Bøger udgivet af Hayle Medical

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infected female Anopheles mosquito. Through the mosquito's bite, the parasites travel from its saliva into the person's blood. Vomiting, fever, headache and tiredness are some of its common symptoms. However, in severe cases, the symptoms may worsen, such as seizures, yellow skin or coma. The symptoms typically become visible after ten to fifteen days from the infected mosquito's bite. Blood films, antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy are most commonly used to diagnose malaria. Treatment methods include artemisinin-combination therapy, or antimalarial medications, such as amodiaquine, mefloquine and lumefantrine. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on malaria have been included in it. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The study of the changes in the heritable phenotypes, which do not involve any alterations in the DNA sequence, is known as epigenetics. It usually denotes the changes which affect gene activity and expression. It can also be used to describe heritable phenotypic changes. The effects on the physiological and cellular phenotypic traits often result from external or environmental factors. Epigenetics has several medical applications. It plays a major role in congenital genetic diseases such as Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome. The study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells, which do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence, is called cancer epigenetics. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of clinical epigenetics in recent times. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of clinical epigenetics and their applications. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Pain refers to any unpleasant sensory and emotional feeling caused by intense or damaging stimuli. It is regarded as a significant symptom in several medical conditions. It is a major factor affecting people's quality of life and general functioning. The pain, which lasts for a long time, is called chronic pain. The field of medicine concerned with easing the suffering of those struggling with chronic pain is known as pain management. Some common physical approaches used to reduce suffering and improve quality of life of people with chronic pain are transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture and light therapy. Medications include antidepressants, analgesics and anticonvulsants. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of the management of pain. The various advancements in pain management are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of this field.

