex approach is obvious, and in search for it we should also look at the developments in the past and the history of drug addiction in Russia.The focus of this paper is on the early Soviet period of Russian history (ca. 1917-1929) and on the medical texts of that period. My aim will be to look at early Soviet medical texts related to recreational drugs to show how physicians described the causes of drug addiction ¿ and thus contributed to the construction of the social problem. The causes of the problem are especially important and relevant for the medical discourse, as the etiology of disease often gives physicians the clue to the solutions and treatment. Accordingly, the origins of drug addiction as described in early Soviet medical texts greatly influenced the understanding of drug addicts and practical narcotic policy among the medical community ¿ and also beyond (as physicians tried to achieve symbolic domination). In particular, I want to consider three large groups of potential causes that were detected by early Soviet physicians: socio-political (such as war or revolution), economical (like capitalism or foreign trade), and other (it includes various causes on the macro- and micro-scale alike that range from regime of prohibition to sexual frustration to the use of drugs za kompaniiu).

Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2009 in the subject Politics - Topic: Globalization, Political Economics, grade: B+, Central European University Budapest, course: Political Economy, language: English, abstract: There is a big amount of literature in the recent decades about the broad effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the development of the recipient country. Interestingly, policy-making has come to ignore the ambiguous and inconclusive academic research results in terms of the benefits and costs of FDI. Almost every country nowadays strives to attract foreign investment most probably due to the success stories of some countries that have achieved rapid economic growth after encouraging FDI (China, Ireland, Hungary, Czech Republic). It is beyond doubt that transnational corporations (TNCs) possess much of the world¿s stock of technological knowledge and are productively using it. However, it is not so obvious whether the host countries can benefit from that knowledge.

Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Applied Geography, grade: 2,0, University of Heidelberg (Anglistisches Seminar), course: Landeskunde Seminar, language: English, abstract: Why did the Irish participate in the American Civil War in such a great number? Why were they so special? German immigrants, for example, joined the war in just as a big number as the Irish did. But never did a unit that consisted of mainly Germans carry the colours or symbols of their homeland into a battle of the American Civil War like the Irish did.In this paper I want to clarify why the Irish had such a big impact on the American Civil war. Further, I want to show that the Irishmen fought for more than just the Confederation or the Union but for their home country and much more.

Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Art - Painting, grade: 90/100, Lindenwood University (-), language: English, abstract: The final test of a painting, theirs, mine, any other, is: does the painter's emotions come across?- Franz Kline For many years, I have been fascinated by modern art. Although it is astonishing how earlier artists were able to depict humans and nature realistically and naturally, I always loved how modern artists expressed their opinion in the most abstract or unrealistic ways. Prior to my trip to the St. Louis Art Museum, I was planning on comparing Andy Warhol¿s Most Wanted Men, no. 12. Frank B and Chuck Close¿s Keith. However, those pieces have been removed a week before my visit due to reconstructions at the museum. Because of this, I decided on two other modern artists and their works that were unknown to me up to this point: Franz Kline¿s Bethlehem from 1959-60 and Mark Rothkös Red, Orange, Orange on Red from 1962. Although both paintings are abstract and may seem a lot alike in the first place, they are different when looking at them closer and comparing the composition and kind of work that was put into them. I will focus on the contrasting mood that is conveyed by Bethlehem and Red, Orange, Orange on Red and how this is achieved.