Bøger udgivet af IntechOpen

Various histopathological and cytopathological processes, such as inflammation, cell injury, tissue regeneration, hemodynamic disorders, and neoplasia, constitute important processes in the formation mechanism of many diseases. Molecular mechanisms are involved in the emergence of these basic pathological processes. Learning the organization from molecule to tissue guides investigating the mechanisms of many diseases. This book describes and discusses these pathological processes and their association with molecular mechanisms of the formation of various diseases.

Symbiosis is a vital and enduring interaction between two species in nature, benefiting both organisms involved. Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism are the three main types of symbiotic relationships. Mutualism benefits both species, commensalism benefits one species while leaving the other unaffected, and parasitism benefits one species at the expense of the other. These interactions play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem stability and functionality. Symbiosis relies on a close genetic, physiological, and morphological connection between the participating species. Numerous examples demonstrate the significance of symbiosis in nature. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, for instance, convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which plants can utilize as a nutrient. This process reduces the reliance on chemical fertilizers. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient and water absorption in plants, while certain bacteria in the soil improve nutrient availability, plant development, and photosynthesis. These instances highlight the diverse ways in which symbiosis supports the well-being of different species. This book thoroughly explores various aspects of symbiosis in nature, delving into topics such as signaling, its importance in agriculture, and its role in mitigating abiotic stresses. It also provides a comprehensive exploration of various aspects related to symbiosis in nature, offering readers a valuable opportunity to enhance their understanding of this subject. By offering valuable insights, the book sheds light on the beneficial relationships that exist between different species. Overall, symbiosis is an integral mechanism that promotes the interdependence and cooperation of species in nature. Understanding the complexities and benefits of symbiotic relationships is essential for comprehending and preserving the delicate balance within ecosystems.

How plants adapt to climate change is a complex and multifaceted process and understanding it requires a comprehensive knowledge of plant biology and ecology. Some of the most serious stresses that plants face include heat and water stress, soil degradation, and increased pests and diseases. Addressing these challenges is crucial to preserve lives and livelihoods and requires a combination of scientific research, technical innovations, and policy interventions to increase ecosystem resilience and sustainable agricultural practices. This book is a step in the right direction, as it provides a comprehensive overview of plant adaptation to abiotic stresses.

This book discusses the theoretical and practical aspects required to formulate conventional drug dosage forms and advanced technology-based therapeutics. It is organized into four sections: ¿Preformulation¿, ¿Formulation Design and Approaches¿, ¿Characterization and Analysis¿, and ¿Cocrystal Engineering¿. The approaches discussed enhance the overall quality of treatment and overcome the side effects of available therapies. The book is a collection of scholarly literature relevant to pharmaceutical technology and existing pharmaceutical technologies. It is a useful reference for industrial personnel working on developing novel pharmaceutical dosage forms.

In the world of physical science, important physical quantities like sound, pressure, electrical current, voltage, and electromagnetic fields vary with time. Such quantities are labeled as signals/waveforms and include oral signals, optical signals, acoustic signals, biomedical signals, radar, and sonar. Time-frequency analysis is a vital aid in signal analysis, which is concerned with how the frequency of a function (or signal) behaves in time, and it has evolved into a widely recognized applied discipline of signal processing. This book discusses the Fourier transform (FT), which is one of the most valuable and widely used integral transforms that converts a signal from time versus amplitude to frequency versus amplitude. It is one of the oldest tools in the time-frequency analysis of signals. The book includes five chapters that discuss general Fourier transforms as well as new and novel transforms such as hybrid transforms, quadratic-phase Fourier transforms, fractional Fourier transforms, linear canonical transforms, and more.

Plastics are crucial materials that are used in daily life. They are manufactured and used until they become waste that negatively impacts the environment and public health. These plastic wastes break down into small particles known as microplastics (MPs) via changes in environmental conditions (i.e., sunlight, temperature, weathering, and irradiation). This reduction in size increases the toxic potential of MPs. This book provides a comprehensive overview of MPs, including the challenges and advances in their effective removal from our environment.

In the United States, respiratory failure accounts for 1275 cases per 100,000 people. The etiology of respiratory failure can be diverse, encompassing obstructive and restrictive lung diseases, among others. The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant surge in respiratory failure cases among patients admitted to hospitals, particularly those requiring intensive care. This book explores the pathophysiology of respiratory failure and insufficiency associated with COVID-19 illness as well as obstructive lung disease. It also delves into respiratory insufficiency stemming from liver disease and burns and discusses the role of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) in managing patients with respiratory insufficiency. This book is a useful resource for medical students, residents, physicians, and nurses alike.

Heterocycles are present in the molecular architecture of a wide variety of natural products and compounds with significant biological potency. The numerous heterocycles are employed as significant intermediates in the fields of synthetic organic chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and organic synthesis. This book summarizes the synthesis of different heterocycles using various synthetic methods, including green methods, and applications of heterocycles in various fields.

The sections and chapters contained in this book deal with issues and challenges facing indigenous and minority populations located in several geographical areas of the world. The papers are written by writers and scholars from various parts of the world and, like any piece of literature on indigenous and minority populations, the topics are diverse. The perspectives are both interdisciplinary and multi-disciplinary. The issues examined in the various chapters cover areas pertaining to their human rights, preservation of their culture and identity, traditional knowledge, and their challenges, but also scholarly and epistemological approaches to understanding and articulating such topics in academic contexts. Indeed, the issues around indigenous and minority populations across the world transcend their human rights concerns in relation to dominant groups and institutions within the territorial boundaries of the modern states where they currently live. These issues are cultural, anthropological, sociological, philosophical and epistemological, as well as historical. Any scholarly piece of work on indigenous and minority populations is therefore inevitably inter-disciplinary, multi-disciplinary or both. The various topics examined by the authors epitomize this diversity of issues around such populations. The book is a significant source of information for students, academics, practitioners, policymakers, government officials and non-governmental organisations working on issues that pertain to such populations at national, regional and global levels.