The study of botany associated with the use of plants for therapeutic and medicinal purposes, is known as medical herbalism. It is a popular form of alternative medicine. Sometimes, the use of bee products, minerals, fungal products, shells and some animal parts, for medicinal purposes, also fall under the scope of herbalism. It also includes phytotherapy, which is concerned with the use of alternative practices of using unrefined plant or animal extracts as medicinal components. Herbal medicine can be administered orally, topically or by inhalation. Oral herbal remedies may include herbal teas, infusions, tinctures and decoctions. This book provides significant information on medical herbalism to help develop a good understanding of herbalism and related fields. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under herbalism and how such concepts have practical applications. Researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The medical condition in which excess fat accumulates on the body parts, causing several negative impacts upon one's health, is called obesity. A person is considered to be obese when his body mass index exceeds 30 kg/m2. Obesity increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, Type-2 diabetes, hypertension, fatty liver disease, depression and obstructive sleep apnea, among others. It is caused by lack of physical activity, the habit of overeating and genetic susceptibility. Diet modification and regular exercise are the most common and effective ways of treating obesity. Other treatment methods include anti-obesity medications, gastric balloon and bariatric surgery. This book provides significant information about obesity to help develop a good understanding of this medical condition. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of obesity and various treatment methods associated with it. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The branch of genetics, which studies how chromosomes relate to cell behavior and their behavior during mitosis and meiosis, is known as cytogenetics. Molecular cytogenetics is a field involving the combination of cytogenetics and molecular biology. It uses several reagents and focuses on identifying and distinguishing normal and cancer-causing cells. It acts as a vital tool for the treatment of malignancies like brain tumors and hematological malignancies. It includes techniques and methods, like fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of molecular cytogenetics. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in it. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Veterinary medicine is concerned with animal health. A wide range of diseases and conditions occur in animals, such as biliary fever, epilepsy, leucosis, pneumonia, myopia, obesity, subvalvular aortic stenosis, hip dislocation, impaction, etc. Animals are also susceptible to a number of parasitic diseases, such as feline zoonoses, fasciolosis, filariasis, proliferative kidney disease, whirled disease, etc. Animals may be vaccinated to prevent the occurrence of many of these diseases, using anthrax vaccine, brucellosis vaccine, rabies vaccine, DA2PPC vaccine, clostridium vaccine, etc. Veterinarians use several diagnostic tools such as ultrasound, X-ray, ECG, pulse oximeter, etc. They also use novel therapeutic techniques to improve the health of animals. Animal drugs such as sedatives, antiemetics, analgesics, bronchodilators, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, histamine blockers, etc. may be prescribed by veterinarians depending on the underlying pathology. Orthopedic surgery, soft tissue surgery and neurosurgery may also be performed on an animal. They may include advanced procedures such as joint replacement, transplantation, complex wound management and minimally invasive procedures. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of veterinary science. It unravels the recent studies in the pathology and disease management in animals. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Medicine is a broad field comprising of the science and practice of the study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Modern medicine encompasses the application of genetics, biomedical sciences and technology, therapies, biologics, medical devices, etc. In current clinical practice, the first step is an examination of the patient's medical history, medical interview and physical examination. This is followed by medical diagnostic tests. Various medical imaging technologies such as PET scan, MRI, CT scan, ultrasound, microscopy, etc. are part of medical diagnostics. The medical decision-making process is characterized by an analysis of all pertinent information for obtaining a differential diagnosis and designing a strategy for the management of the condition. Medical specialties can be categorized as diagnostic or therapeutic, surgical or internal medicine, organ-based or technique-based, etc. Some of the common medical specialties are allergy and immunology, pathology, cardiology, dermatology, emergency medicine, gastroenterology, geriatrics, nephrology, etc. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed the field of health care and aided its advancement. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on medicine and health science have been included in this book. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Genes are the determiners of human-inherited traits. The study of the human genome provides a way to understand diseases. Genetic tests can be performed to evaluate genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria, etc. The field of clinicogenomics is widely being used for personalized medicine such as oncogenomics and pharmacogenomics. It studies the entire human genome, thus allowing the detection of a wide number of mutations and structural anomalies. The future of human genomics holds immense potential as individuals may be sequenced at birth and also periodically throughout their lives to detect potential health risks. Thus, individuals will be able to change their lifestyles and behavior to minimize their predisposition to diseases. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of human genomics. It elucidates new techniques and the applications of human genomics in a multidisciplinary manner. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Toxicology is the field of science that is focused on the study of the symptoms, making a diagnosis and developing a treatment strategy for the individuals exposed to toxins and venoms. Some of the factors that contribute to the exposure and its consequences are route of exposure, the dosage, age, sex and environment. Medical toxicologists in intensive care units, emergency departments and other inpatient units, provide direct treatment and consultation to acutely poisoned children and adults. Providing advanced evidence-based patient care is also under the scope of clinical toxicology. Evaluating the health impact from chronic and acute exposure to toxic substances in the workplace or outside is also under the scope of this field. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of clinical toxicology. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various principles and mechanisms of clinical toxicology. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The type of RNA virus, which inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, and changes the genome of that cell, is known as a retrovirus. Such type of viruses are classified as single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses. The study of retroviruses is called retrovirology. On entering the host cell's cytoplasm, the retroviruses use their own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from their RNA genome, which is the reverse or retro of the usual pattern. Then the new DNA incorporates into the host cell genome with the help of an integrase enzyme. Some retroviruses such as Rous sarcoma virus and mouse mammary tumor virus can trigger tumor growth. Some others can cause infections like HIV. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of retrovirology and the recent researches in this field. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Pharmacy is an essential part of the healthcare system that deals with the manufacture of medicines, their supply, their use and potential effects and side-effects. The ultimate concern of pharmacy is the facilitation of appropriate medication to patients. The scope of pharmacy is wide, which includes various stages in the development and standardization of a drug, such as the synthesis of chemical compounds of therapeutic value, the analysis of medicinal agents, preparation of the dosage, etc. Pharmacy laws regulate the sale and labeling of narcotics, poisons and dangerous drugs. The delivery of pharmaceutical care delivered by pharmacists and other health care providers also come under the scope of pharmacy research. Medicinal policy and governance, medicine access and rational use, and quality assurance and safety are some of the main areas in focus in this field. Another emerging frontier of drug research is the exploration of the availability of various dosage forms of drugs to the body. The topics included in this book on pharmacy are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of pharmacy and its utmost significance in modern times. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

The antimicrobial substances which are active against bacteria are called antibiotics. They are most commonly used in treating and preventing bacterial infections as they kill and inhibit the growth of bacteria. Penicillin antibiotics are considered to be the first antibiotics which were found to be effective against several bacterial infections. Antibiotics play a significant role in empiric therapy and definitive therapy. Empiric therapy involves the use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic for the management of an infection for which the causative pathogen has not been identified. Definitive therapy is a therapy involving the use of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. It is used in cases where the responsible pathogenic microorganism has already been identified. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to antibiotics. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about antibiotics.

Pharmaceutical drugs refer to the chemical substances used to prevent, diagnose, cure or treat diseases. The duration of their usage varies according to the disease. They are classified on the basis of drug classes, namely, drugs having similar chemical structures, related mode of action, similar mechanism of action, and drugs which are used in treating similar diseases. The process through which new medications are discovered is called drug discovery. The process involving the introduction of a new drug to the market after its discovery is called drug development. The topics included in this book on the discovery and development of pharmaceutical drugs are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in these fields.

The branch of pharmacy which studies the medicinal drugs derived from plants and other natural sources is known as pharmacognosy. It is the scientific study of the clinical use of herbal medicines and their effects. Phytotherapy is a field involving the study of alternative medical practices in which unrefined plant or animal extracts are used for treatment purposes in place of conventional medicine. Many of the modern drugs in the pharmacopoeia today are derived from plants. Quinine, aspirin, digitalis and opium are some herbal remedies that have a long history of use. Herbal remedies are quite prevalently used in patients with chronic illnesses, such as asthma, diabetes, cancer, etc. Herbal dietary supplements also fall under the field of phytotherapy. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy which will be crucial for the progress of these fields in the future. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about pharmacognosy and phytotherapy.

The practice of preparing, compounding and dispensing pharmaceutical drugs is called pharmacy. The three main sub-fields of pharmacy are pharmaceutics, medicinal chemistry and pharmacognosy, and pharmacy practice. Other branches of pharmacy include pharmacology and pharmacoinformatics. All the interdisciplinary areas of study associated with the action, design, disposition, or delivery of pharmaceutical drugs fall under the broad category of pharmaceutical sciences. There is an application of knowledge from diverse fields, like biology, epidemiology, chemistry, chemometrics, physics, mathematics and chemical engineering in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. Pharmacogenomics is an important area of study, which falls under the scope of pharmaceutical sciences. It involves the study of the role of genome in drug response. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pharmacy and pharmaceutical science. It explores all the important aspects of these fields in the present day scenario. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The field of medicine concerned with the approaches to ease the suffering and to improve the quality of life of those struggling with chronic pain is known as pain management or algiatry. Medical practitioners, physiotherapists, clinical psychologists, pharmacists, nurses, occupational therapists, massage therapists and mental health specialists are some of the members of a pain management team. Medications, including analgesics and anxiolytics are often used to relieve pain. Certain interventional procedures, such as epidural steroid injections, neurolytic blocks, facet joint infections, spinal cord stimulators and intrathecal drug delivery system implants can prove to be effective in pain management. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of pain management which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of pain management. This book is a complete source of knowledge in the present status of this important field.

Steroids are organic compounds having four rings arranged to their structure in a specific molecular configuration. There are two main functions of a steroid, i.e., to function as an important component of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity, and to function as a signaling molecule. Most steroids are found in animals, plants, and fungi. The process through which the steroids are generated from cholesterol and changed into other steroids is known as steroidogenesis. The topics included in this book on steroids are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It unfolds the innovative aspects of steroids which will be crucial for the detailed study of the subject. For all readers who are interested in the study of steroids, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Phytomedicine refers to the study of botany that is concerned with the use of plants intended for medicinal and therapeutic purposes. Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium are common types of plants used for their therapeutic properties. The alternative practice of using unrefined plant or animal extracts for medicinal purposes is called phytotherapy. Such plant-derived or animal-derived medicines require very less processing. They are believed to be safer and more effective than other pharmaceutical drugs. Herbal dietary supplements are one of the most common examples of such plant-derived medicines. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of phytotherapy and phytomedicine. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of these fields are examined in detail. This book includes contributions of experts and researchers, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

A drug is a chemical substance, which, when administered to a living organism, activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule, resulting in therapeutic benefits to the patients. The process of finding new medications on the basis of knowledge about a biological target is called drug design. It is also known as rational design. It involves the design of molecules which are similar in shape and charge to the biomolecular target, with which they interact and bind. The process in which the active drug and chemical substances are combined to produce a final medicinal product is called pharmaceutical formulation. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of drug design and formulation which will be crucial for the progress of this subject in the future. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of drug design and formulation and its utmost significance in modern times. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying pharmaceutical science as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most frequently occurring bacterial infection in women. It affects the lower and the upper urinary tract. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria from the gut are the causative agent of 80-85% of acquired UTI, while Staphylococcus saprophyticus contributes to 5-10% of the cases. The bacteria enter the bladder through the urethra. Infections may also occur via the lymph and blood. After entry into bladder, E. coli attaches to the bladder wall and forms a biofilm thus evading the body's immune response. Some of the risk factors associated with the incidence of UTI are the female anatomy, diabetes, obesity, sexual intercourse and family history. UTIs can be concerning in pregnant women as it increases the risk of kidney infections. A kidney infection during pregnancy may lead to pre-eclampsia or premature birth. Prescription of antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) or fluoroquinolone can be the treatment method for most UTIs. However complicated UTIs require more aggressive evaluation, treatment and follow-up. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of urinary tract infections and the recent researches in such conditions. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on UTIs. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The area of study which deals with the diseases related to the male and female urinary-tract system and male reproductive organs is known as urology. Pediatric urology, reconstructive urology and female urology are some of the significant sub-fields of urology. Pediatric urology deals with the urological disorders in children. Some of the disorders which come under the scope of this discipline include enuresis, cryptorchidism and vesicoureteral reflux. Reconstructive urology deals with the restoration of both the structure and function of the genitourinary tract in males. The sub-field of urology dealing with overactive bladder, pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence is known as female urology. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of urology. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students, doctors and researchers in this field.

The antimicrobial substances which are active in fighting against bacteria and bacterial infections are called antibiotics. They are highly effective in treating such infections, as they inhibit the growth of bacteria or kill them. Some antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal properties. Such antibiotics are useful in fighting protozoan infections. Antibiotics may also be administered as a preventive measure to at-risk individuals with a weakened immune system, cancer patients, or those undergoing surgery and taking immunosuppressive drugs. Antibiotics are usually taken orally or intravenously. They can also be taken topically in the form of ear drops for ear infections, eye drops for eye infections and in several skin infections. The interaction of alcohol with antibiotics can reduce the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. Antibiotics are an important area of pharmaceutical science and have undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of antibiotics and the recent researches in this field. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers.

The surgical procedures which limit the size of incisions required and consequently reduce the pain, wound healing time, and the risk of infection are known as minimally invasive surgeries. The advancement in technology has resulted in advanced techniques of minimally invasive surgery. One such example is remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation through a large scale display panel. Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass is an example of minimally invasive surgery. It is a type of surgical procedure for coronary heart disease. It is often known as "keyhole" heart surgery because in this surgery, the operation is analogous to operating through a keyhole. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of minimally invasive surgery. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to minimally invasive surgery. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Renal replacement therapy refers to the therapy concerned with the normal blood-filtering function of the kidneys. It is a treatment method for cases of acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and cases where the kidneys are no longer able to function properly. Renal replacement therapy includes kidney treatment methods like, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration and kidney transplantation. Processes like, hemodialysis, hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration can be both continuous and intermittent. They can use a venovenous route or an arteriovenous route. In hemofiltration, the patient's blood passes through a set of tubing with the help of a machine to a semipermeable membrane, in which the waste products and water get removed by convection. The various advancements in renal replacement therapy are glanced at in this book and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of renal replacement therapy. Students, doctors, experts and all associated with nephrology will benefit alike from this book.

The area of study related to the diseases of the male and female urinary-tract system and the male reproductive organs is known as urology. The kidneys, urinary bladder, adrenal glands, testes, prostate, seminal vesicles and penis are some of the organs studied under the branch of urology. Both the urinary tract and the reproductive tract are closely associated with each other. Therefore, the diseases of one usually affect the other. Examples of urological disorders include urinary-tract infections, prostate cancer, traumatic injury, kidney stones, congenital abnormalities, etc. Minimally invasive robotic surgery and laparoscopic surgery are two common ways to treat urological disorders. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to urology. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Reconstructive surgery is a type of plastic surgery. It is concerned with the restoration of the form and function of some specific part of the body. Reconstructive surgery is often performed by plastic surgeons, maxillo-facial surgeons and otolaryngologists to reconstruct or restore the body parts after trauma or cancer. In reconstructive surgery, surgeons often use the concept of a reconstructive ladder in order to manage increasingly complex wounds. A reconstructive ladder includes techniques, like primary closure, skin graft, tissue expansion, random flap, axial flap, free flap, etc. The various advancements in reconstructive surgery are glanced at in this book and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and applications of reconstructive surgery. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Emergency surgery is the surgical intervention that is performed without delay to prevent permanent disability or death. It may be performed along with life-saving resuscitation efforts. An acute illness which poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long-term health is called a medical emergency. Some of the cardiothoracic cases in which an emergency surgery often takes place include cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax and acute airway obstruction. Other cases in which an emergency surgery is required include acute appendicitis, peritonitis, bowel obstruction, urinary retention, retained abortion, paraphimosis, acute subdural hematoma, aortic dissection, among others. The topics included in this book on emergency surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The surgery which is performed immediately, in order to save life, limb or functional capacity is known as emergency surgery. It is done in the cases where immediate surgical intervention is the only possible way to solve the problem successfully. Some of the common cases in which the doctor often performs an emergency surgery include gastrointestinal perforation, cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax, acute appendicitis, peritonitis, bowel obstruction, urinary retention, limb ischemia, etc. The emergency department is the medical treatment facility that is concerned with the acute care of patients with a broad spectrum of life-threatening illnesses and injuries. The chances of survival for a patient are greatly improved if definitive treatment or surgery is provided as soon as possible. This book elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. The topics included herein on emergency surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery is the medical and surgical care for the treatment of diseases and disorders of the liver, pancreas, biliary tract and duodenum. It provides treatment to patients with primary and metastatic cancers of the liver, pancreas, bile duct and gallbladder, as well as benign conditions such as cysts, bile duct injuries and biliary strictures. The investigation, diagnosis and recommendation of effective treatment strategies, as well as operative procedures and provision of preoperative, perioperative and late postoperative care are within the scope of this field. HPB surgery can include laparoscopic procedures, resections, transplantation surgeries and reconstruction surgeries. A number of specialists may be involved in HPB surgery such as hepatobiliary and transplant surgeons, hepatologists, interventional radiologists and diagnostic radiologists. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.